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"Tingginya volume impor gandum Indonsia menimbulkan suatu dilemma. Hal tersebut mendorong pentingnya kegiatan ini untuk dipelajari dan dianalisis. Impor gandum Indonesia secara signifikan akan menggunakan devisa dalam jumlah besar dan juga menimbulkan kekhawatiran terhadap masa depan dan kedaulatan pangan Indonesia. Namun disisi lain, industri pengolahan gandum membutuhkan gandum untuk terus berproduksi agar dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pangan dalam negri. Industri pengolahan gandum juga berperan penting dalam perekonomian Indonesia dari penyerapan tenaga kerja, menciptakan penerimaan pemerintah lewat pajak, dan industri yang menghasilkan output untuk diekspor. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk mengetahui produktivitas industri pengolahan gandum. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) Mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi permintaan volume impor gandum di Indonesia sejak tahun 1971-2020, dan (2) Mengetahui dampak dari dilakukanya impor gandum Indonesia terhadap produktivitas industri tepung terigu nasional. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan data kuantitatif berupa data sekunder. Dianalisis dengan regresi linier berganda menggunakan data time series dan OLS untuk mengestimasi parameter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel harga impor gandum, konsumsi gandum domestik, dan nilai tukar berpengaruh signifikan terhadap permintaan volume impor gandum di Indonesia sejak tahun 1971-2020. Harga Jagung dan tarif impor gandum  tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap permintaan gandum impor. Kegiatan impor gandum berpengaruh signifikan terhadap produktivitas industri pengolahan gandum nasional.

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The high volume of Indonesian wheat imports poses a dilemma. It is encourages the importance of this to be studied and analyzed. Indonesian wheat imports will significantly uses large amount of foreign exchange to import those products and raises concerns about the future of Indonesia's food self-sufficiency and sovereignty. But in the other hand, wheat processing industry need this comodity to continue to produce and meet domestic needs. Not only that, wheat processing industry also plays important role in the Indonesia’s economy from employment absorption, create government revenue through taxes, and industries that produce output to be exported. Therefore, it is very important to know the productivity of wheat  processing industry. According to that, the purpose of this research is: (1) Identify the factors that influence the demand for wheat import volume in Indonesia since 1971-2020, and (2) Analyze the impact of wheat import activity on the productivity of the national wheat processing industry (wheat flour industry). This research was conducted in Indonesia using quantitative data in the from of secondary data. Analyzed by multiple linear regression using time series data and OLS to estimated the parameter. The results showed that the variable wheat import price, domestic wheat consumption, and exchange rate had a significant effect on the demand of wheat import volume in Indonesia since 1971-2020. Corn prices and wheat import tariff as government interventions had a nonsignificant effect on the demand for imported wheat. Wheat import activity also have a significant effect on the productivity of national wheat processing industry. "

"This detailed account tells the background story of a privatised monopoly whose sharp practices embroiled a national government in scandal and shocked a nation that prides itself on the strength of its institutions. AWB Limited, the former Australian Wheat Board that in the 1990s was sold into the private sector, paid more than $US200m in kickbacks to the pariah regime of Saddam Hussein in Iraq, exploiting the provisions of the United Nations? Oil for Food program by inflating the price of the wheat it sent there to disguise the pay-offs that secured the contracts. The ensuing uproar threatened the careers of key cabinet ministers in the Howard government and contributed to the rise and subsequent election victory of the Australian Labor Party?s Kevin Rudd."

"Roti adalah produk pangan yang dibuat melalui proses pemanggangan dengan temperatur yang cukup tinggi dan menjadi salah satu sumber utama karbohidrat dalam bentuk pati yang dikonsumsi manusia di penjuru dunia yang umumnya menggunakan tepung terigu sebagai bahan baku. Berdasarkan respons glukosa yang cepat setelah dikonsumsi, roti adalah makanan yang berperan luar biasa dalam perkembangan obesitas dan diabetes serta permasalahan berat badan. Terjadinya proses cerna yang cepat terutama terjadi karena besarnya jumlah kandungan pati yang dapat dicerna dengan cepat (rapidly digestible starch), sedangkan jumlah pati resisten yang kecil yakni sekitar 2,5 %. Permasalahan terkait masalah kesehatan akibat mengkonsumsi roti diharapkan dapat diatasi dengan meningkatkan resistensi pati pada tepung terigu yang ditandai dengan menurunnya daya cerna pati. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan modifikasi pati pada tepung terigu sebagai bahan baku roti guna meningkatkan resistensi pati. Modifikasi ikat silang dilakukan dengan menggunakan natrium trimetafosfat sebagai agen pengikat silang, natrium fosfat, natrium hidroksida dan asam klorida. Dilakukan optimisasi dengan melakukan variasi pada kadar natrium trimetafosfat. Pati hasil modifikasi dan pati tanpa modifikasi sebagai kontrol diuji sifat fungsionalnya dengan mengukur persen kelarutan dan swelling power, dikarakterisasi menggunakan instrumen FTIR, di uji daya cerna-nya, serta dilakukan penentuan kadar fosfor dan derajat substitusi. Produk hasil modifikasi dengan daya cerna terendah dan pati tanpa modifikasi digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan roti. Roti yang dihasilkan kemudian dianalisis kualitasnya dengan mengukur massa, volume dan nilai baking expansion, diamati dan dikonsumsi untuk mengetahui tekstur, aroma, dan rasanya, serta dilakukan pengukuran kemampuan daya cernanya.

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Bread is a food product that is made by roasting process at high temperatures. Bread has become a source of carbohydrates and is consumed by people all over the world. Wheat flour starch is the primary ingredient in bread. According to the fast glucose response after consumption, bread is classified as a high-GI food and plays a remarkable role in the development of obesity and diabetes as well as weight gain. Bread is rapidly digested and fast glucose release and absorption happen after its consumption mainly due to a large amount of rapidly digestible starch content and the small amount of resistant starch about 2.5 %. Problems caused by bread consumption is expected to be resolved by increasing the starch resistant content in wheat flour which is attributed to decreasing the starch digestibility. In this study, wheat starch as the primary ingredient for bread is modified to increase the resistance starch content. In this study, crosslinking modification is using sodium trimetaphosphate as the crosslinker agent, sodium phosphate, sodium hydroxide, and hydrogen chloride. Optimization is being done by varying the amount of sodium trimetaphosphate. Native starch and crosslinked starch are being evaluated for the swelling power, solubility, starch digestibility, and the amount of phosphorus and being characterized by using FTIR spectroscopy. Crosslinked starch that has the lowest starch digestibility and native starch are used for breadmaking. The bread that has been made is being analyzed for the mass, volume, and baking expansion, and being observed and consumed for evaluating the texture, the scent, and the taste, also being measured for the digestibility."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji efek dari Product-specific Rules of Origin terhadap perdagangan ekspor dan impor pada 7 Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Indonesia. Efek FTA terhadap perdagangan akan diestimasi terlebih dahulu berdasarkan negara mitra dan berdasarkan produk pada level disagregasi HS 6-digit menggunakan data dari 15 negara mitra pada tahun 1997-2022. Lalu, dampak ROO terhadap efek FTA pada perdagangan akan diestimasi. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan sifat restriktif yang dimiliki Rules of Origin serta tingkatan restriktifitas antar tipe berdasarkan studi kasus di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menemukan berbagai macam temuan, seperti ROO yang terbukti restriktif mengurangi efek positif FTA terhadap perdagangan, tipe Change in Chapter (CC) yang paling restriktif, tipe selektif yang lebih longgar dari tipe CTC tunggal, efek ROO pada barang intemediate dan final, dan berbagai temuan lainnya. Penelitian ini akan menjadi referensi yang sesuai dengan studi kasus Indonesia jika pemerintah akan menegosiasikan ulang ROO dari FTA maupun sebagai referensi saat menentukan ROO pada FTA yang baru akan dibentuk.

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This research aims to examine the effect of Product-specific Rules of Origin on export and import trade in Indonesia's 7 Free Trade Agreements (FTA). The effect of FTAs on trade will be estimated first by partner country and by product at the 6-digit HS disaggregation level using data from 15 partner countries in 1997-2022. Then, the impact of ROO on the effect of FTA on trade will be estimated. This research also shows the restrictive nature of the Rules of Origin and the level of restrictiveness between types based on case studies in Indonesia. This research found various kinds of findings, such as ROO which was proven to be restrictive reducing the positive effect of FTAs on trade, the Change in Chapter (CC) type which was the most restrictive, the selective type which was looser than the single CTC type, the effect of ROO on intermediate and final goods, and various other findings. This research will be a suitable reference for the Indonesian case study if the government is going to renegotiate the ROO of an FTA or as a reference when determining the ROO in a new FTA that will be formed."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini mengestimasi pengaruh perubahan tarif barang jadi dan tarif bahan baku yang diukur dengan menggunakan rata-rata tertimbang tarif Most Favored Nation MFN dan tarif preferensi terhadap produktivitas perusahaan manufaktur. Hasil estimasi dengan menggunakan unbalanced data panel perusahaan manufaktur di Indonesia periode 2007 hingga 2014 menunjukkan bahwa tarif barang jadi tidak berdampak signifikan terhadap produktivitas perusahaan sedangkan penurunan tarif bahan baku dapat meningkatkan produktivitas perusahaan. Hasil yang sama juga diperoleh jika pengukuran tarif barang jadi dan tarif bahan baku diukur dengan menggunakan tarif MFN sebagaimana penelitian pada umumnya.

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ABSTRACT This study estimates the effect of changes in the output tariffs and input tariffs as measured by the weighted average of Most Favored Nation MFN tariffs and preferential tariffs on firm productivity in manufacturing industry. Estimation result using unbalanced panel data manufacturing firms in Indonesia from 2007 to 2014 indicates that the output tariffs does not have a significant impact on firm productivity while decreasing input tariffs can increase the productivity of the firm. Similar result also obtained if the measurement of output tariffs and input tariffs is measured by MFN tariffs."

"Suatu perjanjian pemesanan barang impor dapat dilaksanakan baik dengan jual beli indent maupun perjanjian untuk melakukan sementara jasa dengan importir sebagai komisioner. Terdapat beberapa persamaan dan perbedaan hak dan kewajiban dalam kedudukan importir sebagai penjual dan sebagai komisioner (indentor sebagai pembeli dan sebagai komiten). Skripsi ini menguraikan hal hal tersebut di samping hal yang timbul dari masalah yang terjadi."

"Industri baja sebagai mother of industries banyak melayani industri besar dan kecil. Penting sekali untuk mengetahui kebutuhan baja dalam negeri. Indonesia diperkirakan akan meningkatkan kapasitas industri baja hingga 100 ton pada tahun 2045. Pemerintah perlu membuat kebijakan seperti perlindungan terhadap industri baja agar investasi hingga peningkatan kapasitas dapat terealisasi dengan baik. Impor baja mempunyai fungsi yang kompleks sehingga cukup sulit untuk membuat model atau prediksi. Makalah ini menyajikan pendekatan untuk memahami fungsi impor baja dan meramalkan tren impor baja. Pada langkah pertama, dengan meninjau data historis impor baja, variabel yang efektif dan paling penting akan diidentifikasi. Kemudian dilakukan uji fungsi impor baja menggunakan regresi linier berganda, regresi LASSO dan SARIMA. Analisis didasarkan pada kebutuhan baja dan variabel-variabel yang mempengaruhi impor baja pada tahun 2015 hingga 2022

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As the mother of industries, the steel industry serves many large and small industries. It is essential to know the need for steel in the country. Indonesia is estimated to build up the steel industry's capacity to 100 tonnes in 2045. The government needs to create a policy that protects the steel industry so that the investment to increase capacity can be realized appropriately. Steel import has a complex function, so making a model or prediction is quite difficult. This paper presents an approach to understand the steel import function and forecast the steel import trend. In the first step, the influential and most important variables will be identified by reviewing the historical data on steel imports. Then, the steel import function is fitted using multiple linear, LASSO regression and SARIMA. The analysis is based on the stel import and variables that affect the steel import from 2015 to 2022."

"Nowadays, trade has become more liberalized, tariff has steadily fallen but many of non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to international trade remain or even increase. Regulatory measures such as technical standards on quality offering protection for human, animal, or environment. However, the purpose sometimes blur with the interest of domestic industry. Thus it can be the impediment of trade, which can decrease welfare. Indonesia also has its own standards, the National Standards of Indonesia (SNI). One of the standards is SNI for wheat flour, which application has been mandatory by Government. The purpose of the regulation is to increase nutritious value of society, however to some extent it is intertwined with the purpose of protecting domestic industry by using SNI as technical barriers, even though it is equally imposed to both domestic and foreign producers. This thesis shows that until 2006 the application of mandatory SNI for wheat flour in Indonesia did not act as technical barriers, although this thesis shows that the application of mandatory SNI has caused an increase in production cost and transaction cost of both local and foreign wheat flour producers. The increase in domestic production cost with the raw materials approach calculates only 0.01 percent from total cost of raw material. While the effect of increase in costs for foreign producer, by using quantity of export approach, shows that countries with high export to Indonesia are not strongly affected and they keep on exporting. Increases !n transaction costs come from the certification cost, certification procedures and quality control mechanism. There is around 380% difference in certification fee between domestic and foreign producer. There are also other potential transaction costs that might incur both to domestic producers or importers such as lobbying cost, queuing cost, information cost and even bribery cost. In average, the quantity of imported wheat after the implementation (2002-2006) increased for around forty percent, although during the first two years of the application it experienced a slight decrease. However, the increase in quantity of Imported wheat flour did not very much infiuence its market share in domestic market. Data shows that the market share of imported wheat flour did not experience any increase during 2002-2006. On the other hand, the average productions of domestic industry has fncreased for around fifty percent during 2002-2006, while its market share still take a dominant position with more than eighty percent. Finally, this research show that the increase in production costs and transaction costs due to the application of mandatory SNI is not significance in influencing domestic production/ quantity of import and market share."

"Tulisan ini menganalisis bagaimana kebijakan larangan impor pakaian bekas yang diberlakukan pemerintah Indonesia ditinjau dari sanitary and phytosanitary serta implikasinya terhadap industri pakaian dalam negeri dan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Tulisan ini disusun menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif. Kebijakan larangan impor pakaian bekas yang diberlakukan pemerintah Indonesia ialah melalui peraturan menteri perdagangan yang melarang adanya impor pakaian bekas. Akan tetapi, kebijakan pemerintah Indonesia dihadapkan dengan kesepakatan SPS dalam keanggotaan WTO. SPS Agreement merupakan perjanjian penerapan tindakan sanitasi dan fitosanitasi yang mengatur mengenai perlindungan lingkungan kesehatan dalam perdagangan internasional. Dilihat dari Perjanjian SPS, kebijakan pemerintah Indonesia tentang larangan impor pakaian bekas didasarkan pada dasar perundang-undangan dan fakta kepastian hukum di beberapa bidang, termasuk kebijakan perdagangan yang bertujuan untuk melindungi industri tekstil dalam negeri dan konsumen dari penyakit dan virus yang dibawa oleh pakaian bekas. Larangan impor pakaian bekas juga memberikan dampak pada berbagai aspek yaitu aspek kesehatan, ekonomi dan lingkungan.

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This article analyzes how the Indonesian government's policy of banning used clothing imports is implemented from a sanitary and phytosanitary perspective and its implications for the domestic clothing industry and community welfare. This article was prepared using normative juridical research methods. The Indonesian government's policy of prohibiting the import of used clothing is through a Minister of Trade regulation which prohibits the import of used clothing. However, the Indonesian government's policy is faced with the SPS agreement in WTO membership. The SPS Agreement is an agreement on the implementation of sanitary and phytosanitary measures that regulate the protection of the health environment in international trade. Judging from the SPS Agreement, the Indonesian government's policy regarding the ban on imports of used clothing is based on the basis of legislation and the fact of legal certainty in several fields, including trade policy which aims to protect the domestic textile industry and consumers from diseases and viruses carried by used clothing. The ban on importing used clothing also has an impact on various aspects, namely health, economic and environmental aspects."