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"Jeruk limau merupakan bahan alam dengan beragam manfaat, namun penelitian mengenai pemanfaatannya masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji potensi minyak atsiri kulit jeruk limau dalam aktivitas antitirosinase, antielastase, dan antibakteri penyebab jerawat. Metode ekstraksi minyak atsiri menggunakan metode Microwave-Assisted Hydro-Distillation (MAHD), sedangkan analisis senyawa kimia dilakukan dengan GC-MS. Pada uji antitirosinase, asam kojat memiliki IC50 sebesar 4,96 µg/mL, sedangkan minyak atsiri kulit jeruk limau memiliki IC50 sebesar 251,36 µg/mL. Pada uji antielastase, kuersetin sebagai pembanding memiliki nilai IC50 24,1 µg/mL, sementara minyak atsiri kulit jeruk limau memiliki IC50 sebesar 46,56 µg/mL. Uji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri P. acnes menunjukkan zona hambat sebesar 13,04-16,05 mm, sedangkan pada S. aureus menunjukkan zona hambat 15,06-22,16 mm yang berpotensi kuat dalam menghambat bakteri penyebab jerawat. Hasil analisis GC-MS menunjukkan keberadaan senyawa aktif seperti sitronelol, d-limonena, sitronelal, β-pinena, dan α-terpeniol dalam minyak atsiri. Senyawa-senyawa tersebut memiliki potensi aktivitas biologis terkait penghambatan tirosinase, elastase, dan bakteri penyebab jerawat. Penemuan ini dapat memberikan kontribusi pada pengembangan produk perawatan kulit yang berbasis bahan alam.

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Lime is a natural ingredient with various benefits, but research on its utilization is still limited. This study aims to examine the potential of lime peel essential oil in anti-tyrosinase, anti-elastase, and antibacterial activities against acne-causing agents. The essential oil extraction method used Microwave-Assisted Hydro-Distillation (MAHD), and the chemical compound analysis was conducted using GC-MS. In the anti-tyrosinase test, kojic acid had an IC50 of 4.96 µg/mL, while lime peel essential oil demonstrated an IC50 of 251.36 µg/mL. In the anti-elastase test, quercetin as a comparator had an IC50 value of 24.1 µg/mL, where as lime peel essential oil showed an IC50 of 46.56 µg/mL. Antibacterial activity against P. acnes showed inhibition zones ranging from 13.04-16.05 mm, indicating strong potential, while S. aureus exhibited inhibition zones of 15.06-22.16 mm, suggesting strong potential in inhibiting acne-causing bacteria. GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of active compounds such as citronellol, d-limonene, citronellal, β-pinene, and α-terpineol in the essential oil. These compounds demonstrated potential biological activities related to the inhibition of tyrosinase, elastase, and acne-causing bacteria. These findings could contribute to the development of natural-based skincare products."

"This book covers such topics as recent techniques of extraction, isolation and structural elucidation for natural product research, innovations in secondarymetabolite production, green nanotechnology, environmentally benign products and processes and more."

"Tapak liman (Elephantopus scaber L.) dan sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) merupakan tanaman yang secara empiris digunakan untuk penyakit hati. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek hepatoprotektif pemberian kombinasi infusa akar tapak liman dan daun sambiloto. Tiga puluh enam tikus dibagi kedalam 6 kelompok secara acak. Kelompok I (kontrol normal), kelompok II (kontrol induksi), kelompok III (tapak liman 400 mg/200 g bb), kelompok IV (sambiloto 100 mg/200g bb), kelompok V (kombinasi tapak liman 400 mg dan sambiloto 50 mg), dan kelompok VI (kombinasi tapak liman 200 mg dan sambiloto 100 mg). Bahan uji diberikan peroral selama 8 hari dan 2 jam setelah pemberian terakhir karbon tetraklorida diberikan melalui rute yang sama. Pada hari ke-9 dilakukan pengambilan darah dan hati. Pengukuran aktivitas ALT dan ALP plasma menggunakan ALT dan ALP kit dan ditunjukan dengan perbedaan serapan. Analisa histologi didasarkan pada diameter vena sentralis dan persen kerusakan lobulus hati. Hasil menunjukan kelompok V dan VI berbeda bermakna dengan kelompok induksi untuk aktivitas ALT, ALP plasma serta hasil pengamatan histologi hati. Berdasarkan hasil dapat disimpulkan bahwa kombinasi infusa tapak liman dan sambiloto memiliki efek hepatoprotektif. Dosis kombinasi dengan hasil yang paling mendekati kontrol normal adalah kombinasi akar tapak liman 400 mg/200 g bb dan sambiloto 50 mg/200 g bb.

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Tapak liman (Elephantopus scaber L.) and sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) were the plants empirically used in the treatment of liver disease. The aims of the study was to determine the hepatoprotective effect of infusa of tapak liman roots and sambiloto leaves combination. Thirty six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 groups. Group I (normal control), group II (induction control), group III (400mg/200g tapak liman), IV (100mg/200g sambiloto), V (400mg tapak liman and 50mg sambiloto), and VI (200mg tapak liman and 100mg sambiloto). The infusa were administered for 8 days and carbon tetrachloride was given 2 hours after the last administration. Collection of the blood and liver resection were carried out on 9th day. ALT and ALP plasma activities were analyzed using kit reagen and showed by absorbances differences. Diameter of liver central vein and liver lobules damage percentages were histological analysis parameter. There were significant differences between group V and VI with induction control for ALT, ALP activities supported by the results of liver histological examination. It can be concluded that the combination of tapak liman and sambiloto infusa had hepatoprotective effect and combination of 400mg tapak liman and 50mg sambiloto results were almost equivalent to normal control."

"[ABSTRAKPestisida nabati berbasis minyak atsiri (essential oils) dapat dijadikan alternatif sebagaiprotektan tanaman terhadap serangan hama. Senyawa eugenol dalam minyak atsiri cengkehmenunjukkan beberapa aktivitas sebagai insektisida, anti jamur dan anti bakteri, namunbersifat sensitif terhadap degradasi oleh cahaya, panas, oksigen dan masa simpan yangpendek jika disimpan dalam kondisi tidak tepat. Enkapsulasi senyawa eugenol dirasa sangatpenting untuk melindungi senyawa yang sensitif dari degradasi, menutupi sifat yang tidakdiinginkan dari suatu senyawa, mengurangi kerugian akibat penguapan, mencegah terjadinyaikatan atau interaksi dengan komponen matriks lainnya dan memfasilitasi pelepasan yangterkontrol pada kondisi yang diiinginkan sehingga sesuai untuk dijadikan formula pestisidanabati. Proses optimasi nano enkapsulasi minyak cengkeh menggunakan Response SurfaceMethodology (RSM). Central Composite Design (CCD) digunakan untuk mempelajaripengaruh konsentrasi cengkeh, buffer fosfat dan kalsium klorida terhadap loading capacitydan efisiensi enkapsulasi produk nano-cengkeh. Persamaan kuadratik terhadap responloading capacity didapatkan Y= 60,46+ 7,06A + 6,81B - 0,088 C ?2,26AB + 1,75AC +2,49BC ? 4,99A2 ? 2,39B2 -2,36C2 , dan terhadap respon efisiensi enkapsulasi Y= 57,65 -20,67A ? 1,13B + 10,68 C ?5,32AB + 13,59AC + 0,65BC ? 1,00A2 + 11,85B2 -0,50C2.Optimasi variabel bebas untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimal respon loading capacity danefisiensi enkapsulasi berturut-turut sebesar 64,67% dan 79,64% dengan volume cengkeh ,fosfat dan kalsium masing-masing sebesar 9,82 ; 75 dan 18 ml. Diameter rata-ratananocengkeh terbaik yang didapatkan 179,83 nm. Dari uji sitotoksisitas dengan Brine ShrimpLethality Test (BSLT) didapatkan data LC50 minyak cengkeh tanpa enkapsulasi sebesar 7,35ppm (konsentrasi eugenol 4,445 μg/ml) sedangkan sediaan nanocengkeh sebesar 11,50 ppm(konsentrasi eugenol 0,264 μg/ml ) menunjukkan secara statistik efek enkapsulasi berbedasangat signifikan terhadap kematian larva Artemia salina Sp. dibandingkan tanpa enkapsulasidengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%.

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ABSTRACTEssential oils based pesticides can be used as an alternative as crop protectant against pests.Eugenol in clove essential oil showed some activity as insecticides, anti-fungal and antibacterialbut it is sensitive to degradation by light, heat, oxygen and short shelf life whenstored in improper conditions. Encapsulation of eugenol was considered very important toprotect sensitive compound from degradation, covering undesirable properties, reducinglosses due to evaporation, prevent bonding or interaction with other matrix components, andfacilitate the controlled release conditions, so meet the requirement of a plant basedpesticides. Optimization process of nano encapsulation of clove oil extract using ResponseSurface Methodology (RSM). Central Composite Design (CCD) employed to study the effectconcentration of clove oil, phospat buffer and calcium chloride on the loading capacity andencapsulation efficiency of nano-clove product. Quadratic equation of the loading capacityresponse was obtained Y= 60,46+ 7,06A + 6,81B - 0,088 C ?2,26AB + 1,75AC + 2,49BC ?4,99A2 ? 2,39B2 -2,36C2, dan encapsulation efficiency response was obtained Y= 57,65 -20,67A ? 1,13B + 10,68 C ?5,32AB + 13,59AC + 0,65BC ? 1,00A2 + 11,85B2 -0,50C2.Optimization of independent variables to obtain optimum conditions loading capacity andencapsulation efficiency response respectively for 64.67% and 79.64% by volume clove oil,phospat buffer and calcium chloride respectively 9.82; 75 and 18 ml. The average diameterof the obtained nano-clove was 179.83 nm. The cytotoxicity assay using Brine ShrimpLethality Test (BSLT) LC50 data obtained, clove oil without encapsulation was 7.35 ppm(eugenol concentration 4.445 μg/ml), while preparations nano-clove was 11.50 ppm (eugenolconcentration 0.264 μg/ml) showed that a statistically encapsulation effects different verysignificantly on mortality of larvae Artemia salina Sp. compared without encapsulation with aconfidence level of 95%., Essential oils based pesticides can be used as an alternative as crop protectant against pests.Eugenol in clove essential oil showed some activity as insecticides, anti-fungal and antibacterialbut it is sensitive to degradation by light, heat, oxygen and short shelf life whenstored in improper conditions. Encapsulation of eugenol was considered very important toprotect sensitive compound from degradation, covering undesirable properties, reducinglosses due to evaporation, prevent bonding or interaction with other matrix components, andfacilitate the controlled release conditions, so meet the requirement of a plant basedpesticides. Optimization process of nano encapsulation of clove oil extract using ResponseSurface Methodology (RSM). Central Composite Design (CCD) employed to study the effectconcentration of clove oil, phospat buffer and calcium chloride on the loading capacity andencapsulation efficiency of nano-clove product. Quadratic equation of the loading capacityresponse was obtained Y= 60,46+ 7,06A + 6,81B - 0,088 C –2,26AB + 1,75AC + 2,49BC –4,99A2 – 2,39B2 -2,36C2, dan encapsulation efficiency response was obtained Y= 57,65 -20,67A – 1,13B + 10,68 C –5,32AB + 13,59AC + 0,65BC – 1,00A2 + 11,85B2 -0,50C2.Optimization of independent variables to obtain optimum conditions loading capacity andencapsulation efficiency response respectively for 64.67% and 79.64% by volume clove oil,phospat buffer and calcium chloride respectively 9.82; 75 and 18 ml. The average diameterof the obtained nano-clove was 179.83 nm. The cytotoxicity assay using Brine ShrimpLethality Test (BSLT) LC50 data obtained, clove oil without encapsulation was 7.35 ppm(eugenol concentration 4.445 μg/ml), while preparations nano-clove was 11.50 ppm (eugenolconcentration 0.264 μg/ml) showed that a statistically encapsulation effects different verysignificantly on mortality of larvae Artemia salina Sp. compared without encapsulation with aconfidence level of 95%.]"

"ABSTRAKTesis ini menganalisa pengaruh daya saing terhadap kinerja ekspor minyak atsiri Indonesia pada sepuluh negara tujuan ekspor. Metode yang digunakan adalah regresi data panel dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daya saing mempengaruhi kinerja ekspor minyak atsiri Indonesia pada sepuluh negara tujuan utama secara positif. Berdasarkan perhitungan RCA Dinamis pada negara Amerika Serikat, India, Cina, Perancis, Belanda, Spanyol, Swiss, Inggris dan Jerman diketahui minyak atsiri Indonesia masuk dalam kategori Rising Star, artinya minyak atsiri Indonesia memiliki keunggulan daya saing pada negara-negara tersebut. Di Singapura, minyak atsiri Indonesia masuk dalam kategori Lagging Opportunity, artinya minyak atsiri Indonesia kehilangan peluang pasarnya

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ABSTRACTThis thesis analyzes competitive effects of Indonesian essential oil exports performance in ten export destinations. By using regression panel data and interviews. The results showed that the competitiveness influence the Indonesian essential oil export performance in ten main destination countries. Based on RCA Dynamic calculations on the United States, India, China, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, the UK and Germany are known Indonesian essential oil in the category of Rising Star, which means the essential oil Indonesia has a competitive advantage in these countries. In Singapore, Indonesia essential oil into the category Lagging Opportunity, means the essential oil Indonesia lost market opportunities."

"Minyak atsiri merupakan minyak yang diekstrak dari tanaman yang memiliki banyak kegunaan, terutama dalam industri farmasi, kosmetik, dan aroma terapi untuk kesehatan. Untuk itu perlu dikembangkan alat penyuling minyak atsiri agar minyak atsiri lebih memasyarakat dan sumber daya alam dalam bidang perkebunan dapat lebih termanfaatkan.Untuk tujuan tersebut di atas, maka dibuat alat penyuling minyak atsiri skala kecil/lab dengan menggunakan bahan yang lebih murah agar terjangkau oleh masyarakat yang ingin memproduksi sendiri minyak atsiri atau melakukan percobaan-percobaan dalam rangka pengembangan proses penyulingan minyak atsiri.Dari hasil percobaan proses penyulingan menggunakan alat yang telah dibuat, dapat simpulkan bahwa kualitas dan kuantitas minyak tergantung dari kondisi bahan baku, kepadatan bahan baku, jenis material alat dan lamanya waktu penyulingan.Bahan bakar briket lebih murah digunakan daripada minyak tanah, tetapi waktu penyulingan menjadi lebih lama. Alat penyuling skala kecil kurang ekonomis untuk keperluan produksi massal / bisnis, sehingga lebih tepat digunakan untuk percobaan-percobaan atau produksi sendiri dengan menggunakan berbagai jenis bahan baku.

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Essential Oils are extracted from plants which very useful, especially in farmacy, cosmetics industries and aroma theraphy for health.

So, it is very important to develop essential oil distiller in order to make the essential oils more popular and get more benefits from our nature recources in botanical/plantations.

For those purposes, mini essential oil disstiller was made using cheaper material, so it can be reached by people who want to produce essential oils by themselves or to do experiments in order to develop essential oils distillation process.

From essential oil distillation experiments used this mini distiller, can be concluded that the quality and quantity of essential oil depend on raw plantation condition, it's density, kind of material which is used to make distiller and how long the distillation process is.

The use of coal briquet is more economical than kerosine, but it takes longer time to do distillation process. This mini essential oil distiller is not economical for mass production or business, so it is more appropriate for experiments or self production uses many kind of raw plantations."