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"Limbah kemasan makanan plastik sintetik telah menjadi masalah pencemaran lingkungan karena tidak dapat terurai secara alami, saat ini pemanfaatan biopolimer menjadi salah satu solusi karena memiliki sifat bidegradable, biokompatibel dan tidak beracun. Biopolimer yang digunakan carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) dan polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) yang memiliki sifat hidrofilik serta ditambahkan nanopartikel MgO dalam biopolimer untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik dan sifat fungsionalnya. Keberhasilan sintesis film diperkuat dengan karakterisasi FTIR, XRD, TGA dan SEM-EDS Mapping. Film nanokomposit CMCS-PVA/MgO telah berhasil disintesis, dengan sifat mekanik tensile strength dan elongation at break sebesar 2,6 MPa dan 297,7%, diperoleh pada variasi biopolimer 1:3 dan 2,5% MgO merupakan hasil dengan komposisi yang terbaik, juga dapat diketahui bahwa dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi MgO akan memperkuat sifat mekanik, meningkatkan ketebalan, retensi kelembaban, release ion Mg2+ dalam simulan makanan, serta menurunkan nilai kapasitas swelling, kelarutan, laju transmisi uap air, transparansi dan transmisi cahaya dalam film nanokomposit. Film CMCS-PVA/MgO memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri gram negatif yaitu E.coli dengan meningkatnya jumlah konsentrasi MgO memberikan zona hambat untuk film CMCS-PVA/MgO 1% dan MgO 2,5% sebesar 9,1 dan 9,7 mm serta memerlukan waktu degradasi optimal yaitu selama 16 hari. Film nanokomposit CMCS-PVA/MgO dapat diaplikasikan sebagai kemasan makanan antimikroba serta mampu meningkatkan umur simpan makanan.

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Synthetic plastic food packaging waste has become a problem of environmental pollution because it cannot decompose naturally currently, use of biopolymer is one solution baceause it has biodegradable, biocompatible, and non-toxic. In this research, biopolymers used are carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) which have hydrophilic properties and MgO nanoparticles are added to the biopolymer to improve its mechanical and functional properties. Synthesis of biopolimer-based nanocomposite film has been successfully, this is supported by the results of the characterization of nanocomposite films using FTIR, XRD, TGA, and SEM-EDS Mapping. The CMCS-PVA/MgO nanocomposite film with mechanical properties of tensile strength and elongation at break is 2.6 MPa and 297.7%, obtained at biopolymer variations of 1:3 and 2.5% MgO which is the result with the best composition. It can also be seen that with increasing MgO concentration, it will strengthen mechanical properties, increase thickness, moisture retention, release Mg2+ ions in food simulants, and decrease swelling capacity, solubility, water vapor transmission rate, transparency and light transmission in nanocomposite films. CMCS-PVA/MgO nanocomposite film has antibacterial activity against gram-negative E.coli with an increasing amount of MgO concentration in providing inhibition zones for CMCS-PVA/MgO 1% and MgO 2.5% films of 9.1 and 9.7 mm. The CMCS-PVA/MgO 2,5% nanocomposite film required an optimal degradation time of 16 days. Based on mechanical properties and antibacterial potential of the developed nanocomposite films, can be applied as antimicrobial food packaging and can increase food shelf life."

"Amoksisilin trihidrat memiliki waktu tinggal yang singkat di dalam lambung sehingga kurang efektif untuk pengobatan infeksi Helicobacter pylori. Sistem penghantar obat mengapung dikembangkan agar obat dapat bertahan di lambung dalam waktu yang lama. Pada penelitian ini, disintesis hidrogel kitosan-poli N-vinil-pirrolidon full-IPN sebagai matriks penghantar obat amoksisilin trihidrat dengan sistem mengapung yang mengandung agen pembentuk pori K2CO3 dan KHCO3. Adapun konsentrasi agen pembentuk pori yang di tambahkan yaitu 0 , 1 , 5 , 10 , dan 15. Pengaruh konsentrasi dan jenis agen pembentuk pori terhadap rasio swelling, derajat ikat silang, porositas, floating time dan floating lag time diteliti dan karakterisasi sifat hidrogel lebih lanjut dilakukan dengan spektroskopi Fourier Transform Infra Red FTIR dan mikroskop stereo optik. Penambahan KHCO3 15 merupakan konsentrasi optimum untuk hidrogel kitosan-PNVP berdasarkan floating time dan floating lag time. Selanjutnya dilakukan enkapsulasi amoksisilin trihidrat secara in situ dan post loading ke dalam hidrogel. Uji efisiensi enkapsulasi dan disolusi matriks hidrogel K-PNVP terloading amoksisilin trihidrat dilakukan secara in vitro pada pH lambung. Hidrogel kitosan-PNVP in situ loading menghasilkan efisiensi enkapsulasi sebesar 80 dan disolusi sebesar 94 . Sementara pada hidrogel kitosan-PNVP post loading menghasilkan efisiensi enkapsulasi sebesar 53 dan disolusi sebesar 76.

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Amoxicillin trihydrate has a short residence time in stomach so it is less effective for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections. Floating drug delivery system is developed so that the drug can survive in stomach for a long time. In this study, full IPN hydrogel chitosan poly n vinyl pyrrolidone is synthesized as matrix for drug delivery system containing pore forming agents K2CO3 and KHCO3. Concentration of the pore forming agent added is 0 , 1 , 5 , 10 , and 15 . The effect of concentration and type of pore forming agent against swelling ratio, the degree of crosslink, porosity, floating time and floating lag time will be studied and characterization of hydrogel properties performed by Fourier Transform Infra Red FTIR and a stereo optic microscope.

The addition of KHCO3 15 is the optimum concentration for hydrogel K PNVP according to floating time and floating lag time. Furthermore, Amoxicillin trihydrate is loaded to hydrogel K PNVP by using in situ loading and post loading methods. Encapsulation efficiency and release of matrix hydrogel K PNVP loaded by amoxicillin trihydrate examined by in vitro studies at stomach rsquo s pH. Encapsulation efficiency of hydrogel K PNVP in situ loading is 80 and the release is 94. While, encapsulation efficiency of hydrogel K PNVP post loading is 53 and the release is 76. "

"Film nanokomposit berbasis biopolimer menjadi salah satu solusi untuk mengurangi sisa sampah plastik kemasan makanan di lingkungan. Material berbasis biopolimer memiliki sifat mekanik yang kurang baik dan dibutuhkan nanofiller untuk memperkuat sifat mekanik dan memberikan sifat fungsional lainnya pada kemasan makanan. Salah satu sifat fungsional yang sangat penting adalah sifat antibakteri. Pada penelitian ini, telah dilakukan sintesis film nanokomposit berbasis biopolimer dengan nanofiller, yaitu film nanokomposit CMC- PVA/ZnO. Sintesis film nanokomposit CMC-PVA/ZnO telah berhasil dilakukan, hal tersebut didukung oleh hasil karakterisasi film nanokomposit menggunakan FTIR memberikan puncak serapan gugus hidroksil (–OH), Zn-O, C=O, dan C-O. Pola difraksi sinar-X (XRD) memberikan sudut 2θ 20.55° dan sudut 2θ yang menunjukkan ZnO sesuai dengan JCPDS No. 36-1451. Analisis SEM-EDS memberikan morfologi film nanokomposit yang lebih rapat dengan persebaran unsur-unsur yang merata. Hasil sintesis film nanokomposit CMC-PVA/ZnO dilakukan berbagai uji untuk melihat kemampuannya sebagai kemasan makanan, yaitu uji sifat mekanik, kelarutan, swelling dan release, laju transmisi uap air, retensi kelembaban, transparansi dan transmisi cahaya. Film nanokomposit CMC-PVA/ZnO (variasi biopolimer 1:2 dan konsentrasi ZnO 2,5%) merupakan komposisi terbaik, memberikan hasil swelling dan kelarutan yang paling minimum diantara komposisi lainnya, sebesar 233,6325% dan 31,7073%; serta didukung dengan hasil uji lainnya yang memberikan nilai terbaik. Film nanokomposit berbasis biopolimer dengan nanofiller ZnO- NP memberikan aktivitas antibakteri yang baik pada bakteri S.aureus dan E.coli.

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ABSTRACTBiopolymer-based nanocomposite films is a solution to reduce the nonbiodegradable plastics for food packaging in the environment. Biopolymer-based materials have poor mechanical properties and nanofillers are needed to strengthen mechanical properties and provide other functional properties in food packaging. One of the Important functional properties for food packaging is antibacterial. In this research, biopolymer-based nanocomposite films were synthesized, CMC-PVA/ZnO nanocomposite films. Synthesis of CMC-PVA/ZnO nanocomposite films has been successfully, this is supported by the results of the characterization of nanocomposite films using FTIR gave the peak of hydroxyl groups (–OH), Zn-O, C=O, and C-O. The X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) gives an angle of 2θ 20.55 ° and an angle of 2θ indicating ZnO according to JCPDS No. 36-1451. The SEM-EDS analysis provides a denser morphology of nanocomposite films with equitable distribution of elements. CMC-PVA/ZnO nanocomposite films carried out various tests to see its ability for food packaging, the tests is mechanical properties, solubility, swelling, water vapour transmission rate, moisture retention capability, transparency and light transmission. The CMC-PVA/ZnO nanocomposite film (biopolymer CMC:PVA (1:2) and ZnO 2,5%) was the best composition, giving the minimum swelling and solubility value among other compositions, the value is 233.6325% and 31.7073%; and supported by other test results that provide the best value. Biopolymer based nanocomposite films with ZnO-NP nanofillers provide good antibacterial activity in S. aureus and E.coli."

"Terdapat beberapa metode untuk mengekstraksi hidroksiapatit dari tulang sapi. Dalam penelitian ini, tulang sapi diekstraksi dengan menggunakan metode alkalin hidrotermal menggunakan larutan NaOH pada suhu 100°C . Karakterisasi hidroksiapatit dengan spektrofotometer Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) menunjukkan puncak serapan dari vibrasi regang OH pada daerah 3570-3360 cm-1, serapan yang khas dari karbonat (CO32-) pada 1416 cm-1 dan 874 cm-1, kemudian serapan fosfat (PO43-) pada 1037 cm-1, 604 cm-1 dan 568 cm-1 Karakterisasi pola difraksi dengan XRD menunjukkan puncak difraksi karakteristik dari hidroksiapatit pada posisi 2θ 25.95°, 31.9°, 33.14° , 34.2° 40.05°, 46.83°, 49.59° dan 50.73°. Persentase rata-rata ekstrak hidroksiapatit yang diperoleh dengan metode alkalin hidrotermal adalah sebesar 68,809 ± 0,461. Membran komposit hidroksiapatit tulang sapi-khitosan-poli (vinil alkohol) disintesis dengan metode film casting dan penguapan pelarut.Karakterisasi secara visual/tampilan fisik menunjukkan membran yang homogen dengan tingkat kelenturan yang bervariasi. Karakterisasi FTIR dan XRD pada sampel membran menunjukkan telah terbentuk komposit yang terdiri dari puncak serapan unsur penyusun yang diperkuat dengan tidak terbentuknya puncak serapan baru pada data FTIR maupun SEM. Analisis sifat mekanik membran menghasilkan membran dengan kekuatan tarik 4-11 MPa untuk kontrol dan 3-8,5 MPa untuk sampel dengan variasi komposisi, perpanjangan putus 90-340%, dan modulus Young sebesar 1- 9,5 MPa. Nilai modulus semakin bertambah dengan kenaikan dosis radiasi. Uji bioaktivitas in vitro dalam larutan SBF menghasilkan data pH larutan naik (8,4-8,6) pada minggu ke-1 dari semula 7,4.Uji absorbsi air diperoleh sampai 600%, kehilangan berat membran terjadi pada minggu ke-1 dan ke-2 perendaman dengan kisaran 0,75-1,6% pada konsentrasi PVA 3% dan 5%. Pada perendaman minggu ke-3 dan seterusnya sampai minggu ke -12 terjadi penambahan berat membran maksimal 26%. Uji bioktivitas in vitro menunjukkan membran komposit hidroksiapatit-khitosan-poli (vinil alkohol) bersifat bioaktif karena terbentuk lapisan spherical/globular apatit pada permukaan membran dengan bertambahnya waktu perendaman dalam SBF.

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There are several methods for extracting hydroxyapatite from bovine bones. In this study, bovine bone was extracted using alkaline hydrothermal method using NaOH solution at a temperature of 100oC. Characterization of hydroxyapatite with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) shows the absorption peak of OH stretch vibration in the region 3570-3360 cm-1, absorption characteristic of carbonate (CO32-) in 1416 cm-1 and 874 cm-1, then the uptake of phosphate (PO43-) at 1037 cm-1, 604 cm -1 and 568 cm-1. Characterization by XRD diffraction pattern shows the characteristic diffraction peaks of hydroxyapatite in position 2θ 25.95°, 31.9°, 33.14°, 34.2° 40.05°, 46.83°, 49.59° and 50.73°. The average percentage of hydroxyapatite extract obtained by alkaline hydrothermal method amounted to 68.809 ± 0.461. Composite bovine bone hydroxyapatite-chitosan-poly (vinyl alcohol) membrane was synthesized by films casting and evaporation of solvent method. Visual/physical appearance of membrane showed a homogeneous membrane with various degree of flexibility.FTIR and XRD characterization of the samples showed that composite membrane comprising absorption peaks constituent elements reinforced with the formation of a new absorption peak in the data FTIR and SEM. Analysis of the mechanical properties of the membrane produces a membrane with a tensile strength of 4-11 MPa for the control and 3 to 8.5 MPa for samples with variations in composition, 90-340% elongation at break, and Young's modulus of 1 to 9.5 MPa. Modulus value increases with increasing of radiation doses. Bioactivity test in vitro in the SBF solution to produce data pH rises (8.4 to 8.6) at week 1 of the original 7.4.From water absorption result, it showes that membran has water absorption capacity up to 600%. Percentage weight loss of the membrane with PVA concentration of 3% and 5% occurs at 1 to 2 weeks immersion is 0.75 to 1.6%. At 3rd to 12 weeks of immertion time, there is an increasing weight of membrane up to 26%. In vitro bioactivity results show that hydroxyapatite-chitosan-poly(vinyl alcohol) composite membrane are bioactive as indicated by the formation of spherical / globular apatite on the surface of the membrane along with increasing immersion time in SBF."

"Film nanokomposit polimer biodegradable telah dibuat. Clay Tapanuli termodifikasi heksadesiltrimetilamonium bromida (C16) dan oktadesiltrimetilamonium bromida (C18) digunakan sebagai nanofiller. Penelitian ini terdiri atas pemurnian clay, sintesis organoclay dan pembuatan film nanokomposit dengan metode solvent casting. Penelitian ini untuk mempelajari pengaruh jumlah organoclay dan panjang rantai alkil surfaktan terhadap sifat mekanik bahan bionanokomposit. Pergeseran puncak d001 pada difraktogram menunjukkan kenaikan basal spacing sebesar 0,35 nm dan 0,48 nm masingmasing oleh surfaktan C16 dan C18. Difraktogram XRD nanokomposit selulosa asetat dan poli(vinil alkohol) juga menunjukkan adanya struktur dispersi campuran interkalasi dan eksfoliasi. Hasil ini mendukung hasil uji mekanik film nanokomposit dimana kuat tarik dan modulus elastisitas meningkat. Hasil uji tarik film nanokomposit menunjukkan adanya pengaruh penambahan organoclay dan panjang rantai alkil surfaktan terhadap perubahan nilai kuat tarik, modulus tarikdan regangansaatpatah film nanokomposit dimana peningkatan sifat mekanik nanokomposit selulosa asetat lebih tingi dibandingkan nanokomposit poli(vinilalkohol). Citra FE-SEM film nanokomposit pada permukaan patahan memperlihatkan pori-pori yang tidak teratur dan elastisitas film nanokomposit poli(vinilalkohol) yang lebih panjang dibandingkan film nanokomposit selulosa asetat.

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Nanocomposite films of biodegradable polymers were prepared. The Tapanuly clay modified by heksadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C16) and Octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C18) were used as nanofillers. This experiment were consisted of namely clay purification, organoclay synthesis, and nanocomposite film preparation by a solvent casting methode. The aim of this work was to study the effect of organoclay content and the surfactant alkyl chain length to the mechanical properties of bionanocomposite materials. The shifting of d001 peaks on the difractogram showed that the basal spacing increased by 0.35 nm and 0.48 nm by C16 and C18 surfactants respectively. The XRD difraction also showed the results of cellulose acetate nanocomposite and poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite had a mixed structure of intercalated and exfoliated structure.

These results supported the mechanical testing results of the nanocomposite films that of the tensile strentgh and modulus elasticity was enhanced. The mechanical testing result showed that the organoclay content and surfactant alkyl chain length influenced the tensile strength, modulus elasticity, and strain at break of the nanocomposite films that of the increasing of cellulose acetate nanocomposite mechanical properties was higher than poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite. FESEM images on the fracture surface of the nanocomposite films showed irregular pores on the cellulose acetate nanocomposite films and the longer elasticity of poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite compared to the cellulose acetate nanocomposite films."

"Amoksisilin trihidrat memiliki waktu tinggal yang singkat di dalam lambung. Penghantaran obat dengan sistem mengapung dikembangkan agar sediaan dapat dipertahankan di lambung dalam waktu yang lama. Pada penelitian ini, disintesis hidrogel full-IPN kitosan-PNVP sebagai sediaan penghantar obat amoksisilin trihidrat dengan sistem mengapung yang mengandung agen pembentuk pori NaHCO3 dan CaCO3 dengan komposisi kitosan:PNVP 70:30 (% b/b), 2% asetaldehida 0,1 M, 1% inisiator amonium persulfat (APS), 1% MBA, waktu polimerisasi 0,5 jam, dan variasi konsentrasi 0%; 1%; 5%; 10%; dan 15% NaHCO3 dan CaCO3. Karakterisasi hidrogel dilakukan dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer FTIR, dan mikroskop stereo optik. Pengujian yang dilakukan diantaranya adalah uji porositas, uji daya apung in vitro, efisiensi penjerapan serta pelepasan amoksisilin trihidrat pada pH 1,2. Hidrogel full-IPN NaHCO3 menunjukkan porositas yang lebih besar dengan waktu awal mengapung yang lebih singkat daripada hidrogel full-IPN CaCO3 dan keduanya dapat membuat matriks mengapung lebih dari 12 jam. Hidrogel full-IPN CaCO3 menunjukkan pola pelepasan yang terkontrol dan efisiensi penjerapan amoksisilin yang lebih tinggi daripada NaHCO3. Konsentrasi agen pembentuk pori yang menghasilkan penjerapan dan pelepasan amoksisilin trihidrat yang optimum dari matriks hidrogel yaitu 5% NaHCO3 dan 10% CaCO3.

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Amoxicillin trihydrate has a short residence time in the stomach. Floating drug delivery systems were prepared to prolong the presence of the dosage form within the stomach at the desire period of time. In this research, full-IPN hydrogel chitosan-PNVP as carrier for floating drug delivery of amoxicillin trihydrate containing NaHCO3 and CaCO3 as pore forming agents were synthesized with the composition chitosan: PNVP 70:30 (% w/w), 2% acetaldehyde 0.1 M, 1% initiator ammonium persulfate (APS), 1% MBA, 0.5 hours of the polymerization reaction time, and variation of the concentration 0%; 1%; 5%; 10%; and 15% of NaHCO3 and CaCO3. The hydrogels and microcapsules were characterized by FTIR spectrophotometer and stereo microscope. The effect of pore forming agents on the porosity, in vitro bouyancy, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release were investigated. Hydrogel which contained NaHCO3 showed higher porosity with shorter floating lag time than CaCO3 and both been able to make the hydrogels floating more than 12 hours. CaCO3 incorporated hydrogels showed controlled drug release profile and higher drug entrapment efficiency than NaHCO3. The concentration of pore forming agents which had an optimum drug entrapment efficiency and release were found at 5% NaHCO3 and 10% CaCO3 pore forming agents."

"Kemasan makanan berbasis plastik sintetis telah menimbulkan masalah bagi lingkungan karena limbah yang dihasilkan sulit terdegradasi. Saat ini, telah banyak dikembangkan kemasan makanan berbasis biopolimer karena sifatnya yang mudah terurai alami dan biokompatibel. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk sintesis film nanokomposit berbasis biopolimer kitosan−PVA dan dikompositkan dengan nanopartikel Co−doped ZnO sebagai nanofiller untuk meningkatkan sifat fungsional dan antibakteri kemasan makanan. Nanopartikel Co(15%)−doped ZnO berhasil dikompositkan dengan kitosan−PVA membentuk film nanokomposit kitosan−PVA /Co−doped ZnO didukung dengan FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis DRS, SEM yang menunjukkan permukaan film tidak rata dan heterogen, dan SEM-EDS yang menunjukkan keberadaan nanopartikel Co−doped ZnO pada matriks biopolimer. Film nanokomposit kitosan−PVA /Co−doped ZnO diperoleh komposisi nanopartikel Co−doped ZnO terbaik yaitu 1,5% yang mana meningkatnya konsentrasi nanopartikel akan meningkatkan ketebalan, kekuatan tarik, dan perpanjangan saat putus, menurunkan kapasitas swelling, kelarutan, transparansi, transmisi cahaya, dan laju transmisi uap air dari film. Konsentrasi release ion Zn2+ dan Co2+ masih berada dibawah ambang batas maksimum menurut European food safety authority (EFSA). Kinetika release ion Zn2+ pada media simulan makanan mengikuti model Higuchi dengan mekanisme release adalah difusi. Film nanokomposit kitosan−PVA/ Co−doped ZnO (1,5%) memberikan aktivitas antibakteri terbaik dengan zona hambat untuk E.coli dan S.aureus masing-masing sebesar 10,4 mm dan 10 mm. Pengembangan film biopolimer kitosan−PVA  dengan nanopartikel Co−doped ZnO mempunyai potensi untuk aplikasi kemasan makanan antibakteri ramah lingkungan di masa depan.

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Synthetic plastic-based food packaging has caused problems for the environment because the waste produced is difficult to degrade. Currently, biopolymer-based food packaging has been developed due to its biodegradability and biocompatible properties. This study aims to synthesize nanocomposite films based on chitosan−PVA biopolymer and composited them with Co−doped ZnO nanoparticles as nanofillers to improve the functional and antibacterial properties of food packaging. Co(15%)−doped ZnO nanoparticles were successfully composited with chitosan−PVA to form chitosan−PVA /Co−doped ZnO nanoparticles supported by FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis DRS, SEM which showed an rough and heterogeneous film surface, and SEM- EDS showing the presence of Co−doped ZnO nanoparticles in the biopolymer matrix. Chitosan−PVA /Co-doped ZnO nanocomposite film obtained the best Co−doped ZnO nanoparticle composition of 1.5% in which increasing nanoparticle concentration increases thickness, tensile strength, and elongation at break, decreasing swelling capacity, solubility, transparency, light transmission, and the water vapor transmission rate of the film. Release concentrations of Zn2+ and Co2+ ions are still below the maximum threshold according to the European food safety authority (EFSA). The kinetic release of Zn^{2+ ion in food simulants media follows the Higuchi model with the release mechanism is diffusion. Chitosan−PVA/Co−dopedZnO (1.5%) nanocomposite films provided the best antibacterial activity with inhibition zones for E.coli and S.aureus of 10.4 mm and 10 mm, respectively. The development of chitosan−PVA biopolymer films with Co−doped ZnO nanoparticles has the potential for future applications of environmentally friendly antibacterial food packaging.}"

"[ABSTRAKMeningkatnya insiden patah tulang di Indonesia dari tahun ke tahun memerlukan pemecahan dari masalah terbatasnya sumber tulang pengganti sementara dengan kriteria sesuai. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini berfokus pada optimasi sifat-sifat material untuk aplikasi scaffold. Komposit PVA/kitosan-hidroksiapatit (HA) telah berhasil dibuat dengan metode kimiawi basah yang dilanjutkan proses freeze-thawing dan freeze-drying. Variabel yang digunakan adalah kadar hidroksiapatit sebesar 0, 25, 40 dan 50% (b/v). Karakterisasi yang dilakukan adalah spektroskopi Fourier transform infra red (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), uji tekan, dan swelling behavior. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan penambahan hidroksiapatit menghasilkan morfologi berpori dengan ukuran rata-rata 42,39 µm untuk variabel 50% HA, dan meningkatkan modulus tekan dari 14 MPa untuk sampel tanpa HA menjadi 143, 191, dan 187 MPa untuk sampel dengan penambahan HA sebesar 25, 40 dan 50% (b/v). Selain itu penambahan hidroksiapatit juga mengurangi derajat pembengkakan dari 296% untuk sampel tanpa HA menjadi 85, 78, dan 59% untuk sampel dengan penambahan HA sebesar 25, 40 dan 50% (b/v), masing-masing. Hasil ini menunjukkan PVA/kitosan-HA memiliki sifat-sifat potensial untuk digunakan sebagai scaffold dalam rekayasa jaringan tulang.ABSTRACTThe increasing number of bone fracture incident in Indonesia from year to year needs the problem solving of the limited bone substitute which meet all the criteria. Therefore, this study is focusing in optimization of material?s properties used as scaffold. Composite of PVA/chitosan-hydroxyapatite (HA) was successfully made by wet chemically method which followed by freeze thawing and freeze drying. The variable used in this study is the percentage of hydroxyapatite with 0, 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v). The samples were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), compressive test, and swelling behavior. The results showed that addition of hydroxyapatite has yielded porous structure with average pore size of 42,39 µm (50% HA) and increased in compressive modulus from 14 MPa for 0% HA to 143, 191, and 187 MPa for samples with addition of HA with amount of 25, 40, 50% (wt/v). Besides, addition of HA also reduced the swelling ratio from 296% for sample without HA to 85, 78, and 59% for sample with addition of HA with the following amount: 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v), respectively. This results show that PVA/chitosan-HA in the current study is potential to be used as scaffold in bone tissue engineering.;The increasing number of bone fracture incident in Indonesia from year to year needs the problem solving of the limited bone substitute which meet all the criteria. Therefore, this study is focusing in optimization of material?s properties used as scaffold. Composite of PVA/chitosan-hydroxyapatite (HA) was successfully made by wet chemically method which followed by freeze thawing and freeze drying. The variable used in this study is the percentage of hydroxyapatite with 0, 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v). The samples were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), compressive test, and swelling behavior. The results showed that addition of hydroxyapatite has yielded porous structure with average pore size of 42,39 µm (50% HA) and increased in compressive modulus from 14 MPa for 0% HA to 143, 191, and 187 MPa for samples with addition of HA with amount of 25, 40, 50% (wt/v). Besides, addition of HA also reduced the swelling ratio from 296% for sample without HA to 85, 78, and 59% for sample with addition of HA with the following amount: 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v), respectively. This results show that PVA/chitosan-HA in the current study is potential to be used as scaffold in bone tissue engineering., The increasing number of bone fracture incident in Indonesia from year to year needs the problem solving of the limited bone substitute which meet all the criteria. Therefore, this study is focusing in optimization of material’s properties used as scaffold. Composite of PVA/chitosan-hydroxyapatite (HA) was successfully made by wet chemically method which followed by freeze thawing and freeze drying. The variable used in this study is the percentage of hydroxyapatite with 0, 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v). The samples were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), compressive test, and swelling behavior. The results showed that addition of hydroxyapatite has yielded porous structure with average pore size of 42,39 µm (50% HA) and increased in compressive modulus from 14 MPa for 0% HA to 143, 191, and 187 MPa for samples with addition of HA with amount of 25, 40, 50% (wt/v). Besides, addition of HA also reduced the swelling ratio from 296% for sample without HA to 85, 78, and 59% for sample with addition of HA with the following amount: 25, 40, and 50% (wt/v), respectively. This results show that PVA/chitosan-HA in the current study is potential to be used as scaffold in bone tissue engineering.]"

"Bakteri helicobacter pylori H. Pylori merupakan bakteri yang menyebabkan penyakit radang lapisan pada lambung. Pengobatan terhadap infeksi bakteri tersebut dengan sediaan obat amoksisilin trihidrat yang sekarang ini memiliki waktu retensi yang sangat pendek di lambung yaitu sekitar 1-1,5 jam. Sistem penghantaran obat mengapung diharapkan memiliki waktu retensi yang lama di dalam lambung sehingga efisiensi obat dapat tercapai. Pada penelitian ini, telah disintesis matriks hidrogel kitosan- poli N-vinil pirrolidon secara semi-IPN dengan agen pembentuk pori CaCO3 sebesar 7,5. Amoksisilin dienkapsulaksi dalam matriks hidrogel untuk diaplikasikan sebagai sistem penghantaran obat mengapung dengan metode in situ loading dan post loading. Efisiensi enkapsulasi dan disolusi pada hidrogel in situ loading dan post loading dilakukan secara in vitro pada pH lambung. Hidrogel in situ loading menunjukan persen efisiensi enkapsulasi dan persen disolusi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan hidrogel post loading. Persen efisiensi in situ dan post loading berturut-turut adalah 92,1 dan 89,4 sedangkan persen disolusinya berturut-turut adalah 97 dan 73,2. Studi mekanisme disolusi obat dilakukan dengan model persamaan matematika agar diketahui kinetika dan mekanisme disolusinya Kinetika pelepasan hidrogel in situ cenderung mengikuti kinetika orde satu, sedangkan hidrogel post loading mengikuti orde higuchi. Mekanisme disolusi yang terjadi pada kedua hidrogel adalah erosi.

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Helicobacter pylori H. pylori is a type of bacteria that causes inflammation in the lining of the stomach. The Treatment of the bacterial infection by using conventional medicine which is amoxicillintrihidrate has a very short retention time in the stomach which is about 1 1,5 hours. Floating drug delivery system is expected to have a long retention time in the stomach so the efficiency of the drug can be achieved. In this study, has been synthesized matrix of semi IPN Chitosan Poly N Vinyl Pyrrolidone hidrogel with a pore forming agent of CaCO3 under optimum conditions. Amoxicillin is encapsulated in a matrix hydrogel to be applied as a floating drug delivery system by in situ loading and post loading methods. The efficiency of encapsulation and dissolution of hydrogels in situ loading and post loading are performed in vitro on gastric pH. In situ loading hydrogel shows higher percentage of encapsulation efficiency and dissolution compared to post loading loading hydrogel. The efficiency level of in situ and post loading were 92.1212 and 89,4321, respectively. while the percentage of dissolution were 99.68 and 62.6335 respectively. The aim of drug dissolution by mathematical equation model is to know kinetics and the mechanism of dissolution The kinetics of release of in situ hydrogel tends to follow first order kinetics, while the post loading hydrogel follows the higuchi order. The dissolution mechanism in both hydrogels is erosion."

"Berbagai penelitian mengenai polimer-clay nanokomposit telah memberikan indikasi adanya peningkatan pada sifat mekanis dan kestabilan panas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari efek penambahan organoclay pada sifat mekanis dan sifat thermal pada polimer high density polyethylene (HDPE). Pembuatan HDPE-organoclay nanokomposit menggunakan metoda melt compounding dan menggunakan variasi konsentrasi organoclay 2,5 % hingga 7,5 % dari massa nanokomposit. Compatiblizer yang digunakan dalam pembuatan nanokomposit ini adalah HDPE-g-MA. Pendispersian lapisan silikat pada matriks HDPE dianalisa menggunakan XRD. Sifat mekanis dianalisa berdasarkan pada hasil pengujian tarik. Sifat thermal dianalisa berdasarkan hasil pengujian heat deflection temperature (HDT).

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The result presented by number of researchers indicate that the introduction of montmorillonite into polymer matrix results in an increase of thermal stability and mechanical properties of polymer-clay nanocomposite. The main purpose of this study was to elevate the effect of the organoclay on the thermal stability and mechanical properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE). HDPE-organoclay nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding with 2.5%wt to 7.5%wt of organoclay. HDPE-organoclay nancomposites used HDPE-g-MA as compatibilizer. Changes in the surface of montmorillonite and the dispersion of organoclay in the polymer matrix were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties were analysed by using tensile test. The thermal stability of nanocomposites were analysed by heat deflection temperature (HDT)."