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"Kerusakan ekosistem terumbu karang dan perubahan kualitas perairan di Pulau Pramuka dapat memicu peningkatan kelimpahan dinoflagellata. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis kelimpahan dinoflagellata bentik penyebab Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP), serta menganalisis hubungan faktor lingkungan yang mencirikan setiap stasiun dengan kelimpahan dinoflagellata bentik yang ditemukan. Penelitian dilakukan pada 21-22 September 2023 di tiga stasiun, yaitu Dermaga Odi, Dermaga Mazu, dan Dermaga Villa Delima, yang ketiganya memiliki perbedaan dominansi substrat alami. Penelitian ini menerapkan penggunaan substrat buatan sebagai media pengambilan sampelnya. Substrat buatan diletakkan berdekatan dengan substrat alami selama 24 jam, kemudian diangkat dan disaring. Identifikasi dan pencacahan sampel dilakukan dengan mikroskop cahaya dan Sedgewick Rafter Counting Chamber lalu dihitung kelimpahan selnya. Data faktor lingkungan dianalisis dengan Analisis Komponen Utama (AKU) untuk menemukan faktor lingkungan yang mencirikan setiap stasiun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ditemukannya Coolia, Ostreopsis, dan Prorocentrum. Perbedaan substrat alami dan faktor lingkungan menentukan keberadaan dinoflagellata bentik tersebut. Dermaga Mazu memiliki kelimpahan dinoflagellata tertinggi (98 sel/cm²), sementara Prorocentrum menjadi genus dengan kelimpahan tertinggi (129 sel/cm²). Hasil AKU menunjukkan Dermaga Odi dicirikan oleh suhu, Dermaga Mazu oleh salinitas dan fosfat, serta Dermaga Villa Delima oleh DO. Kelimpahan Prorocentrum dan Ostreopsis meningkat seiring dengan kenaikan suhu, DO, salinitas, dan fosfat, sementara kelimpahan Coolia meningkat dengan kenaikan suhu, salinitas, dan fosfat namun kelimpahannya menurun seiring terjadinya peningkatan DO.

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Ecosystem damage to the coral reefs and water quality changes in Pramuka Island can potentially trigger an increase in dinoflagellate abundance. This research aimed to identify and analyze the abundance of benthic dinoflagellates causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) and analyze the relationship between environmental factors and dinoflagellate abundance. The research was conducted on September 21-22, 2023, at three stations: Odi Pier, Mazu Pier, and Villa Delima Pier, each with different dominant natural substrates. Artificial substrates were used for the sampling method, and the artificial substrate were placed near natural substrates for 24 hours, then retrieved and filtered. Samples were identified and counted using a light microscope and Sedgewick Rafter Counting Chamber, and the cell abundance was calculated. Environmental data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to identify factors that characterizing each station. The genera that found in this research were Coolia, Ostreopsis, and Prorocentrum. Differences in natural substrates and environmental factors determined the presence of these benthic dinoflagellates. Mazu Pier had the highest dinoflagellate abundance (98 cells/cm²), with Prorocentrum being the most abundant genus (129 cells/cm²). PCA results showed that Odi Pier was characterized by temperature, Mazu Pier by salinity and phosphate, and Villa Delima Pier by dissolved oxygen (DO). Prorocentrum and Ostreopsis abundance increased with higher temperature, DO, salinity, and phosphate levels, while Coolia abundance increased with higher temperature, salinity, and phosphate but decreased with higher DO levels."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai komunitas dinoflagellata bentik penyebab Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) di perairan Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu pada Juli 2023 hingga Juni 2024. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kelimpahan dan komposisi penyusun komunitas dinoflagellata bentik pada substrat buatan dan menganalisis hubungan antara parameter lingkungan terhadap perlakuan perbedaan waktu. Dinoflagellata bentik dikoleksi dari substrat buatan yang diletakkan di perairan selama 24, 48, dan 72 jam. Proses pencacahan dilakukan menggunakan Sedgewick-rafter Counting Cell dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop cahaya pada perbesaran 100x. Analisis data menggunakan Analisis Komponen Utama (AKU) untuk menentukan faktor lingkungan yang mencirikan setiap perlakuan waktu. Diperoleh tiga genus dinoflagellata bentik, yaitu Prorocentrum, Ostreopsis, dan Sinophysis. Perlakuan 72 jam memiliki kelimpahan dinoflagellata bentik tertinggi sebesar 129,1 sel/cm2 dan genus Prorocentrum menjadi genus paling melimpah sebesar 141,6 sel/cm2. Berdasarkan hasil AKU, perlakuan 24 dan 48 jam dicirikan oleh suhu, salinitas, dan kecepatan arus, sedangkan 72 jam dicirikan oleh DO dan intensitas cahaya.

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Study on the community of benthic dinoflagellates causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) in the waters of Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu, was conducted from July 2023 until June 2024. The aim of this research was to analyze the abundance and composition of the benthic dinoflagellate community on artificial substrates and to analyze the relationship between environmental parameters and different time treatments. Benthic dinoflagellates were collected from artificial substrates placed in the water for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Counting was performed using a Sedgewick-Rafter Counting Cell and observed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. Data analysis was conducted using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to determine the environmental factors characterizing each time treatment. Three genera of benthic dinoflagellates were identified: Prorocentrum, Ostreopsis, and Sinophysis. The 72-hour treatment had the highest abundance of benthic dinoflagellates at 129,1 cells/cm², with Prorocentrum being the highest abundant genus at 141,6 cells/cm². According to PCA results, the 24 and 48-hour treatments were characterized by temperature, salinity, and current velocity, whereas the 72-hour treatment was characterized by DO and light intensity. "

"Dinoflagellata bentik yang ditemukan menempel pada makroalga dapat menghasilkan ciguatoksin penyebab penyakit Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP). Penelitian tentang Dinoflagellata bentik penyebab CFP pada makroalga dan kaitannya dengan faktor lingkungan telah dilakukan di Gili Matra, Lombok Utara pada tanggal 24–27 Mei 2022. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis Dinoflagellata bentik pada substrat makroalga di perairan Gili Matra berdasarkan kelimpahan sel dan faktor lingkungan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan makroalga Padina di ketiga gili, kemudian dimasukkan ke botol plastik dan dikocok kuat selama 1 menit. Sampel air dipisahkan dari makroalga, makroalga ditimbang berat basahnya, disaring dengan saringan bertingkat, kemudian diamati di bawah mikroskop cahaya. Dinoflagellata bentik yang ditemukan berpotensi toksik adalah Prorocentrum dan Ostreopsis. Faktor lingkungan dianalisis dengan Analisis Komponen Utama (AKU). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kelimpahan Prorocentrum yang paling tinggi ditemukan di Gili Meno, yaitu dengan total 84,89 sel/gr berat basah makroalga dan Ostreopsis yang hanya ditemukan di Gili Meno dengan 37 sel/gr berat basah makroalga. Berdasarkan AKU, Stasiun Gili Meno dicirikan oleh nitrat, fosfat, salinitas, dan intensitas cahaya yang lebih tinggi dari stasiun lainnya. Faktor-faktor lingkungan ini mempengaruhi kelimpahan sel Prorocentrum dan Ostreopsis yang lebih tinggi di stasiun tersebut.

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Benthic dinoflagellates found attached to macroalgae can produce ciguatoxin that causes Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) disease. Research on benthic dinoflagellates causing CFP on macroalgae and their relation to environmental factors was carried out in Gili Matra, North Lombok on 24–27 May 2022. This study aimed to analyze benthic dinoflagellates on macroalgae substrates in Gili Matra waters based on cell abundance and environmental factors. The research was conducted by collecting Padina macroalgae in the three islands, then putting them in a plastic bottle and shaking vigorously for 1 minute. The water sample was separated from the macroalgae, the wet weight of the macroalgae was measured, filtered through a multiseries sieve, and then observed under a light microscope. The potentially toxic benthic dinoflagellates found were Prorocentrum and Ostreopsis. Environmental factors were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed that the highest abundance of Prorocentrum was found in Gili Meno, with a total of 84.89 cells/gr wet weight macroalgae, and Ostreopsis, which was only found in Gili Meno with 37 cells/gr wet weight macroalgae. Based on PCA analysis, Gili Meno Station is characterized by higher nitrate, phosphate, salinity, and light intensity than other stations. These environmental factors influenced the higher abundance of Prorocentrum and Ostreopsis cells in the station."

"Sumberdaya terumbu karang di Pulau Tidung telah lama dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat setempat untuk berbagai keperluan. Pada saat ini sebagian masyarakat Pulau Tidung menggantungkan hidupnya sebagai penyedia jasa kegiatan wisata yang sebelumnya berprofesi sebagai nelayan. Adanya kegiatan wisata di Pulau Tidung yang tanpa terkendali yang memanfaatkan keindahan karang dapat berdampak terjadinya penurunan kualitas terumbu karang di sekitarnya. Metode pengamatan untuk mengamati tingkat kerusakan karang adalah Line Intercept Transect dan faktor lingkungan diamati dengan pengukuran berbagai parameter lingkungan perairan secara langsung di lapangan. Aspek sosial ekonomi dan pengelolaan dikaji dari berbagai peraturan yang telah ada dan wawancara secara mendalam dengan penduduk setempat dan wisatawan. Penelitian ini membahas mengenai kondisi kerusakan terumbu karang dan faktor penyebabnya baik faktor antropogenik maupun non-antropogenik serta pengelolaan terumbu karang di Pulau Tidung. Beberapa faktor yang diamati yaitu kondisi perairan, kondisi terumbu karang, aspek sosial masyarakat dan kebijakan pengelolaan terumbu karang. Kondisi perairan meliputi suhu, kecerahan, kecepatan arus, pH, salinitas, fosfat dan nitrat. Kondisi karang meliputi persentase tutupan karang, indeks keanekaragaman, dan indeks dominasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama bulan Juni – Agustus 2011. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi terumbu karang di Pulau Tidung dalam kondisi rusak - sedang dengan persentase tutupan karang hidup antara 21,41% – 30,19%. Indeks keanekaragaman tutupan berkisar antara 2,0423 – 2,1495 dan indeks dominasi tutupan berkisar antara 0,1433 – 0,1466, nilai tersebut memperlihatkan adanya keanekaragaman dan tekanan lingkungan yang sedang, dan tidak adanya dominasi tutupan karang tertentu. Parameter kualitas air laut memperlihatkan masih dalam ambang batas normal untuk kehidupan karang. Faktor antropogenik berupa kegiatan pariwisata, penambangan karang, pengeboman dan pengoperasian kapal di daerah terumbu karang diduga berperan terhadap kerusakan karang di Pulau Tidung. Pengelolaan terumbu karang di Pulau Tidung telah diatur melalui beberapa peraturan baik secara nasional maupun oleh pemerintah setempat, namun pelaksanaannya belum optimal sehingga diperlukan implementasi kebijakan yang lebih baik dengan menerapkan program kesadaran masyarakat, penegakan hukum dan peran masyarakat secara aktif dalam mengelola sumberdaya laut.

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Coral reef resources in Tidung Island has been used by local people for various purposes. At this time most of local people working as a travel provider or tourist guide. The existence of tourist activities in Tidung Island that utilizes the exotic of coral reefs affect the condition of coral reefs in this area. Observation method to observe the level of coral damage is Line Intercept Transect and environmental factors observed by measuring several water quality parameters. Socio-economic and management aspects examined from existing regulations and interviews with local people and tourists. The aim of this study is to discuss the coral condition and the causes of coral degradation including anthropogenic factors, non-anthropogenic and management of coral reefs in Tidung Island, Seribu Islands, north off Jakarta. Several factors were observed, namely the condition of waters, coral reefs, and social aspects and management. Water conditions include temperature, brightness, speed of flow, pH, salinity, phosphate and nitrate, and the condition of coral include life form percentage, index of diversity, and dominance index. The research was conducted during June to August 2011. The results show that the condition of coral reefs in Tidung Island was categorised bad condition to moderate with the percentage of life form ranges between 21.41% - 30.19%. Index of diversity ranged from 2.0423 to 2.1495 and dominance index ranged between 0.1433 to 0.1466. These showed ​​that the level of diversity and environmental pressures are medium, and has no a spesific type of coral cover that dominates in coral reefs. Water quality parameters are still within normal limits for coral life. Anthropogenic factors such as tourism, mining coral, destructive fishing (bombings) and the operation of ships in coral reef are thought to contribute to destruction of coral reef in Tidung Island. Management of coral reefs in Tidung Island has been governed by several regulations by both national and local government, but the implementation has not been optimized so the implementation of better policies by implementing public awareness programs, law enforcement and community participation in managing marine resources is needed."

"Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya berbagai macam respons ikan karang yang berbeda terhadap Uji antifeedant ekstrak kasar Phyllidiella nigra telah dilakukan 4 Mei sampai 10 Mei 2017 di Perairan Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta dan menguji efektifitas antifeedant Ekstrak kasar metanol Phyllidiella nigra terhadap ikan karang di Perairan Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Sampel Phyllidiella nigra diekstrak dengan methanol dan menghasikan kadar ekstrak sebesar 4,4 . Uji antifeedant dilakukan dengan menggunakan pakan perlakuan yang mengandung ekstrak kasar Phyllidiella nigra serta pakan tanpa ekstrak kasar Phyllidiella nigra sebagai kontrol, dalam bentuk kubus jeli 1 cm3 yang dikaitkan pada tali pancing. Pakan tersebut kemudian diujikan pada ikan di terumbu karang dengan kedalaman 3--4 meter dan diamati respons ikan karang terhadap ekstrak kasar Phyllidiella nigra serta dihitung jumlah pakan yang dimakan dan tidak. Hasil uji statistik Chi-kuadrat pada taraf signifikasi ? 0,01 menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh pemberian pakan perlakuan pada ketidaksukaan makan ikan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka ekstrak kasar Phyllidiella nigra positif memiliki aktivitas antifeedant terhadap ikan karang dan terdapat berbagai macam respons ikan karang terhadap ekstrak kasar Phyllidiella nigra.

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This study aimed to identify the difference of reef fish responses to the antifeedant test of Phyllidiella nigra raw extract has been done from 4 May to 10 May 2017 in Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta and the level of Phyllidiella nigra raw extract antifeedant effectiveness of reef fish Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Phyllidiella nigra samples were extracted with methanol and yielded a 4.4 extract content. An antifeedant test was performed using a diet containing Phyllidiella nigra extract and feed without Phyllidiella nigra raw extract as a control, in the form of 1 of jelly cube that is resistant to the fishing line. The feed was then tested on fish in coral reefs within 3 4 meters depth and see the response of reef fish to the raw extract of Phyllidiella nigra and calculated the amount of eaten feed and not. Chi square statistic test results at the significance level 0.01 indicates the presence of food inequality. Based on the explanation above, the raw extract of Phyllidiella nigra positively has antifeedant activity against reef fish and there are various responses of reef fish to the raw extract of Phylidiella nigra."

"Dinoflagellata epifitik yang hidup pada lamun Thalassia hemprichii berpotensi menyebabkan Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) melalui produksi ciguatoxin atau asosiasi dengan dinoflagellata penghasilnya. Lamun Thalassia hemprichii memiliki kelimpahan tinggi di perairan Pulau Pramuka. Penelitian mengenai kelimpahan dinoflagellata epifitik pada lamun Thalassia hemprichii beserta hubungannya dengan parameter lingkungan dilakukan di empat sisi perairan Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu. Sampel lamun Thalassia hemprichii dari keempat sisi pulau diambil secara purposive random sampling ke dalam botol, dikocok kuat selama beberapa menit, dan biofilm pada daun dikerik. Daun lamun dipisahkan dan diukur luas permukaannya. Sampel air hasil kocokan kemudian disaring menggunakan saringan bertingkat 125 dan 25 μm, dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Ditemukan empat genus dinoflagellata epifitik toksik, yaitu Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, dan Prorocentrum. Genus Coolia memiliki rata-rata kelimpahan tertinggi, yaitu 8 sel/cm2, yang menunjukkan kemampuan adaptasi Coolia di setiap stasiun dengan faktor lingkungan yang berbeda. Faktor lingkungan yang mencirikan di tiap stasiun dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Komponen Utama (AKU) dan kemudian dihubungkan secara deskriptif dengan kelimpahan dinoflagellata. Bagian selatan dan barat pulau dicirikan oleh salinitas dan kecepatan arus, bagian utara oleh intensitas cahaya, dan bagian timur oleh nitrat, oksigen terlarut, dan pH.

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Epiphytic dinoflagellates living on Thalassia hemprichii seagrass have the potential to cause Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) through ciguatoxin production or association with dinoflagellate producers. Thalassia hemprichii seagrass has a high abundance in the waters of Pramuka Island. Research on the abundance of epiphytic dinoflagellates in seagrass Thalassia hemprichii and its relationship with environmental parameters was conducted on four sides of the waters of Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu. Seagrass Thalassia hemprichii samples from the four sides of the island were taken by purposive random sampling into bottles, shaken vigorously for several minutes, and the biofilm on the leaves was scraped off. Seagrass leaves were separated and their surface area measured. The shaken water samples were then filtered using 125 and 25 μm graduated sieves, and observed using a light microscope. Four genera of toxic epiphytic dinoflagellates were found, namely Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, and Prorocentrum. The genus Coolia had the highest average abundance, 8 cells/cm2, which indicates the adaptability of Coolia at each station with different environmental factors. Characteristic environmental factors at each station were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and then descriptively correlated with dinoflagellate abundance. The southern and western parts of the island were characterized by salinity and current velocity, the northern part by light intensity, and the eastern part by nitrate, dissolved oxygen, and pH."

"Dinoflagellata epifitik yang hidup pada lamun Thalassia hemprichii berpotensi menyebabkan Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) melalui produksi ciguatoxin atau asosiasi dengan dinoflagellata penghasilnya. Lamun Thalassia hemprichii memiliki kelimpahan tinggi di perairan Pulau Pramuka. Penelitian mengenai kelimpahan dinoflagellata epifitik pada lamun Thalassia hemprichii beserta hubungannya dengan parameter lingkungan dilakukan di empat sisi perairan Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu. Sampel lamun Thalassia hemprichii dari keempat sisi pulau diambil secara purposive random sampling ke dalam botol, dikocok kuat selama beberapa menit, dan biofilm pada daun dikerik. Daun lamun dipisahkan dan diukur luas permukaannya. Sampel air hasil kocokan kemudian disaring menggunakan saringan bertingkat 125 dan 25 μm, dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Ditemukan empat genus dinoflagellata epifitik toksik, yaitu Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, dan Prorocentrum. Genus Coolia memiliki rata-rata kelimpahan tertinggi, yaitu 8 sel/cm2, yang menunjukkan kemampuan adaptasi Coolia di setiap stasiun dengan faktor lingkungan yang berbeda. Faktor lingkungan yang mencirikan di tiap stasiun dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Komponen Utama (AKU) dan kemudian dihubungkan secara deskriptif dengan kelimpahan dinoflagellata. Bagian selatan dan barat pulau dicirikan oleh salinitas dan kecepatan arus, bagian utara oleh intensitas cahaya, dan bagian timur oleh nitrat, oksigen terlarut, dan pH.

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Epiphytic dinoflagellates living on Thalassia hemprichii seagrass have the potential to cause Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) through ciguatoxin production or association with dinoflagellate producers. Thalassia hemprichii seagrass has a high abundance in the waters of Pramuka Island. Research on the abundance of epiphytic dinoflagellates in seagrass Thalassia hemprichii and its relationship with environmental parameters was conducted on four sides of the waters of Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu. Seagrass Thalassia hemprichii samples from the four sides of the island were taken by purposive random sampling into bottles, shaken vigorously for several minutes, and the biofilm on the leaves was scraped off. Seagrass leaves were separated and their surface area measured. The shaken water samples were then filtered using 125 and 25 μm graduated sieves, and observed using a light microscope. Four genera of toxic epiphytic dinoflagellates were found, namely Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, and Prorocentrum. The genus Coolia had the highest average abundance, 8 cells/cm2, which indicates the adaptability of Coolia at each station with different environmental factors. Characteristic environmental factors at each station were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and then descriptively correlated with dinoflagellate abundance. The southern and western parts of the island were characterized by salinity and current velocity, the northern part by light intensity, and the eastern part by nitrate, dissolved oxygen, and pH."

"Dinoflagellata merupakan organisme eukariotik yang memiliki karakteristik khusus seperti adanya flagellar dan klorofil. Dinoflagellata toxin producer menghasilkan racun salah satunya yaitu Ciguatoksin penyebab Ciguatera Fish Poisonig (CFP). Taman Wisata Perairan (TWP) Gili Meno, Gili Air, dan Gili Trawangan yang umum disebut dengan Gili Matra, merupakan perairan laut yang berada di Kabupaten Lombok Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengidentifikasi, menganalisis kelimpahan, menganalisis dominansi, dan menganalisis korelasi antara parameter lingkungan dengan dinoflagellata bentik penyebab CFP yang menempati substrat buatan di Perairan Gili Matra. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah substrat buatan dan analisis data menggunakan indeks kekayaan, kemerataan, keanekaragaman, dominansi serta korelasi Spearman. Teramati genus Amphidinium, Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostropsis, dan Prorocentrum. Hasil perhitungan keseluruhan indeks berada pada kriteria rendah hingga sedang. Korelasi positif terlihat pada 5 dari 12 parameter lingkungan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini, terdapat korelasi positif antara parameter suhu, TSS, DO, nitrit, dan amonia terhadap kelimpahan dinoflagellata bentik, kelimpahan sel dinoflagellata bentik tertinggi didominasi oleh dinoflagellata dari genus Coolia.

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Dinoflagellates are eukaryotic organisms that have special characteristics such as the presence of flagellar and chlorophyll. Dinoflagellate toxin producers produce toxins, one of which is Ciguatoxin which causes Ciguatera Fish Poisonig (CFP). Aquatic Tourism Parks (TWP) Gili Meno, Gili Air, and Gili Trawangan, commonly known as Gili Matra, are marine waters located in North Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. The aims of this study were to identify, analyze abundance, analyze dominance, and analyze the correlation among environmental parameters and benthic dinoflagellates that cause CFP that occupy artificial substrates in Gili Matra Waters. The artificial substrates were used and Spearman's correlation were used to analyze the richness, evenness, diversity, and dominance. The genera Amphidinium, Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostropsis, and Prorocentrum were observed. The results of the calculation of the overall index are in the low to moderate criteria. The highest abundance of benthic dinoflagellate cells were dominated by the genera Coolia. Positive correlations were seen from 5 of 12 environmental parameters. The conclusion of this study, there is a positive correlation between the parameters of temperature, TSS, DO, nitrite, and ammonia on the abundance of benthic dinoflagellates, the highest abundance of benthic dinoflagellate cells is dominated by dinoflagellates from the genera Coolia."

"Tingginya perubahan fisik kelautan yang terjadi dalam kurun waktu 10 tahun terakhir di Gugusan Pulau Pari berpengaruh terhadap degradasi terumbu karang di dalamnya. Gugusan Pulau Pari merupakan kumpulan dari pulau-pulau sangat kecil yang termasuk tipe pulau karang timbul dan pulau daratan rendah (low islands), terdiri dari Pulau Pari, Kongsi, Tengah, Kudus dan Burung pada posisi 50 51? 28?-50 51? 32? LS dan 1060 37? 00?-1060 41? 20? BT. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui interpretasi citra Landsat dengan formula Lyzenga, dan variabel fisik kelautan seperti suhu, salinitas, kecerahan, arus dan sedimentasi serta variabel sosial dan ekonomi dipadukan dengan survei lapangan. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan pola sebaran terumbu karang sehat dan terdegradasi serta keterkaitan faktor fisik perairan dan sosial ekonomi terhadap degradasi terumbu karang. Analisa yang digunakan adalah analisa spasial dengan variabel fisik perairan dan kondisi sosial ekonomi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa persebaran terumbu selama kurun waktu 2004 hingga 2014 tidak mengalami perubahan. Namun, persebaran terumbu karang yang terdegradasi mengalami peningkatan. Jumlah terumbu karang mati lebih tinggi dibandingkan populai terumbu karang yang sehat. Faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap degradasi terumbu karang yaitu tingginya kualitas fisik perairan berupa suhu, kecerahan, arus permukaan air laut serta kedangkalan perairan dengan kedalaman kurang dari 3 meter di atas permukaan laut. Faktor lain yang juga mempengaruhi degradasi terumbu karang yaitu meningkatnya aktivitas bahari dan semakin ramainya lalu lintas perairan.

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The high physical changes that occur in the ocean over the last 10 years in the Group of Pari Island effect on coral reef degradation in it. Group of Pari Island is a collection of very small islands that include the type of coral islands and islets arise lowland (low islands), consisting of Pari Island, Kongsi, Tengah, Kudus and Burung in position 50 51? 28?-50 51? 32? South Latitude and 1060 37? 00?-1060 41? 20? East Longitude. This research was conducted through the interpretation of Landsat imagery with formula Lyzenga and marine physical variables such as temperature, salinity, brightness, currents and sedimentation as well as social and economic variables combined with field surveys. This study reveals the distribution pattern of healthy and degraded coral reefs as well as linkages to physical factors and socio-economic waters to coral reef degradation. The analysis used is a spatial analysis of the physical variables waters and socio-economic conditions. This study shows that reefs spread over the period 2004 to 2014 has not changed. However, the spread of degraded reef has increased. Number of dead coral reefs is higher than populai healthy coral reefs. Factors affected to the degradation of coral reefs in the high physical quality of water in the form of temperature, brightness, sea currents and the shallowness of the waters with a depth of less than 3 meters above sea level. Other factors that also affected the degradation of coral reefs are increasing maritime activity and traffic increasingly crowded waters."

"Dinoflagellates were found and seven of them are potentially toxic species Based on the CA and PCA the substrate specificity of Gambierdiscus toxicus is macroalgae Amphidiniopsis hirsutum Coolia sp and Amphidinium sp are sand Ostreopsis ovata Ostreopsis lenticularis and Prorocentrum rhatymum are seagrass sand and coral rubble Prorocentrum lima Prorocentrum emarginatum Ostreopsis siamensis and Sinophysis microcephalus are seagrass seaweed and coral rubble and Prorocentrum concavum is on all substrate Dinoflagellates were found and seven of them are potentially toxic species Based on the CA and PCA the substrate specificity of Gambierdiscus toxicus is macroalgae Amphidiniopsis hirsutum Coolia sp and Amphidinium sp are sand Ostreopsis ovata Ostreopsis lenticularis and Prorocentrum rhatymum are seagrass sand and coral rubble Prorocentrum lima Prorocentrum emarginatum Ostreopsis siamensis and Sinophysis microcephalus are seagrass seaweed and coral rubble and Prorocentrum concavum is on all substrate Dinoflagellates were found and seven of them are potentially toxic species Based on the CA and PCA the substrate specificity of Gambierdiscus toxicus is macroalgae Amphidiniopsis hirsutum Coolia sp and Amphidinium sp are sand Ostreopsis ovata Ostreopsis lenticularis and Prorocentrum rhatymum are seagrass sand and coral rubble Prorocentrum lima Prorocentrum emarginatum Ostreopsis siamensis and Sinophysis microcephalus are seagrass seaweed and coral rubble and Prorocentrum concavum is on all substrate. Research on epibenthic Dinoflagellate causing Ciguatera Fish Poisoning had been conducted in Harapan Island, Kepulauan Seribu during 4th--6th March 2013. This study was carried out by collecting seagrass, seaweed, sand, and coral rubble on the reef flats, where they were shaken vigorously to separate the epibenthic Dinoflagellates. Samples were filtered and observed under a light microscope. The data were analyzed using Correspondence Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). From the samples collected, twelve species of benthic Dinoflagellates were found, and seven of them are potentially toxic species. Based on the CA and PCA, the substrate specificity of Gambierdiscus toxicus is macroalgae; Amphidiniopsis hirsutum, Coolia sp., and Amphidinium sp. are sand; Ostreopsis ovata, Ostreopsis lenticularis, and Prorocentrum rhatymum are seagrass, sand, and coral rubble; Prorocentrum lima, Prorocentrum emarginatum, Ostreopsis siamensis, and Sinophysis microcephalus are seagrass, seaweed, and coral rubble; and Prorocentrum concavum is on all substrate."