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"Senyawa natrium hipoklorit merupakan senyawa umum yang  digunakan sebagai bahan disinfektan pada air keran dan air kolam renang. Pada penelitian ini nanopartikel Silika-MB@GO-NH2 disintesa dan digunakan sebagai  paper based sensor  dengan metode fluoresensi dalam deteksi senyawa NaOCl murni serta sampel air keran, dan air kolam renang yang  diuji dibawah sinar lampu UV-A. Hasil karakterisasi FTIR diamati adanya puncak serapan yang mengindikasikan keberadaan nanopartikel Silika-MMB@GO-NH2. Pengujian Spektroskopi Raman menunjukan puncak D band dan G band dengan rasio yang menandakan keberadaan dari GO-NH2 serta Silika-MB@GO-NH2. Untuk mengetahui panjang gelombang terhadap %R, dilakukan uji dengan UV-DRS pada paper based sensor dengan variasi konsentrasi NaOCl dan dihasilkan sebesar 367.282 nm1 serta pada uji sampel air keran dan air kolam renang sebesar 388.704 nm-1  yang menunjukan bahwa nanopartikel tersebut  mengabsorpsi cahaya pada daerah sinar ultraviolet (UV). Pada pengujian paper based sensor dibawah lampu UV-A menunjukan cahaya hanya sedikit yang berpendar dan menjelaskan respon kurang baik pada paper based sensor. Data optimasi dan kurva kalibrasi linier terhadap uji interferensi logam Cu dengan nilai y = 0.1204x + 0.0385, dan konsentrasi nya sebesar 0.455 mg / L. Pada logam Fe dengan nilai y = 0.0519x + 0.031 dan konsentrasi sebesar 0.597 mg / L. Pada uji interferensi peroksida di air keran sebesar 0.25 mg / L dan dikolam renang sebesar 0.552 mg / L. Pada interferensi senyawa klorida di air keran didapatkan sebesar 420.165 mg / L dan dikolam renang sebesar 422.215 mg / L.

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Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is common compounds used as a disinfectant in aquatic environments, such as tap water and swimming pool water. In this study, Silica-MB@GO-NH2 nanoparticles were synthesized and applied for paper based sensors, based on fluorescence method under UV-A exposure, for the detection of of pure NaOCl, tap water, and swimming pool samples. The results of FTIR characterization  show the absorption peaks showed the formation of Silica-MB@GO-NH2 nanoparticles. Raman spectroscopy result depict the presence of peaks in the D band and G band with a ratio of  which indicating the presence of GO-NH2 and Silica-MB@GO-NH2. To determine the wavelength of %R, a UV-DRS test was carried out on a paper-based sensor with variations in NaOCl concentration and the result was 367,282 nm-1 and the sample test for tap water and swimming pool water was 388,704 nm-1 which depict that it can absorb light in the ultraviolet (UV) region. In testing the paper based sensor under a UV-A lamp, it shows that only a little light glow and explains the poor response to the paper based sensor. Then obtained optimization data and linear calibration curve for the interference test for Cu metal with a value of y = 0.1204x + 0.0385, and its concentration is 0.455 mg / L. The Fe metal with a value of y = 0.0519x + 0.031 with a concentration of 0.597 mg / L. In the peroxide interference test in tap water of 0.25 mg / L and in the swimming pool of 0.552 mg / L. On the interference of chloride compounds in tap water it was obtained at 420,165 mg / L and in the swimming pool at 422.215 mg / L.  "

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Salah satu tantangan terbesar dalam upaya pengobatan malaria adalahterjadinya penurunan efikasi pada penggunaan obat antimalaria, seperti kasus resistensi.Kejadian resistensi terhadap beberapa jenis obat mendorong penemuan obat antimalariabaru terus dilakukan. Beberapa studi yang telah dilakukan menyebutkan bahwaandrografolid (ANDRO) memiliki efek sebagai antimalaria. Dehidroksiandrografolid(DeOH-AND) adalah senyawa yang memiliki kemiripan struktur dengan ANDRO.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek DeOH sebagai antiplasmodium danmekanisme kerjanya.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan teknik in vitro. Padapenelitian ini digunakan galur parasit Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (chloroquinesensitive). Percobaan dilakukan untuk menjawab tiga tujuan penelitian; pertamabertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi DeOH-AND sebagai antiplasmodium denganmelakukan uji IC50, uji hambatan bergantung stadium parasit dan melihat morfologi selparasit menggunakan mikroskop cahaya dan TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope).Kedua bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek sitotoksik DeOH-AND terhadap sel mamaliayang diujikan pada sel hati galur sel HepG2 dan sel darah merah. Ketiga, bertujuan untukmempelajari pengaruh DeOH-AND terhadap status oksidatif parasit dilihat dari kadarROS intraseluler parasit, rasio GSH/GSSG dan aktivitas enzim SOD.Hasil: DeOH-AND memiliki aktivitas antiplasmodium dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 4 μMsedangkan kontrol klorokuin yang digunakan memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 0.06 μM(60x10-9 M). Kedua senyawa ini dapat menghambat pertumbuhan sel parasit pada stadiumring, tropozoit dan skizon. Hasil pengamatan menggunakan mikroskop cahaya dan TEMmempelihatkan kerusakan pada sel parasit bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol. SenyawaDeOH-AND tidak toksik terhadap sel hati (HepG2) dengan nilai CC50 yakni 394.67 μMserta tidak toksik pada sel darah merah. Hasil percobaan bagian ketiga menunjukkanbahwa DeOH-AND tidak mempengaruhi kadar ROS, rasio GSH/GSSG serta aktivitasenzim SOD.Kesimpulan: Senyawa DeOH-AND memiliki potensi sebagai antiplasmodium dan tidakmemiliki efek toksik terhadap sel mamalia baik hati (HepG2) dan sel darah merah.DeOH-AND tidak mempengaruhi status oksidatif parasit secara signifikan.

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ABSTRACTBackground: One of the biggest challenges in malaria treatment is the occurrence ofdecreasing efficacy on antimalarial drugs like resistancy cases. Insidence of some drugresistance encourages the new antimalarial drugs continue to discover. Severeal studiesmentioned that andrographolide (ANDRO) has an antimalarial effect.Dehidroksiandrographolide (DeOH) is a compound which has structural similarities withANDRO. This study aims to determine the effect of DeOH as antiplasmodium and itsmechanism.Methods: This is an experimental study using in vitro techniques. In this study were usedPlasmodium falciparum 3D7 strains (chloroquine sensitive). The experiments has three aims;the first part was aimed to known about the potential of DeOH-AND as an antiplasmodiumusing IC50 assay technique, stage dependent antiplasmodium activity, and analyse the P.falciparum morphology using light microscope and TEM (Transmission ElectronMiscroscope) technique. The second parts was aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effect ofDeOH-AND on mamalian cell (hepar cell-HepG2 and red blood cell). And the third aims isto investigate the effect of DeOH-AND on parasite oxidative stress status with analyse theintracellular ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) concentration, GSH/GSSG ratio and SOD(Superoxide Dismutase) enzyme activity.Results: DeOH-AND has antiplasmodium activity with IC50 value of 4 μM whereaschloroquine has IC50 values of 0.06 μM (60x10-9M). These compounds was found to inhibitthe ring, tropozoit and skizon stage of the parasite. Treated P. falciparum 3D7 parasites showthe crisis of their morphology cell which compared with untreated parasites (control). DeOHANDis not toxic to liver cells (HepG2) with CC50 values 394.67 and also not toxic to redblood cells which were seen from the results of hemolysis potential test. DeOHantiplasmodium effect were seen on all stage of the parasite (either ring, trophozoit andschizont) and caused parasite cell damage effect activity at all stages of the parasite (eitherring, trophozoit and schizonts) and shown to cause damage. The third experiment showed thatDeOH-AND did not affect the intracellular ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) concentration,GSH/GSSG ratio and also SOD enzyme activity.Conclusions: DeOH compounds has antiplasmodium activity. These compound has no toxiceffect on both of the liver cells (HepG2) and red blood cells. DeOH-AND did not affect parasitoxidative status with significantly, Background: One of the biggest challenges in malaria treatment is the occurrence ofdecreasing efficacy on antimalarial drugs like resistancy cases. Insidence of some drugresistance encourages the new antimalarial drugs continue to discover. Severeal studiesmentioned that andrographolide (ANDRO) has an antimalarial effect.Dehidroksiandrographolide (DeOH) is a compound which has structural similarities withANDRO. This study aims to determine the effect of DeOH as antiplasmodium and itsmechanism.Methods: This is an experimental study using in vitro techniques. In this study were usedPlasmodium falciparum 3D7 strains (chloroquine sensitive). The experiments has three aims;the first part was aimed to known about the potential of DeOH-AND as an antiplasmodiumusing IC50 assay technique, stage dependent antiplasmodium activity, and analyse the P.falciparum morphology using light microscope and TEM (Transmission ElectronMiscroscope) technique. The second parts was aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effect ofDeOH-AND on mamalian cell (hepar cell-HepG2 and red blood cell). And the third aims isto investigate the effect of DeOH-AND on parasite oxidative stress status with analyse theintracellular ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) concentration, GSH/GSSG ratio and SOD(Superoxide Dismutase) enzyme activity.Results: DeOH-AND has antiplasmodium activity with IC50 value of 4 μM whereaschloroquine has IC50 values of 0.06 μM (60x10-9M). These compounds was found to inhibitthe ring, tropozoit and skizon stage of the parasite. Treated P. falciparum 3D7 parasites showthe crisis of their morphology cell which compared with untreated parasites (control). DeOHANDis not toxic to liver cells (HepG2) with CC50 values 394.67 and also not toxic to redblood cells which were seen from the results of hemolysis potential test. DeOHantiplasmodium effect were seen on all stage of the parasite (either ring, trophozoit andschizont) and caused parasite cell damage effect activity at all stages of the parasite (eitherring, trophozoit and schizonts) and shown to cause damage. The third experiment showed thatDeOH-AND did not affect the intracellular ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) concentration,GSH/GSSG ratio and also SOD enzyme activity.Conclusions: DeOH compounds has antiplasmodium activity. These compound has no toxiceffect on both of the liver cells (HepG2) and red blood cells. DeOH-AND did not affect parasitoxidative status with significantly]"

"Pemanfaatan teknologi nuklir terutama radiasi gamma telah menjadi bagian penting di bidang kedokteran. Radiasi gamma dapat menghasilkan spesies oksigen reaktif (ROS) yang menyebabkan kerusakan biologis pada sel normal. Antioksidan adalah senyawa kimia yang dapat mencegah reaksi berantai radikal bebas. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan eksplorasi kemampuan dari bawang putih, petai, jengkol, tomat dan NAC dalam melindungi sel tehadap radiasi gamma. Kelompok perlakuan terdiri atas: A (kontrol), B (radiasi), C (bawang putih+radiasi), D (petai+radiasi), E (jengkol+radiasi), F (tomat+radiasi) dan G (NAC+radiasi). Tiap kelompok terdiri atas 4 ekor tikus jantan. Paparan radiasi gamma dilakukan setelah pemberian bahan alam selama 8 hari berturut-turut. Uji biokimia berupa pengukuran konsentrasi Malondialdehid (MDA), Glutation (GSH), 8-hidroksi-2-deoksiguanosin (8-OHdG), aktivitas spesifik Glutation Peroksidase (GPx), Katalase (CAT) serta uji immunofluoresensi foci γH2AX pada limfosit dan plasma. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa paparan radiasi gamma dapat menyebabkan peningkatan signifikan pada konsentrasi MDA, GSH, 8-OHdG dan jumlah foci γH2AX serta penurunan signifikan pada aktivitas spesifik GPx dan CAT (p<0.05). Sementara itu, pemberian ekstrak bawang putih, jengkol, tomat dan NAC mampu secara signifikan mengurangi radikal bebas akibat radiasi gamma. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bawang putih, jengkol, tomat dan NAC mampu melindungi tikus terhadap stres oksidatif akibat radiasi gamma.

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Application of nuclear technology, especially gamma radiation, has become an important part of the medical field. Gamma radiation exposure can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) which cause biological damage to normal cells. Antioxidants are chemical compounds that can prevent free radical chain reaction. This study has been focused to explore the capability some materials of garlic, petai, jengkol, tomatoes and N-acetylcystein (NAC) in counteracting free radicals caused by gamma radiation. This research was divided into 7 treatment groups, namely A (control), B (radiation), C(garlic+radiation), D(petai+radiation), E(jengkol+radiation), F(tomato+radiation) and G(NAC+radiation). Each group consists of 4 male rats. The irradiation were given after 8 days the suplement had been given. Detection of  malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) by biochemical, and γ-H2AX foci by immunoflouresence assay were made from lymphocytes and plasma. The results showed that gamma radiation cause a significant increase in MDA, GSH, 8-OHdG concentration and the number of foci γH2AX and a significant decrease in GPx and CAT specific activity (p <0.05). Giving garlic extract, jengkol bean, tomato and NAC can significantly reduce free radicals due to gamma radiation. The conclusion is garlic, jengkol bean, tomato and NAC can protect mice against oxidative stress due to gamma radiation."

"Penggunaan kemasan makanan yang semakin meningkat membuat sampah plastik menjadi isu lingkungan terbesar. Semenjak penggunaan plastik konvensional berasal dari polimer fossil, sehingga sulit diuraikan oleh bakteri. Solusi yang tepat adalah menggantikanya dengan bioplastik. Penelitian ini menggunakan Chlorella vulgaris sebagai produsen Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) karena PHB memiliki karakteristik seperti biodegradabilitas, termoplastisitas, hidrofobik dan biokompatibilitas dengan sel dan jaringan, serta sifat fisik serupa dengan polypropylene yang berpotensi dalam aplikasinya di bidang pengemasan makanan, farmasi dan medis. PHB didapatkan dengan cara mengisolasi biomassa dari Chlorella vulgaris. Penelitian ini akan mempelajari metode isolasi PHB menggunakan metode disrupsi sel secara kimia dan mekanis yaitu dengan NaClO dan sonikasi dengan variasi konsentrasi massa dan konsentrasi pelarut. Metode isolasi dari C. vulgaris yang paling sederhana dan ekonomis adalah dengan tahapan umum berupa disrupsi sel, presipitasi PHB, dan pemurnian PHB. Metode kuantifikasi PHB yaitu dengan menghitung yield PHB, lalu identifikasi PHB dengan FTIR, dan menguji kualitas senyawa PHB terbaik dengan GCMS. Parameter yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah yield, hasil fisik PHB, dan hasil uji PHB. Pada kondisi konsentrasi sampel 0,6% w/v dan konsentrasi pelarut 1,37 % w/v menggunakan ultrasonikasi didapatkan hasil akhir PHB isolasi terbaik yaitu dengan yield 37,2%. Hasil GCMS sampel menunjukkan adanya senyawa n-hexadecanoic acid (asam palmitat), 9- Octadecanoic acid (asam oleat), 2-Palmitoylglycerol, serta Octadecanoic acid (asam stearat) sebagai senyawa utama yang dapat berpotensi sebagai bahan bioplastik.

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The increasing use of food packaging makes plastic waste the biggest environmental issue. Since the use of conventional plastic comes from fossil polymers, so it is difficult to be decomposed by bacteria. The right solution is to replace it with bioplastics. This study uses Chlorella vulgaris as a producer of Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) because PHB has characteristics such as biodegradability, thermoplasticity, hydrophobicity and biocompatibility with cells and tissues, and physical properties similar to polypropylene which has the potential in its application in food, pharmaceutical and medical packaging. PHB is obtained by isolating biomass from Chlorella vulgaris. This research will study the method of PHB isolation using chemical and mechanical cell disruption methods, namely NaClO and sonication with variations in mass concentration and solvent concentration. The simplest and most economical method of isolation of C. vulgaris is the general stages of cell disruption, PHB precipitation, and PHB purification. The method of quantifying PHB is by calculating the yield of PHB, then identification of PHB by FTIR, and testing the quality of the best PHB compounds by GCMS. The parameters used in this study are yield, PHB physical results, and PHB test results. In the condition of 0.6% w/v sample concentration and 1.37% w/v solvent concentration using ultrasonication, the best PHB isolation yield was 37.2%. GCMS sample results showed the presence of n-hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid), 9-Octadecanoic acid (oleic acid), 2- Palmitoylglycerol, and Octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) as the main compounds that could potentially be bioplastic materials."

"Tert-butylhydroquinone TBHQ dan Sinar UV-A dilaporkan menjadi faktor penyebab dari terganggunya replikasi dan transkripsi DNA normal karenanya senyawa ini dapat menyebabkan terjadinya kerusakan pada biomolekul seperti DNA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis terbentuknya DNA Adduct 8-OHdG akibat kerusakan oksidatif DNA yang disebabkan oleh paparan senyawa TBHQ secara in vitro dilakukan dengan mereaksikan 2'-deoksiguanosin dengan TBHQ,H2O2, sinar UV-A pada pH 7 4, pada suhu 37 °C serta waktu inkubasi 5 dan 7 jam serta studi in vivo dilakukan dengan menggunakan sampel urin tikus putih (Rattus Norvegicus) yang dipaparkan senyawa TBHQ selama 28 hari. Pembentukan 8-OHdG dianalisis menggunakan instrumen HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) dengan kromatografi fase terbalik. Hasil studi in vitro pada dG+H2O2+TBHQ dengan waktu paparan sinar UV-A 7 jam menghasilkan konsentrasi 8-OHdG terbanyak. Hasil studi in vivo juga menunjukan paparan senyawa TBHQ pada tikus menyebabkan pembentukan DNA adduct 8-OHdG.

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TBHQ and UV-A rays are known as the factor of normal DNA disruption of replication and transcription which can cause the damage to biomolecules including DNA . This study aims to analyze the formation of DNA adduct 8-OHdG due to oxidative DNA damage caused by TBHQ and UV-A rays through in vitro reaction, carried out by incubating at 2'-deoxiguanosin with TBHQ, H2O2, in the presence/without presence UV-A rays at pH 7.4 and at temperature 37 °C for 5 and 7 hours. in vivo studies were carried out using urine samples of white rat (Rattus Norvegicus) exposed by TBHQ. The formation of 8-OHdG was analyzed using HPLC instrument (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) with reverse phase chromatography. The formation of DNA adduct generated from the studies is biomarker of DNA damage due to oxidative stress. The results of in vitro studies on dG + H2O2 + TBHQ with UV-A light with a 7-hour exposure time showed the highest concentration of 8-OHdG. The results of studies in vivo also show exposure to TBHQ in rats causing the formation of 8-OHdG DNA adduct."

"Salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi penuaan kulit adalah dengan antioksidan yang dapat menangkal Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) penyebab kerutan kulit. Salah satu sumber alami antioksidan adalah dari mikroalga Spirulina sp. Spirulina sp. mengandung senyawa berbagai antioksidan, salah satunya pigmen biru fikosianin sekitar 20% berat keringnya. Ekstraksi antioksidan Spirulina sp. dapat diaplikasikan dalam kosmetika berbentuk esens yang dapat digunakan dalam bentuk patch. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode ultrasonikasi dengan variasi jenis pelarut air dan etanol, lalu durasi sonikasi selama 15 menit, 30 menit, dan 45 menit, identifikasi jenis antioksidan, analisis senyawa fikosianin ekstrak Spirulina sp. dan pembuatan formulasi esens, uji aktivitas antioksidan dengan DPPH, dan uji fisik (pH, viskositas, dan organoleptik selama 4 minggu). Waktu sonikasi terbaik untuk menghasilkan fikosainin dihasilkan selama 15 menit pada suhu 30°C menggunakan pelarut air yaitu 15,55mg/g pada ekstrak Spirulina sp., 9,20mg/g pada formulasi esens, dengan uji aktivitas antioksidan IC50 sebesar 64,5. Pada uji fisik dihasilkan hasil yang stabil yaitu pH antara 5,0-5,9, viskositas 0,7-1,4 dPa.s, berwarna hijau tua, berbau khas alga, tekstur cair tidak lengket, dan homogen.

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One effort to overcome skin aging is with antioxidants that can counteract the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) that cause skin wrinkles. One natural source of antioxidants is from the microalgae Spirulina sp. Spirulina sp. contains various antioxidant compounds, one of which is the blue pigment phycocyanin about 20% dry weight. Antioxidant extraction of Spirulina sp. can be applied in cosmetics in the form of essences that can be used in patches. Extraction was carried out by ultrasonication with variations in the type of water and ethanol solvent, then the duration of sonication for 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 45 minutes, identification of antioxidant types, analysis of phycocyanin compounds Spirulina sp. and making essence formulations, antioxidant activity tests with DPPH, and physical tests (pH, viscosity, and organoleptics for 4 weeks). The best sonication time to produce phycocyanin was produced for 15 minutes at 30°C with a water solvent of 15.55 mg/g in Spirulina sp. Extract, 9.20 mg/g in the essence formulation, with an IC50 antioxidant activity test of 64.5. On physical tests, stable results were obtained, ie pH between 5.0-5.9, viscosity of 0.7-1.4 dPa.s, dark green, characteristic of algae, non-sticky liquid texture, and homogeneous."

"ABSTRAKSintesis ligan turunan pirazol 2-(1,5-difenil-4,5-dihidro-1H-pirazol-3-yl)piridin telah berhasil dilakukan dengan metode kondensasi Claisen-Schmidt diikuti dengan penambahan fenil hidrazin berlebih dalam medium pelarut etanol. Padatan kuning kemerahan dengan yield sebesar 28,85% kemudian dikarakterisasi menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis, FTIR, dan spektrometer H-NMR. Studi spektroskopi UV-Vis dilakukan untuk mengetahui pembentukan kompleks antara logam lantanida dengan ligan dalam pelarut asetonitril. Uji aplikasi fluoresens dengan spektrofluorometer diamati untuk melihat perubahan intensitas emisi pada penambahan logam La3+ dan Eu3+. Hasil studi dengan spektroskopi UV-Visible menunjukkan pembentukan kompleks [EuL2]3+ dengan perbandingan Eu3+ : L (1:2) terjadi pada panjang gelombang 366 nm, sedangkan kompleks [LaL3]3+ dimana perbandingan La3+ : L (1:3) terjadi pada λmax 342 nm. Analisis fluoresensi menunjukkan ligan memiliki λ eksitasi 257 nm dan 365 nm dengan nilai absorptivitas molar yang cukup besar pada konsetrasi 2x10-5 M. Penambahan logam La3+ menghasilkan efek fluorescence enhancement pada panjang gelombang emisi 355 nm. Sedangkan penambahan Eu3+ menunjukkan efek pemadaman intensitas emisi pada panjang gelombang 340 nm. Studi selektivitas ligan terhadap keberadaan ion Eu3+ dan La3+ secara bersamaan menunjukkan ligan merupakan fluoresensor yang selektif terhadap La3+ pada λ eksitasi dan λ emisi 257 nm dan 356 nm serta terhadap Eu3+ pada λ eksitasi 273 nm dan λ emisi 341 nm

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ABSTRAKSynthesis of pyrazole derivative ligand 2- (1,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-3-yl) pyridine has been successfully carried out by the method of Claisen-Schmidt condensation followed by the excess addition of phenyl hydrazine in ethanol solution. Reddish yellow solid with a 28.85% yield then characterized using FTIR , UV-Visible, and H1-NMR spectroscopy. UV-Visible spectroscopy study was conducted to determine the complex formation between lanthanide ions with ligands. Fluorescence application test with spectrofluorometer was observed in ligand emission intensity change upon addition of La3+ and the Eu3+. The study by UV-Visible spectroscopy show complex formation of [EuL2]3+ with the ratio Eu3+ : L (1:2) occurs at a absorption wavelength of 366 nm, while the complex [LaL3]3+ with the ratio La3+ : L (1:2) occurred at 342 nm in acetonitrile solution. Fluorescence analysis showed ligands have two excitation λ at 257 nm 365 nm with a appreciable molar absorptivity in concentration 2x10-5 M. The addition of La3+ metal lead to the fluorescence enhancement effect on the λem at 355 nm. While the addition of the Eu3+ demonstrates the effect of fluorescence quenching at the λem 340 nm. Ligand selectivity studies of the existence of ion Eu3+ and La3+ simultaneously show selective fluorescence against La3+ occurred at λex and λem 257 nm and 356 nm as well as the Eu3+ occurred at 273 nm and 341 nm respectively."

"Latar Belakang: Hipoksia kronik merupakan salah satu penyebab penyakit ginjal antara lain akibat iskemia kronik, anemia serta peningkatan pembentukan Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) di dalam sel. Penggunaan obat jangka panjang untuk mengurangi faktor risiko hipoksia pada ginjal yaitu Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors dan Angiotensin Receptor Blockers akan menimbulkan efek samping yang berat. Pemberian kombinasi ekstrak air akar Acalypha indica 250 mg/KgBB (AI250) dan herba Centella asiatica 150 mg/kgBB (CA150) menunjukkan efek neuroterapi sel neuron pada tikus Spraque Dawley pascahipoksia. Atas dasar penelitian tersebut akan dibuktikan manfaat kombinasi ekstrak etanol (akar AI+ herba CA) dan/atau ekstrak tunggalnya dalam memperbaiki kerusakan ginjal tikus Spraque Dawley pascahipoksia melalui mekanisme antioksidan.Metode: 28 ekor tikus Sprague Dawley jantan yang dibagi ke dalam 7 kelompok yaitu normal; hipoksia+air; hipoksia+kombinasi1; hipoksia+kombinasi2; hipoksia+tunggal1; hipoksia+tunggal2; hipoksia+vit C. Induksi hipoksia dilakukan selama 7 hari dalam hypoxic chamber diisi O2 10 % dan N2 90 % bertekanan 1 atm. Pada hari ke-8 pascareoksigenasi 1 jam masing-masing kelompok diberi perlakuan air; (AI200+CA150); (AI250+CA100); AI250; CA150 dan vitamin C peroral selama 7 hari. Pada akhir studi hewan coba diterminasi menggunakan eter. Darah dan organ ginjal diambil untuk pemeriksaan kadar MDA, ekspresi relatif mRNA HIF-1α, kadar kreatinin dan urea plasma serta pemeriksaan histopatologi.Hasil: Pemberian ekstrak etanol kombinasi (AI250+CA100) dapat menurunkan kadar MDA ginjal dan plasma secara bermakna dibandingkan kontrol hipoksia (p=0,001dan p=0,021) dan ekstrak etanol AI 250 (p=0,003 dan 0,043). Pada kombinasi ekstrak AI250+CA100 terjadi penurunan ekspresi relatif mRNA HIF-1α (p=0,014). (AI250+CA100), penurunan kadar urea plasma (p=0,001) dan perbaikan lesi intra- glomerulus p=0,013.Kesimpulan: Kombinasi ekstrak etanol (AI250+CA100) dan tunggal (AI250) memiliki aktivitas antioksidan terbaik sehingga dapat mencegah kerusakan ginjal pascahipoksia, secara biokimiawi dan gambaran histopatologinya.

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Background: The Chronically hypoxia can be caused by chronic ischemia, anemia and increased formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the cell. Existing treatments for long term in order to reduce the risk factors in kidney hypoxia (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitor and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers) can cause severe side effects. Using combination of water extract of the root of Acalypha indica 250 mg/KgBB (AI250) and herbaceus Centella asiatica 150 mg/kgBB (CA150) showed the effect of neuronal cell neurotherapy in Spraque Dawley Rat post-hypoxic. On the basis of this studies wil be proven benefits of the ethanolic extract in combination and single of the Root of Acalypha indica and Herbaceus Centella asiatica Supplementation in repairing at Spraque Dawley rat kidney damage post-hypoxic through an antioxidant mechanism.Methode: 28 Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups: normal control; hypoxia + water control; hypoxia + combination 1; hypoxia + combination 2; hypoxia + single 1; hypoxia + single 2; hypoxia + vitamin C. Induction of hypoxic for 7 days in a hypoxic chamber filled with 10% O2 and 90% N2 pressure of 1 atm. On the 8 th day pasca reoxygenation for 1 hour, each group were treated by water; (AI200 + CA150); (AI250 + CA100); AI250; CA150 and vitamin C orally for 7 days. At the end of the test animal studies using ether terminated. Blood and kidneys were taken for examination MDA levels, the relative mRNA expression of HIF-1α, plasma urea and plasma creatinine levels and histopathology.Result: Combination of ethanolic extract (AI200+CA150) decreased MDA levels kidney tissue and plasma were significantly compared with the control (p = 0,001dan p = 0.003) and ethanolic extract AI 250 (p = 0.016 and 0.043), AI250 + CA100 decreased relative mRNA expression HIF-1α (p = 0.014). The combination of extracts (AI250 + CA100) decreased plasma urea levels (p = 0.001) and the repair of intra-glomerular lesions p = 0.013.Conclusion: the combination (AI250+CA100) and single (AI250) administration has the best antioxidant activity, thus preventing kidney damage post hypoxic by biochemical parameters and histopathology."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji daya antibakteri bahan irigasi nisin 10%, klorheksidin 2%, natrium hipoklorit 2,5% terhadap pertumbuhan biofilm E. faecalis secara in vitro. Bakteri E. faecalis ATCC 29212 dibiakkan pada media agar BHI kemudian diinkubasi 24 jam pada suhu 370C. Bakteri diinokulasi pada membran filter selulosa nitrat selama 72 jam agar terbentuk biofilm. Dilakukan uji kontak langsung antara bahan uji dan biofilm selama 10 menit. Dilakukan kuantifikasi DNA bakteri yang hidup melalui penambahan PMA pada Real time PCR. Hasilnya nisin 10% mempunyai daya antibakteri terhadap biofilm E.faecalis, namun tidak sebanding dengan klorheksidin 2% dan natrium hipoklorit 2,5%.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate antibacterial efficacy of 10% nisin, 2% chlorhexidine, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite against E.faecalis biofilm in vitro. Petri dishes containing BHI agar were seeded with E. faecalis ATCC 29212, incubated overnight at 370C. Celullose nitrate filter membrane was inoculated with E.faecalis for 72 hours to grown a biofilm. Direct contact test was performed between the test solutions and biofilm for 10 minutes. DNA quantification was performed using Real time PCR with PMA additive to count the lived cell. It was concluded that 10% nisin possessed antibacterial effect against E.faecalis biofilm, but not comparable with 2% chlorhexidine and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite."

"Mayoritas cangkang kapsul hingga tahun 2014 masih berbahan gelatin yang bersumber dari kulit dan tulang babi. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, riset cangkang kapsul nabati mulai berkembang dengan berbahan dasar ekstrak rumput laut seperti karagenan, alginat, HPMC, dan pektin. Cangkang kapsul nabati yang sudah ada perlu diberi penambahan polihidroksibutirat (PHB), sebuah biopolimer yang tahan suhu tinggi, tahan pH ekstrem, biodegradable, biocompatible, hingga cocok untuk slow release. Metode isolasi dari S. platensis yang paling simpel dan ekonomis dengan tahapan umum berupa disrupsi sel, presipitasi PHB, dan pemurnian PHB. Sodium hipoklorit adalah pelarut pendisrupsi sel yang banyak digunakan untuk isolasi PHB dari mikroalga sedangkan sodium hidroksida bisa digunakan untuk isolasi PHB dari E. coli. Parameter yang diuji dalam penelitian ini adalah konsentrasi sel sampel S. platensis serta rasio konsentrasi pelarut NaClO dan NaOH yang ditambahkan. Metode identifikasi PHB adalah FTIR, kuantifikasi PHB dengan menghitung massa dan yield PHB secara manual, lalu mengestimasi perbandingan nilai ekonomi proses isolasi pada tiap variabel. Pada kondisi pelarut NaClO 0,0265 M, hasil dengan yield terbaik ditunjukkan pada variasi 0,04 g/mL dengan massa PHB 2 x 10-3 g dan yield 0,16 %. Hasil dengan keuntungan tertinggi adalah variasi konsentrasi sampel 0,06 g/mL dengan yield 0,12%. Penggunaan NaOH sebagai tambahan rasio pelarut meningkatkan pH larutan dengan terlalu drastis sehingga mengurangi efektivitas isolasi PHB oleh NaClO.

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The majority of capsule shells until 2014 are still made from gelatin sourced from pork skin and bones. To overcome this problem, research on vegetable capsule shells began to develop based on seaweed extracts such as carrageenan, alginate, HPMC, and pectin. Existing vegetable capsule shells need to be added with polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biopolymer that is high temperature resistant, extreme pH resistant, biodegradable, biocompatible, and suitable for slow release. The simplest and most economical method of isolation from S. platensis with general stages is cell disruption, PHB precipitation, and PHB purification. Sodium hypochlorite is a cell disrupting solvent that is widely used for extraction of PHB from microalgae while sodium hydroxide can be used for extraction of PHB from E. coli. The parameters tested in this study were the concentration of S. platensis sample cells and the ratio of NaClO and NaOH solvent concentrations added. The PHB identification method is FTIR, PHB quantification by calculating mass and PHB yield manually, then estimating the comparison of the economic value of the extraction process for each variable. In the conditions of NaClO 0.0265 M, the best yield results were shown in the variation of 0.04 g/mL with a mass of PHB 2 x 10-3 g and a yield of 0.16%. The results with the highest gain are variations in sample concentration of 0.06 g/mL with yields of 0.12%. The use of NaOH in addition to the solvent ratio increases the pH of the solution too drastically thereby reducing the effectiveness of PHB isolation by NaClO."