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"This book extends the framework of the climate-energy-land nexus to elucidate political, economic, social, and institutional factors and causal mechanisms that stringent climate targets bring about, rather than mitigate a disproportional heavy burden on the forest sector in Indonesia.
Assessing climate, energy, agricultural, forest, and transmigration policies, and REDD+ and biochar solutions through a multidisciplinary approach, ranging from biological, agricultural, technological, economic, and institutional lenses, the book identifies the political-economic and socio-technical regimes that cause the crosssectoral transfer of responsibility for greenhouse gas emissions to palm-oil-based biofuel, imposing an excess burden on the forest sector and accelerating indirect land-use change. It also proposes possible countermeasures for agricultural and forest sectors, reconfirming that technical applications and integrated policymaking should trigger the socioeconomic changes that will make transformative change happen in Indonesia.
As an analysis of the success, or otherwise, of stringent climate targets, policies, and technological and non-technological measures on the reduction of greenhouse gases, this book will be of great interest to students and scholars in the fields of environment & sustainability, Asian studies, energy, environment and agriculture, forestry, and agriculture & environmental sciences. It will also appeal to practitioners and policymakers tackling net-zero emissions and land and forest governance."
London: Routledge, 2023
e20534420
eBooks  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Dyah Rusty Indriani
"Untuk meningkatkan konsumsi kelapa sawit domestik, Pemerintah Indonesia telah secara agresif mengimplementasikan program mandatori B20. Kebijakan ini juga merupakan bagian dari upaya Pemerintah untuk mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap impor minyak serta mengurangi emisi gas rumah kaca. Meski demikian, implementasi kebijakan ini memiliki dampak terhadap ketersediaan air dan pangan akibat peningkatan konversi dan ekspansi lahan tanaman penghasil biofuel di masa mendatang. Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa air, energi dan pangan merupakan sumber daya yang penting untuk mencapai agenda pembangunan berkelanjutan. Meningkatnya permintaan terhadap ketiga sumber daya tersebut tentu saja menimbulkan tantangan dalam pelestariannya. Lebih lanjut lagi, permasalahan ini menjadikan keseimbangan antara sumber daya air, energi dan pangan sulit untuk direalisasikan mengingat perencanaan dan pengelolaan ketiga sumber daya tersebut berada di bawah sistem sektoral yang disonan. Hubungan antara ketiga sumber daya tersebut merepresentasikan sebuah sistem yang dinamis dan kompleks, sehingga memerlukan sebuah pendekatan holistik dari perspektif Water-Energy-Food nexus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami trade-off yang ditimbulkan dari sumber daya air, energi dan pangan pada industri biofuel dengan menggunakan pendekatan sistem dinamis. Berbagai faktor yang mempengaruhi pengembangan industri biofuel di Indonesia perlu dipertimbangkan dalam merumuskan kebijakan yang dapat menyeimbangkan sumber daya air dan pangan secara berkelanjutan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengimplementasian kebijakan memberikan dampak yang berbeda-beda sesuai dengan sektor yang disasar oleh kebijakan tersebut. Pengujian kebijakan yang dilakukan pada empat macam skenario ini diharapkan dapat membantu para pengambil keputusan untuk merumuskan kebijakan pengelolaan sumber daya berbasis WEF nexus pada sektor biofuel secara efektif dan efisien. Terakhir, implikasi dan limitasi hasil penelitian akan didiskusikan sehingga dapat dikembangkan untuk penelitian-penelitian terkait WEF nexus di Indonesia

In an attempt to increase domestic palm oil consumption, Indonesia has enforced the mandatory use of 20 percent blended biofuel (B20). This policy is part of the government efforts to reduce oil dependency in energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, the implementation of the policy prones to affect the water and food availability as the demand for biofuel crops is expected to grow significantly in the coming years. Correspondingly, sufficient quantity of water, energy, and food resources is considered essential to achieve the sustainable development agenda. The increasing demand for all three resources undeniably places a great strain on its preservation management. On the other hand, the planning and management of these resources are under dissonant sectoral systems. This issue, which can make the balance between the three resources arduous to realize, needs to be scrutinized. The complex relationship between the three resources reflects a complex dynamic system, needing a holistic approach that considers the integration of Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus to understand better the system. Therefore, this study aims to understand the trade-offs between the WEF nexus on the production of biofuel using a system dynamics approach. Many underlying factors affecting biofuel development should be taken into consideration when formulating policy for attaining a sustainable balance between water and food resources. This study indicates that each policy implementation results in various impacts depending on the targeted sectors. Moreover, the policy is tested upon four different scenarios in order to help the policy makers during the formulation process of WEF resources management policy in the biofuel sector. Lastly, further discussion mentions the implications and limitations of the study as a basis to develop future researches on similar theme of WEF nexus in Indonesia"
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2021
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UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Angga Arianda
"ABSTRAK
Pertumbuhan minat akan produksi biofuel dari minyak nabati telah memicu peningkatan permintaan crude palm oil (CPO) yang merupakan sumber potensial untuk pembuatan biofuel. Namun, terdapat masalah yang dihadapi dalam proses transportasi fluida dengan memanfaatkan sistem perpipaan untuk berbagai aplikasi industri. Masalah tersebut termasuk konsumsi daya pompa yang tinggi karena adanya hambatan aliran yang tinggi dan sedimentasi oleh kristal yang terbentuk dari proses pengkeruhan dalam aliran CPO. Surfaktan nonionik umumnya digunakan sebagai penurun titik keruh (cloud point) dan juga dikenal sebagai drag reducing agent yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan penyelidikan tentang efektivitas surfaktan nonionik sebagai drag reducing agent dalam menciptakan pengurangan hambatan pada aliran CPO yang melalui pipa spiral segilima. Metodologi penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dan analisis numerik. Metode eksperimental dilakukan menggunakan pipa spiral pentagon dengan rasio pitch (P/Di) 10.8 dan pipa bulat dengan diameter dalam 4 mm sebagai pembanding. Analisis numerik dilakukan menggunakan computational fluid dynamics untuk membuat analisis lebih lanjut tentang penelitian ini. Efektivitas pengurangan drag dianalisis melaui faktor gesekan dan profil distribusi kecepatan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, konsentrasi surfaktan nonionik memberikan pengaruh signifikan pada pengurangan hambatan, sementara pipa spiral segilima dapat meningkatkan pengurangan hambatan yang lebih tinggi dibanding pipa bulat.

ABSTRACT
The growing interests to produce biofuels from vegetable oil have been triggering increases in demands for crude palm oil (CPO) as a potential source for biofuel production. However, there are problems encountered in the fluid transportation process utilizing piping systems for various industrial applications. Those problems include high consumption of fluid pumping power due to high drag resistance and sedimentation by crystallization results in the formation of cloud in CPO flows. Nonionic surfactant has commonly been used as a cloud points reducer and also known as a good drag reducing agent. This study aimed at conducting an investigation on the effectiveness of nonionic surfactant as a drag reducing agent to create drag reduction of CPO flow through pentagon spiral pipe. This research methodology ware experimental and numerical analysis. The experimental research uses a pentagon spiral pipe with pitch ratio (P/Di) 10.8 and a circular pipe with 4 mm inner diameter as a comparison. The numerical analysis uses computational fluid dynamics to create more investigation about this research. The effectiveness of the drag reduction was analyzed by friction factor and velocity profile distribution. Looking at the results of this study, nonionic surfactant concentrations deliver a significant influence on drag reduction, while pentagon spiral pipe promote higher drag reduction than circular pipes.
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Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2020
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UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Karima Agustianti
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ABSTRACT
The main energy sources in Indonesia generally still rely on fossil fuels, such as petroleum, coal and natural gas. Biofuel is a solution that can be applied as a substitute for fossil fuels. This research was conducted by simulating the biofuel production process and calculating the amount of carbon dioxide emissions produced. This simulation is done by modeling the hydroprocessing process using Unisim R390.1 by optimizing the operating conditions for each raw material. The Hydrotreatment process was varied at a pressure of 1-5 MPa and a temperature of 250oC - 350oC. shows that palm oil is the most effective in producing bioavtur at a temperature of 300oC and a pressure of 3 MPa, while nyamplung oil is the most effective for producing renewable diesel at a temperature of 300oC and a pressure of 3 MPa. The calculation of the number of emissions from the carbon dioxide life cycle shows that to produce 1 kg of biofuel, 3.82 x 103 kg of CO2 is produced
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Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2020
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UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Tanwir Ahmad Farhan
"Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) merupakan metode perengkahan minyak nabati menjadi fraksi yang lebih sederhana dan menghasilkan produk biofuel. Grup riset AIR mengembangkan sebuah teknologi sistem FCC skala bench untuk mengolah minyak kelapa sawit menjadi bahan bakar nabati. Salah satu komponen sistem FCC adalah FCC furnace. FCC furnace merupakan tempat terjadinya proses pembakaran dan memberikan perpindahan panas yang tinggi di seluruh sistem FCC, terutama untuk memanaskan striper. Pengujian pertama menggunakan 2 kg bricket biochar dan pengujian kedua menggunakan 1kg bricket biochar dan 1kg biochar halus. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melakukan optimasi online menggunakan model ANN dan optimasi PSO pada FCC furnace. Optimasi pemodelan ANN dan Optimasi PSO dapat memprediksi temperatur maksimum striper terjadi dengan menggunakan 1 kg bricket biochar dan 1 kg biochar halus. Dengan menggunakan optimasi online, temperatur striper actual mencapai 131.25 oC ,dan perbedaan pada setiap temperatur distabilkan dibawah 100 oC. Pemodelan algoritma optimasi online dapat berjalan dengan baik namun belum dapat meningkatkan temperatur aktual striper mencapai temperatur striper PSO maksimum dengan baik.

Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) is a method of cracking vegetable oil into simpler fractions and producing biofuel products. The AIR research group developed a bench-scale FCC system technology to process palm oil into biofuels. One component of the FCC system is the FCC furnace. The FCC furnace is where the combustion process occurs and provides high heat transfer throughout the FCC system, especially for heating the striper. The first test used 2 kg of biochar bricks and the second test used 1 kg of biochar bricks and 1 kg of fine biochar. The purpose of this study is to carry out online optimization using the ANN model and PSO optimization on the FCC furnace. ANN modeling optimization and PSO optimization can predict the maximum temperature of the striper that occurs using 1 kg of biochar bricket and 1 kg of fine biochar. By using online optimization, the actual striper temperature reaches 131.25 oC, and the difference at each temperature is stabilized below 100 oC. Online optimization algorithm modeling can run well but has not been able to increase the actual temperature of the striper to reach the maximum PSO striper temperature properly."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2023
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UI - Tesis Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Tambunan, Betsyeba Bertameina
"Ampas tebu berpotensi besar untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi produk yang bernilai tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan biochar dari ampas tebu melalui proses pirolisis dengan impregnasi logam dan proses aktivasi untuk digunakan sebagai bahan elektroda superkapasitor. Logam natrium dan nikel dapat memperbesar luas permukaan dan membentuk pori biochar sehingga dapat menghasilkan kinerja superkapasitor yang baik. Kandungan logam natrium dan nikel divariasikan sebesar 0%, 5%, 10%, suhu pirolisis pada 450 °C, 500 °C, 550 °C, dan suhu aktivasi pada 600°C dan 700°C. Karakterisasi dengan BET untuk mengetahui luas permukaan spesifik dan ukuran pori biochar, SEM untuk mengetahui morfologi biochar, dan band gap energy untuk mengetahui sifat konduktivitas biochar. Uji kinerja superkapasitor dilakukan dengan metode cyclic voltammetry menggunakan elektrolit KOH 3 M untuk mengetahui nilai kapasitansi. Didapatkan bahwa biochar terimpregnasi logam Ni 10% yang dipirolisis pada suhu 550 °C dan diaktivasi pada suhu 700 °C merupakan sampel terbaik untuk digunakan sebagai bahan elektroda superkapasitor yang dilihat dari terksturnya berpori, luas permukaan sebesar 285,202 m2/g, band gap energy sebesar 1 eV, dan diperoleh nilai kapasitansi spesifik sebesar 103,292 F/g yang menunjukkan bahwa biochar dapat digunakan sebagai bahan elektroda superkapasitor.

Sugarcane bagasse has great potential to be used as a high-value product. This study aims to produce biochar from sugarcane bagasse through a pyrolysis process with metal impregnation and activation process to be used as a supercapacitor electrode material. Sodium and nickel metals can increase the surface area and form biochar pores so that they can produce good supercapacitor performance. The contents of sodium and nickel were varied by 0%, 5%, 10%, pyrolysis temperature at 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, and activation temperature at 600°C and 700°C. Characterization with BET to determine the specific surface area and pore size of biochar, SEM to determine the morphology of biochar, and band gap energy to determine the conductivity properties of biochar. The supercapacitor performance test was carried out using the cyclic voltammetry method using 3 M KOH electrolyte to determine the capacitance value. It was found that 10% Ni metal impregnated biochar which was pyrolyzed at 550 °C and activated at 700 °C was the best sample for use as a supercapacitor electrode material as seen from its porous texture, surface area of 285,202 m2/g, band gap energy of 1 eV, and a specific capacitance value of 103.292 F/g was obtained which indicated that biochar could be used as a supercapacitor electrode material."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2023
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UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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"Metal contaminated soils are a major problem in Thailand. Plants that grow in this area will adsorb metal and broad impact across the food chain. Some types of biochar can immobilize metals and reduce the impact of such. This research was limited to study cadmium, zinc and lead adsorption. Durian and mangosteen shell were selected to produce biochar due to their high carbon content. The shells were firstly passed through the pyrolysis process. The chemical characterization of these biochars was then determined. The chemical characteristics of both materials were similar. Both were basic materials with pH around 10. They were high in percentage of C and TOC. Total Cd, Pb and Zn in both biochars were below the maximum allowed threshold according to biochar toxicity standard recommended by International Biochar Initiative. The buffering capability and acid neutralization capability were examined by adding acid and basic solution until the pH reached 2-12. The buffering capability of these two biochars was rather high. The values of acid neutralization capability (ANC) of biochar produced from durian and mangosteen shell were 1,464.80 meg/kg and 1,328.98 meq/kg, respectively. The study included an adsorption isotherm. Freundlich isotherm was a suitable isotherm to explain the adsorption of all three metals by biochar from durian shell, whereas Langmuir isotherm is better to explain the adsorption of metals by biochar from mangosteen shell. The adsorption capacity of both biochars was not much different."
King Mongkut?s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang. Faculty of Science, 2017
500 TIJST 22:1 (2017)
Artikel Jurnal  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Fikri Dhiya Ulhaq
"TKKS memiliki kandungan lignin sebesar 17,8% dengan komposisi karbon sebanyak 44,2%. Komposisi karbon yang tinggi menandakan banyak senyawa aromatik sehingga dapat terdekomposisi menjadi nano-biochar sebagai pengganti material carbon black N-550 untuk dicampurkan pada Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) guna memperkuat kekuatan mekanis ban. Penelitian ini berfokus untuk menginvestigasi pengaruh temperatur proses pyrolysis terhadap yield, komposisi, dan struktur mekanis biochar. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menginvestigasi pengaruh variasi rasio campuran nano-biochar terhadap carbon black. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kenaikan temperatur pada pyrolysis lignin menyebabkan nilai yield biochar yang dihasilkan menjadi mengecil, namun meningkatkan nilai fixed carbon content dari biochar. Kenaikan temperatur pada pyrolysis lignin juga menurunkan ukuran partikel nano-biochar, memperbesar volume pori dan meningkatkan area permukaan, serta menyebabkan struktur microporous pada nano-biochar. Properti mekanis nano-biochar sudah menyerupai carbon-blac N-550 dari segi ukuran partikel dan struktur microporous pada permukaan nano-biochar. Selain itu, dari segi kekuatan mekanis vulcanized rubber, komposisi 50% nano-biochar dan 50% carbon black N-550 merupakan variasi yang optimum untuk menghasilkan vulcanized rubber dengan kekuatan mekanis yang baik.

OPEFB has a lignin content of 17.8% with a carbon composition of 44.2%. The high carbon composition indicates that OPEFB contains many aromatic compounds so that they can be decomposed into nano-biochar as a substitute for carbon black N-550 for mixing in Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) to strengthen the tire's mechanical strength. This study focuses on investigating the effect of pyrolysis process temperature on the yield, composition, and mechanical structure of biochar. In addition, this study also investigated the effect of variations in the ratio of nano-biochar mixture to carbon black. The results showed that the temperature increase in lignin pyrolysis caused the yield value of the resulting biochar to decrease. On the other hand, an increase in temperature increases fixed carbon content of biochar. The increase in temperature in lignin pyrolysis also reduces the particle size of nano-biochar, increases the pore volume and increases the surface area up, and causes the microporous structure of nano-biochar. The mechanical properties of nano-biochar already resemble carbon-black N-550 in terms of particle size and microporous structure on the surface of the nano-biochar. In addition, in terms of the mechanical strength of the vulcanized rubber, the composition of 50% nano-biochar and 50% carbon black N-550 is the optimal variation to produce vulcanized rubber with good mechanical strength."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2023
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UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Rifka Charmelita
"Industri ban menyerap sekitar 80% produksi karet dunia dengan kebutuhan carbon black sebanyak 240.000 ton per tahun. Carbon black (CB) umumnya digunakan sebagai filler karet ban untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanis dan memberikan pigmen warna hitam. Sampai saat ini,70% kebutuhan CB masih diimpor dari China dan India. Lignin TKKS merupakan senyawa aromatik dengan kandungan karbon sebesar 60% yang berpotensi sebagai reinforcing filler karet ban setelah terdekomposisi menjadi biochar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh karakteristik unsur dan morfologi nano-biochar pada suhu 400, 500, dan 600oC serta memperoleh pengaruh rasio nano-biochar terhadap CB N330 pada sifat mekanis karet ban. Nano-biochar pada setiap suhu dianalisis karakteristik fisika-kimianya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan yield biochar berkurang seiring dengan meningkatnya suhu pirolisis. Jumlah fixed carbon dan kandungan karbon tertinggi diperoleh pada suhu pirolisis 600oC. Sementara itu, luas permukaan biochar tertinggi diperoleh pada suhu pirolisis 500oC sebesar 86,79 m2/g.  Struktur biochar yang lebih berpori diperoleh pada suhu 600oC. Sifat mekanis karet ban lebih tinggi pada tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus 100%, tear strength, dan hardness diperoleh ketika SBR dicampur dengan filler 25% nano-biochar. Hal ini membuktikan potensi biochar sebagai komplemen karbon CB N330 dalam meningkatkan sifat mekanis karet ban.

The tire industry absorbs about 80% of the world's rubber production with a carbon black requirement of 240,000 tons per year. Carbon black (CB) is commonly used as a tire rubber filler to improve mechanical properties and provide black pigment. Until now, 70% of CB needs are still imported from China and India. Lignin of TKKS is an aromatic compound with a carbon content of 60% which has the potential as a reinforcing filler for tire rubber after being decomposed into biochar. This study aims to obtain the elemental and morphological characteristics of nano-biochar at temperatures of 400, 500, and 600oC and to obtain the effect of the ratio of nano-biochar to CB N330 on the mechanical properties of tire rubber. Nano-biochar at each temperature was analyzed for its physico-chemical characteristics. The results showed that the biochar yield decreased as the pyrolysis temperature increased. The highest amount of fixed carbon and carbon content was obtained at 600oC pyrolysis temperature. Meanwhile, the highest biochar surface area was obtained at 500oC pyrolysis temperature of 86.79 m2/g.  A more porous biochar structure was obtained at 600°C. Higher mechanical properties of tire rubber in tensile strength, elongation at break, 100% modulus, tear strength, and hardness were obtained when SBR was mixed with 25% nano-biochar filler. This proves the potential of biochar as a complement to CB N330 carbon in improving the mechanical properties of tire rubber."
Depok: Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia, 2023
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UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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