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"Jerawat adalah penyakit radang kronis. Patogenesis jerawat adalah multifaktorial, salah satunya akibat pertumbuhan berlebih mikroba seperti S. aureus dan P. acnes. Klindamisin merupakan antibiotik yang direkomendasikan untuk terapi jerawat tetapi penggunaannya menyebabkan berbagai efek samping seperti perubahan flora usus, kolitis pseudomembran dan meningkatkan risiko resistensi. Nanopartikel perak adalah antimikroba kuat, memiliki aktivitas spektrum luas dan memiliki kemampuan untuk mengurangi perkembangan resistensi, akan tetapi penggunaan jangka panjang dilaporkan mengakibatkan efek samping argyria. Penggunaan kombinasi antimikroba adalah strategi untuk mengurangi efek samping, meningkatkan efektivitas terapi dan menurunkan resiko resistensi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan sifat sinergisitas antibakteri kombinasi nanopartikel perak dan klindamisin terhadap S. aureus dan P. acnes dilanjutkan formulasi, dan studi stabilitas sediaan gel. Penentuan Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) nanopartikel perak, klindamisin dan uji sinergisme dilakukan secara mikrodilusi menggunakan 96-well microplate. Uji sinergi dilakukan menggunakan metode Checkerboard dengan menghitung nilai Fractional Index Concentration (FIC). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai KHM nanopartikel perak dan klindamisin pada S. aureus berturut-turut 16 μg/ml dan 64 μg/ml sedangkan nilai KHM nanopartikel perak dan klindamisin pada P. acnes berturut-turut 0,5 μg/ml dan 32 μg/ml. Uji sinergisitas kombinasi nanopartikel perak dan klindamisin terhadap S. aureus dan P.acnes menghasilkan nilai FIC 0,75 dan 0,63 (sinergi parsial). Hasil uji sinergisitas selanjutnya dibuat formulasi gel menjadi gel formula FI, FII dan FIII. Hasil uji karakterisasi ketiga formula didapatkan gel yang memenuhi syarat farmakope dengan pemerian gel berwarna kuning pucat hingga kekuningan, homogen, memiliki nilai pH (FI = 5,95; FII = 5,81; FIII = 5,67), kandungan kadar klindamisin (FI=97,69+0,068%; FII=97,54+0,072%; FIII=94,93+1,69%) dan nanopartikel perak (FI=98,39+0,025%; FII=98,33+0,00%; FIII=102,78+0,79%) sesuai dengan spesifikasi yang ditetapkan serta stabil baik secara fisik dan kimia pada suhu 5oC+3oC dan 250C ± 20C selama 11 mingguAcne is a chronic inflammatory disease. The pathogenesis of acne is multifactorial, one of them is caused by microbial overgrowth such as S. aureus and P. acne. Clindamycin is the recommended antibiotics for acne therapy but the use of clindamycin causes various side effects such as changes in intestinal flora, pseudomembranous colitis and increased risk of resistance. Silver nanoparticles are potent antimicrobials, have broad spectrum activity and have the ability to reduce the development of resistance. Despite having potent activity, the long-term use of silver nanoparticles was reported to have argyria side effects. The use of antimicrobial combinations is a strategy to reduce side effects, increase the effectiveness of therapy and reduce risk of resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial synergy characteristics of the combination of silver nanoparticles and clindamycin against S. aureus and P. acnes, formulations and stability study in gel dosage form. Determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of silver nanoparticles, clindamycin and synergism tests were carried out by microdilution using 96-well microplate. Synergy test is carried out using the Checkerboard method by calculating the value of the Fractional Index Concentration (FIC). The results showed the MIC values of silver nanoparticles and clindamycin against S. aureus were 16 μg/ml and 64 μg/ml, respectively, while the MIC values of silver nanoparticles and clindamycin in P. acnes were 0.5 μg/ml and 32 μg/ml, respectively. The synergicity test of the combination of silver nanoparticles and clindamycin against S. aureus produced FIC values of 0,75 and 0,63 (partial synergy). The synergicity test results were then made into a gels combination of silver nanoparticles and clindamycin as formula FI, FII and FIII. The results of characterization tests for the three formulas found that gels were meet the specifications, with pale yellow to yellow colored gel, homogeneous, pH value (FI=5,95; FII=5,81; FIII=5,67), clindamycin content (FI=97,69+0,068%; FII=97,54+0,072%; FIII=94,93+1,69%) and silver nanoparticles (FI=98,39+0,025%; FII=98,33+0,00%; FIII=102,78+0,79%) and physically and chemically stable at temperature of 5oC+3oC and 250C±20C for 11 weeks."

"Latar belakang: Akne vulgaris (AV) merupakan kelainan kulit akibat peradangan kronik folikel pilosebasea yang sering dijumpai pada remaja dan dewasa muda. Pada pasien perempuan didapatkan prevalensi AV yang lebih tinggi dan dampak psikososial yang lebih berat. Beberapa studi meneliti terdapat hubungan antara peningkatan kadar homosistein dengan derajat keparahan AV, namun peran homosistein dalam patogenesis AV masih belum jelas. Kadar homosistein ditentukan oleh multifaktor sehingga temuan di Indonesia dapat berbeda dibandingkan penelitian terdahulu. Secara fisiologis, kadar homosistein pada perempuan lebih rendah dari laki-laki.Tujuan: Mendapatkan data kadar homosistein plasma pada pasien perempuan dengan AV ringan (AVR), AV sedang (AVS), dan AV berat (AVB) serta mengetahui korelasi kadar homosistein plasma dengan berbagai derajat keparahan AV.Metode: Studi potong lintang dilakukan terhadap 46 subjek penelitian (SP), direkrut secara consecutive sampling, yang terdiagnosis AV berdasarkan kriteria Lehmann pada bulan April-Juni 2019. Setiap SP akan diambil darahnya untuk dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar homosistein plasma dengan metode chemiluminescent microparticle immuno assay (CMIA).Hasil: Pada pasien perempuan dengan AV didapatkan rerata kadar homosistein plasma kelompok AVR, AVS, dan AVB yaitu 7,39 (1,84) μmol/L, 7,14 (1,73) μmol/L, dan 6,95 (1,14) μmol/L. Terdapat korelasi negatif lemah yang tidak bermakna antara kadar homosistein plasma dengan derajat keparahan AV (r=-0,0964, p=0,524).Kesimpulan: Kadar homosistein plasma ditemukan lebih rendah pada kelompok AVS dan AVB. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa semakin rendah kadar homosistein plasma, maka semakin berat derajat keparahan AV.

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Background: Acne vulgaris (AV) is a skin disorder caused by chronic inflammation of pilosebaceus that is primarily found in adolescents and young adults. In female patient, there is a higher prevalence of AV and more severe psychosocial impact. Several studies have investigated association between the levels of serum homocysteine and severity of AV, but the role of homocysteine in AV is not clearly understood. Homocysteine levels are thought to be affected by varying factors, so it is assumed that homocysteine levels in Indonesian people will yield a different results. Physiologically, female has a lower homocysteine levels.

Objective: This study aims to know the levels of homocysteine plasma in female patients suffering from mild, moderate, and severe AV, also its correlation with the degree of AV severity.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 46 subjects, recruited by consecutive sampling, who have been diagnosed with AV based on Lehmann criteria on April-June

2019. Blood sample will be taken from each subject to measure homocycsteine plasma levels by using chemiluminescent microparticle immuno assay method (CMIA).

Results: In female patients, the mean plasma homocycteine levels of mild, moderate, and severe groups were respectively 7,39 (1,84) μmol/L, 7,14 (1,73) μmol/L, and 6,95 (1,14) μmol/L. There was no significant corelation between plasma homocysteine levels and the degree of acne severity (r=-0,0964, p=0,524).

Conclusion: Levels of plasma homocysteine was found lower on moderate and severe AV groups. The lower the levels of plasma homocysteine, the more severe the the degree of acne severity.

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"ABSTRAKKestabilan sediaan harus diperhatikan dalam memformulasikan sediaan farmasi, yaitu berada dalam batas penerimaan selama masa periode penyimpanan dan penggunaan, sifat dan karakterisasinya tetap sama seperti saat dibuat. Pada penelitian diformulasikan sediaan krim etosom KE dan non etosom KNE asam azelat, dilakukan evaluasi sediaan krim, uji stabilitas fisik, dan uji stabilitas kimia terbentuknya asam stearat dan asam miristat sebagai hasil urai basis krim. Hasil uji stabilitas fisik, pengujian organoleptis KE selama 8 minggu penyimpanan suhu rendah, ruang, dan tinggi terjadi pemisahan etosom dengan basis, bau tengik, dan sineresis. Pengujian cycling test dan uji mekanik KE terjadi pemisahan etosom dari basis. Pada uji stabilitas kimia, persentase kadar isopropil miristat IPM tersisa pada KE setiap dua minggu pengujian, dihitung dari minggu ke-0 sebesar 99.16, 95.65, 92.86, 91.95, dan 71.68. Persentase kadar IPM tersisa pada KNE sebesar 99.08, 89.69, 88.56, 87.83, dan 40.53. Persentase kadar gliserol monostearat GMS tersisa pada KE setiap dua minggu pengujian, dari minggu ke-0 sebesar 75.74, 41.81, 36.84, 23.28, dan 8.68, dimana kadar GMS tersisa pada KNE sebesar 72.45, 58.33, 47.34, 20.75, dan 2.23. Waktu kadaluarsa t80 IPM dan GMS KE berdasarkan perhitungan masing-masing 6.39 dan 3.58 minggu. Pada KNE, waktu kadaluarsa IPM dan GMS masing-masing 6.05 dan 2.25 minggu.

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ABSTRACTThe stability of dosage form shall be maintained in preparing a pharmaceutical formulation, which is acceptable during the period of storage, its nature and characterization remain the same as when it was manufactured. In this research, the formulation of ethosomal KE and non ethosomal KNE azelaic acid cream is prepared, cream was evaluated, physical and chemical stability test of stearic acid and myristic acid as degradation result of the cream base. Organoleptic KE test for 8 weeks storage of low, room, and high temperature occurs ethosomal phase separation, rancid odor, and sineresis. Cycling and mechanical test of KE occurs the separation of ethosome. In the chemical stability test, percentage of IPM remained at KE every two weeks of testing, from zero week was 99.16, 95.65, 92.86, 91.95, and 71.68. The remaining percentage of IPM in KNE was 99.08, 89.69, 88.56, 87.83, and 40.53. The remaining percentage of GMS remained in KE every two weeks was 75.74, 41.81, 36.84, 23.28, and 8.68, where the remaining GMS in KNE was 72.45, 58.33 47.34, 20.75, and 2.23. Expiration date t80 IPM and GMS in KE is 6.39 and 3.58 weeks. In KNE, texpiration date of IPM and GMS is 6.05 and 2.25 weeks."

"Latar belakang dan tujuan: Akne vulgaris AV merupakan inflamasi kronik pada unit pilosebasea. Beberapa penelitian telah meneliti kadar 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25 OH D] serum pada pasien AV dengan hasil bervariasi, namun umumnya rendah. Kadar vitamin D diduga terpengaruh oleh pajanan sinar matahari, letak geografis, ras/tipe kulit, dan asupan makanan, sehingga mungkin temuan di Indonesia akan berbeda daripada penelitian terdahulu di luar negeri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar 25 OH D serum dan hubungan dengan derajat keparahan, lesi inflamasi, noninflamasi, dan total lesi AV. Metode: Penelitian potong lintang ini melibatkan 30 subjek penelitian SP, direkrut secara consecutive sampling, terbagi rata ke dalam kelompok AV ringan AVR, AV sedang AVS, dan AV berat AVB berdasarkan klasifikasi Lehmann. Faktor risiko AV yang berkaitan dengan vitamin D pajanan sinar matahari, penggunaan tabir surya, suplementasi, jumlah lesi, dan kadar 25 OH D serum dinilai pada seluruh SP. Hasil : Median kadar 25 OH D serum pada kelompok AVR, AVS, dan AVB yaitu 16,3 9,1- 17,8 ng/mL, 12,7 9,6-15,6 ng/mL, dan 9,35 4,9-10,9 ng/mL Median pada kelompok AVR dan AVS lebih tinggi dibandingkan AVB.

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Background and objective: Acne vulgaris AV is chronic inflammation of pilosebaceous units. Several studies have investigated the levels of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D 25 OH D in AV patients with varying outcomes, but mostly decreased. Vitamin D levels are thought to be affected by sun exposure, geographical location, race skin type, and food intake, that research in Indonesia may yield different results. This study aimed to determine the level of serum 25 OH D and its association with the severity and the number of inflammatory, noninflammatory, and total AV lesions.

Methods: This cross sectional study included 30 patients. Subjects were recruited by consecutive sampling, grouped equally into mild, moderate, and severe AV based on Lehmann's classification. The risk factors for inadequate vitamin D such as sun exposures, sunscreen, and suplements, the number of lesions, and serum 25 OH D levels were assessed on all subjects.

Results: The median concentrations of serum 25 OH D in the three groups were respectively 16.3 9.1 17.8 ng mL, 12.7 9.6 15.6 ng mL, and 9.35 4.9 10.9 ng mL p."