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"Pekerja di unit pengolahan minyak dan gas memiliki potensi terpajan berbagai macam hidrokarbon dan zat kimia dalam pembuatan turunan minyak bumi. Benzene, toluene, dan xylene menjadi pajanan bahaya kimia yang paling sering dijumpai pada pengolahan minyak dan gas bumi. Pekerja yang terpajan bahaya kimia benzene, toluene, dan xylene melalui rute inhalasi memiliki berbagai risiko kesehatan baik akut maupun kronis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis risiko kesehatan terkait pajanan bahaya kimia benzene, toluene, dan xylene pada pekerja di unit pengolahan minyak dan gas bumi. Penelitian ini menganalisis pajanan bahaya kimia benzene, toluene, dan xylene di dua unit pengolahan minyak bumi menggunakan metode Chemical Hazard Risk Assessment dari Departemen of Safety and Health Malaysia Tahun 2018. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa benzene termasuk dalam kategori tingkat risiko kesehatan tinggi, sedangkan toluene dan xylene termasuk dalam kategori tingkat risiko kesehatan rendah. Tingkat pajanan bahaya kimia benzene, toluene, dan xylene dengan nilai rata-rata tertinggi berada pada unit laboratorim. Dari hasil penelitian terkait tingkat risiko kesehatan pajanan benzene, toluene, dan xylene diperlukan strategi kontrol yang tepat, seperti penggunaan alat pelindung diri yang sesuai dan meningkatkan sistem ventilasi di tempat kerja untuk mengurangi pajanan benzene, toluene, dan xylene melalui rute inhalasi.

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Workers in refinery units have the potential to be exposed to various kinds of hydrocarbons and chemicals in the manufacture of petroleum derivatives. Benzene, toluene, and xylene are the most common chemical hazards in oil and gas processing. Workers who are exposed to the chemical hazards of benzene, toluene, and xylene through the inhalation route have various health risks, both acute and chronic. This study aims to analyze the health risks associated with chemical hazards exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylene in workers in oil and gas processing units. This study analyzed the chemical hazard exposure of benzene, toluene, and xylene in two petroleum processing units using the Chemical Hazard Risk Assessment method from the Department of Safety and Health Malaysia in 2018. The results showed that benzene was included in the category of high health risk level, while toluene and xylene is included in the category of low health risk level. The level of exposure to the chemical hazards of benzene, toluene, and xylene with the highest average value is in the laboratory unit. From the results of research related to the level of health risk of exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylene, appropriate control strategies are needed, such as the use of appropriate personal protective equipment and improving ventilation systems in the workplace to reduce exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylene through the inhalation route.

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"Pekerja pada unit produksi minyak dan gas bumi berisiko terpajan berbagai bahaya kimia. Salah satu komponen bahan kimia dari minyak bumi adalah volatile organic compounds (VOC), dengan contoh bahan yang terkenal akan toksisitasnya adalah benzene, toluene dan xylene. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis risiko kesehatan terkait pajanan benzene, toluene dan xylene pekerja kilang minyak san gas di PT. X. Penelitian ini menganalisis data sekunder pajanan personal BTX melalui rute inhalasi menggunakan active sampler. Dengan menggunakan metode Chemical Health Risk Assessment (CHRA) dari Department of Safety and Health, Malaysia ditemukan bahwa risiko pajanan benzene pada SEG CDU (crude distillation unit) terkategori risiko sangat tinggi. Untuk pajanan toluene dan xylene berada pada tingkat risiko kesehatan rendah pada hampir seluruh SEG. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diperlukan pengendalian yang tepat untuk mengatasi pajanan benzene, toluene dan xylene. Salah satu pengendalian yang direkomendasikan adalah meningkatkan konsistensi penggunaan alat pelindung diri, monitoring pajanan secara kontinu, melaksanakan biomonitoring dan pemeriksaan sel darah tepi.

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Workers in oil and gas production units are at risk of exposure to various chemical hazards. One of the chemical components of petroleum is volatile organic compounds (VOC), with examples of materials known for their toxicity being benzene, toluene and xylene. This study aims to analyze health risks related to exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene of oil and gas refinery workers at PT. X. This study analyzes secondary data on personal exposure to BTX via the inhalation route using an active sampler. Using the Chemical Health Risk Assessment (CHRA) method from the Department of Safety and Health, Malaysia, it was found that the risk of benzene exposure in the SEG CDU (crude distillation unit) was categorized as very high risk. Exposure to toluene and xylene is at a low health risk level in almost all SEGs. Based on the research results, appropriate control is needed to overcome exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene. One of the recommended controls is increasing the consistent use of personal protective equipment, continuous monitoring of exposure, carrying out biomonitoring and examining peripheral blood cells."

"Laboratorium Migas merupakan tempat kerja untuk melakukan pengujian, penelitian, dan pengembangan minyak mentah, produk sampingan, hingga produk jadi menggunakan peralatan dan bahan yang ada. Laboratorium memiliki banyak bahaya di dalamnya, tak terkecuali dengan bahaya kimia seperti benzene, toluene dan xylene (BTX). Oleh karena itu, diperlukan kajian risiko kesehatan di Laboratorium Migas untuk mengetahui seberapa besar tingkat risiko BTX terhadap pekerja laboratorium. Kajian risiko kesehatan ini akan mengacu pada CHRA DOSH Malaysia (2018) dimana data yang didapatkan dianalisis menggunakan IHSTAT. Kajian risiko kesehatan dilakukan menyesuaikan dengan SEG yang sudah ditentukan, yaitu unit Crude & Product Classification, unit Facility & Quality, unit Fuel, unit Analytical & Gas, serta unit Petrochemical. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat tingkat risiko yang tinggi pada pajanan benzene melalui rute inhalasi serta rute dermal terhadap unit Fuel. Sementara itu, pajanan xylene dan toluene berada pada tingkat risiko yang rendah untuk rute pajanan inhalasi serta berada pada tingkat pajanan moderat pada rute pajanan dermal. Dari hasil penelitian terkait tingkat risiko keseharan pada pajanan benzene, toluene, dan xylene, diperlukan peningkatan kesadaran pekerja untuk menggunakan APD tambahan serta peningkatan sistem ventilasi di tempat kerja.

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The Oil and Gas Laboratory is a workplace for conducting testing, research and development on crude oil, by-products and finished products using existing equipment and materials. Laboratories have many dangers in them, including chemical hazards such as benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX). Therefore, it is necessary to study health risks in oil and gas laboratories to find out how big the risk level of BTX is to laboratory workers. This health risk study will refer to CHRA DOSH Malaysia (2018) where the data obtained was analyzed using IHSTAT. Health risk studies are carried out in accordance with the SEGs that have been determined, namely the Crude & Product Classification unit, Facility & Quality unit, Fuel unit, Analytical & Gas unit, and Petrochemical unit. The results of the study show that there is a high level of risk of exposure to benzene via the inhalation route and the dermal route on Fuel units. Meanwhile, exposure to xylene and toluene is at a low risk level for the inhalation exposure route and at a moderate exposure level for the dermal exposure route. From the results of research regarding the level of health risk from exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene, it is necessary to increase worker awareness to use additional PPE and improve the ventilation system in the workplace."

"Industri pengolahan minyak dan gas bumi merupakan industri yang dapat menghasilkan berbagai macam bahaya dan risiko diantaranya adalah risiko yang dihasilkan pajanan bahaya fisik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran penilaian risiko kesehatan atau Health Risk Assessment (HRA) terkait pajanan bahaya fisik di empat unit pengolahan minyak dan gas di Indonesia berdasarkan data sekunder sampel pada tahun 2017 hingga 2020. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode semi-kuantitatif yaitu dengan mengalikan tingkat pajanan dengan tingkat konsekuensi bahaya kesehatan sehingga mendapatkan nilai Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM) berdasarkan kepada pedoman penilaian risiko kesehatan International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA) dan International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (OGP) pada tahun 2006.Penilaian risiko kesehatan yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 9 jenis bahaya fisik yang teridentifikasi diantaranya pajanan kebisingan, getaran tangan dan lengan, getaran seluruh tubuh, pencahayaan, iklim kerja panas, radiasi sinar UV, radiasi elektromagnetik, radiasi pengion, dan NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material). Dengan tingkat risiko tinggi atau kategori prioritas pertama untuk pengendalian sebanyak 62 sampel (16,66%), risiko menengah atau kategori kedua untuk prioritas pengendalian sebanyak 124 sampel (33,33%), risiko rendah atau kategori ketiga untuk prioritas pengendalian sebanyak 84 sampel (22,58%), dan risiko sangat rendah atau kategori tidak memerlukan tindakan pengendalian segera sebanyak 102 sampel (27,42%).

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The oil and gas processing industry or refinery unit is an industry that can produce various kinds of hazards and risks, one of the risks is resulting from physical hazards. This study aims to provide an overview of Health Risk Assessment (HRA) related to physical hazards in four oil and gas processing units in Indonesia based on secondary measurement data from 2017 to 2020. The method used in this study is a semi-quantitative method, by multiplying the level of exposure and the level of hazard consequences to get the Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM) value based on the health risk assessment standard from the International Petroleum Industry Conservation Association (IPIECA) and the International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (OGP) in 2006.

The health risk assessment conducted in this study showed that there are 9 types of physical hazards that come from exposure of noise, hand and arm vibration, whole body vibration, lighting, work climate / heat stress, UV radiation, electromagnetic fields radiation, ionizing radiation, and NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials). With the risk level of high risk or in the first category for control as many as 62 sample (16.66%), moderate risk or the second category for control priority as many as 124 sample (33.33%), low risk or the third category for control priorities as many as 84 sample (22.58%), and very low risk or the category does not require for immediate control measures as many as 102 sample (27.42%)."

"Penilaian risiko kesehatan terkait pajanan bahaya kimia merupakan penilaian yang dilakukan untuk memastikan bahwa risiko kesehatan yang disebabkan oleh pajanan bahaya kimia telah dikendalikan dengan tepat. Penelitian ini mendiskusikan tentang metode penilaian risiko kesehatan terkait pajanan bahaya kimia yang dikembangkan oleh negara, meliputi chemical health risk assessment (CHRA) dari Malaysia, control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH) oleh United Kingdom, semi-quantitative risk assessment (SQRA) dari Singapura dan semi-quantitative occupational risk prediction model (SQORPM) dari Taiwan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah kajian pustaka naratif yang bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi cara penilaian, variabel yang digunakan, hubungan antar variabel serta analisis perbandingan umum dari empat metode dengan pendekatan argumentasi penulis. Keempat metode menggunakan variabel yang sama dalam menilai risiko, yakni variabel tingkat bahaya dan tingkat pajanan dan metode CHRA dan SQRA memiliki kesamaan dalam penentuan tingkat risiko. SQORPM menggunakan variabel toxicity index (TI), exposure index (EI) dan protection deficiency index (PDI). COSHH merupakan metode kualittatif dimana tingkat bahaya bersifat lebih umum, dan tingkat pajanan bahaya ditentukan oleh jumlah bahan kimia yang digunakan dan kemungkinan terdispersi ke udara. Menurut pendapat peneliti, CHRA yang dikembangkan oleh Malaysia merupakan metode yang tepat untuk digunakan di Indonesia karena matriks tingkat risiko yang diadopsi hampir sama.

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Health risk assessment related to chemical hazard exposure is an assessment carried out to ensure that the health risks caused by chemical hazard exposure have been properly controlled. This study discusses the method of assessing health risks related to exposure to chemical hazards developed by the state, including chemical health risk assessment (CHRA) from Malaysia, control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH) by the United Kingdom, semi-quantitative risk assessment (SQRA) from Singapore and semi-quantitative occupational risk prediction model (SQORPM) from Taiwan. The method used in this research is a narrative literature review which aims to identify the method of assessment, the variables used, the relationship between variables and general comparative analysis of the four methods with the author's argumentation approach. The four methods use the same variables in assessing risk, namely the variable level of hazard and level of exposure and the CHRA and SQRA methods have similarities in determining the level of risk. SQORPM uses the toxicity index (TI), exposure index (EI) and protection deficiency index (PDI) variables. COSHH is a qualitative method where the level of hazard is more general, and the level of hazard exposure is determined by the amount of the chemical used and the possibility of dispersal into the air. In the opinion of the researcher, the CHRA developed by Malaysia is the right method to be used in Indonesia because the risk level matrix adopted is almost the same."

"With a weight-of-the-evidence approach, cancer risk assessment indentifies hazards, determines dose-response relationships, and assesses exposure to characterize the true risk. This book focuses on the quantitative methods for conducting chemical cancer risk assessments for solvents, metals, mixtures, and nanoparticles. It links these to the basic toxicology and biology of cancer, along with the impacts on regulatory guidelines and standards. By providing insightful perspective, Cancer Risk Assessment helps researchers develop a discriminate eye when it comes to interpreting data accurately and separating relevant information from erroneous."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya risiko kesehatan akibat pajanan benzene pada pekerja industri sepatu kulit di PIK Pulogadung. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan analisis risiko kesehatan lingkungan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 52 pekerja memiliki nilai RQ > 1 untuk efek pajanan realtime dan sebanyak 37 pekerja memiliki nilai RQ > 1 untuk efek pajanan lifetime. Selain itu didapatkan hasil bahwa semua pekerja disana memiliki risiko kanker untuk pajanan lifetime dan realtime karena nilai ECR>10-4. Karena nilai RQ> 1 dan ECR>10-4 maka perlu dilakukan manajemen risiko. Manajemen risiko untuk efek pajanan non karsinogenik dilakukan dengan menurunkan konsentrasi benzene menjadi 0,042 mg/m3, lama pajanan menjadi 5,4 jam/hari, frekuensi pajanan menjadi 114 hari/tahun dan menetapkan durasi pajanan yang aman yaitu 10,8 tahun. Sedangkan manajemen risiko untuk efek pajanan karsinogenik dilakukan dengan menurunkan konsentrasi benzene menjadi 0,023 mg/m3, lama pajanan menjadi 2 jam/hari, frekuensi pajanan menjadi 63 hari/tahun, dan menetapkan durasi pajanan yaitu 5 tahun.

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This study aims to determine the magnitude of health risk from exposure to benzene in the leather shoe industry workers in PIK Pulogadung. This research uses a risk analysis environmental health approach. The results of this study shows that 52 workers have RQ > 1 for realtime risk exposure and 37 workers have RQ > 1 for lifetime risk exposure. Beside that, the results show that all of the workers have a cancer risk for lifetime risk exposure and realtime risk exposure because ECR > 10-4. Since value of RQ > 1 and ECR > 10-4 so it is necessary for risk management. Risk management carried out to reduce non carcinogenic effect of exposure with decrease the concentration of benzene into 0,042 mg/m3, then reduce exposure time into 5,4 hour/day, reduce exposure frequency into 114 days/year and establish a safe exposure duration of 10,8 years. Whereas the risk management for carcinogenic exposure is decrease the benzene concentration into 0,023 mg/m3, then reduce time exposure into 2 hour/day, reduce exposure frequency into 63 days/year, and establish a safe exposure duration of 5 years."

"Sumber utama pencemaran perkotaan adalah transportasi. BTX (Benzene, Toluene dan Xylene) adalah merupakan agen pencemar polutan udara kegiatan transportasi yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Petugas pintu tol merupakan kelompok berisiko tinggi terpajan BTX. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan pendekatan Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL) bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya risiko kesehatan akibat pajanan BTX pada petugas pintu tol kebun jeruk Jakarta barat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada bagian gardu pintu tol rata-rata konsentrasi (mean+SD) benzena sebesar 0,00167+0,000056 mg/m3, Toluena sebesar 0,00124+0.000049 mg/m3 dan Xylena sebesar 0,00147+0,000063 mg/m3 sedangkan pada kantor administrasi konsentrasi tidak terdeteksi oleh alat (Method Detection Limit). Rata-rata RQ benzene 0,007, toluene 0,00003 dan xylene 0,002 pada petugas tol lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan rata-rata RQ benzene 0,002, toluene 0,00001 dan xylene 0,007 petugas administrasi. Kesimpulan bahwa risiko nonkarsinogenik BTX semua pekerja memiliki RQ≤1. Risiko kesehatan nonkarsinogenik dan karsinogenik untuk seluruh pekerja di gerbang pintu tol kebun jeruk pada saat ini belum menunjukkan adanya risiko. Namun demikian, tindakan pencegahan tetap perlu dilakukan dalam rangka pengendalian risk agent tersebut di masa yang akan datang.

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The main sources of urban pollution is transportation. BTX (Benzene, Toluene and Xylene) is an air pollutant pollutant agent transport activities that are harmful to health. Worker in toll gate is high risk groups exposed to BTX.

Design of this study is cross-sectional with Environmental Health Risk Analysis approach to determine the magnitude of health risks due to exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene in the Kebun Jeruk toll gate, west Jakarta.

The results showed that at the toll collectors average concentration (mean+SD) was : benzene 0.00167+0.000056 mg/m3, toluene 0.00124+0.000049 mg/m3 and xylene 0.00147+0,000063 mg/m3. while at the administrative office was not detected (Minimum Detection Limit). The average RQ collector workers of benzene was 0.007, toluene was 0.00004, xylene was 0.002, & At administrative officer RQ of benzene was 0.002, toluene was 0.00001, xylene was 0.0006 lower than the average of worker toll gate.

In conclusion, the risk of all workers have the RQ ≤ 1. Noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks to all workers at the kebun jeruk toll gate at this point have not shown any risk yet. Nevertheless, protections is needed in order to control the risk of the agent in the future."

"Seiring dengan target pemerintah dalam peningkatan produksi minyak dan gas di lepas pantai, maka penggunaan bahan kimia dalam kegiatan produksi minyak dan gas semakin meningkat, hal ini memunculkan kekhawatiran akan potensi permasalahan kesehatan pekerja, oleh karenanya perlu dilakukan kajian risiko kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat risiko (risk rating/RR) kesehatan terkait pajanan dari kesebelas bahan kimia utama yang digunakan pekerja, pada proses produksi minyak dan gas di kapal FPSO XYZ tahun 2022. Metode Chemical Risk Assessment (CRA) yang digunakan adalah Stoffenmanager® 8 version 5.0 yang merupakan tools untuk menilai risiko kesehatan jalur pajanan inhalasi dan dermal dari penanganan enam bahan kimia oleh production technician di area kerja topside deck dan lima bahan kimia oleh utility operator di area kerja machinery deck. Hasil CRA menunjukkan bahwa tingkat risiko (RR) jalur inhalasi dimana satu bahan kimia kategori risiko tinggi (1,highest) delapan bahan kimia kategori risiko sedang (2, medium), dan dua bahan kimia risiko rendah (3, lowest). Sedangkan berdasarkan risk characterization ratio (RCR) pajanan inhalasi, ada dua bahan kimia yang diketahui nilai RCR task ≥ 1, yang berarti perkiraan konsentrasi emisi yang dihasilkan saat beraktivitas (task concentration estimation/TCE) terhadap potensi bahaya terhirup oleh production technician dan utility operator saat beraktivitas pada jarak yang dekat dengan sumber emisi, dikategorikan berbahaya atau risiko tidak dapat di tolerir (Unacceptable risk). Untuk tingkat risiko dermal efek lokal (skin local), sembilan bahan kimia masuk kategori risiko tinggi dan dua bahan kimia masuk kategori risiko sedang. Sedangkan tingkat risiko dermal efek sistemik (skin uptake), empat bahan kimia kategori risiko sedang, dan tujuh bahan kimia kategori risiko rendah. Hasil risk rating (RR) menentukan pula prioritas tindakan (Action Priority/AP) pengendalian risiko kesehatan. Rekomendasi pengendalian adalah menurunkan tingkat bahaya (HR) dengan melakukan penggantian bahan kimia (subtitusi) dengan bahan kimia yang lebih rendah tingkat bahayanya bagi kesehatan, dan untuk pajanan dermal (ER), otomatisasi proses penanganan, modifikasi teknik pekerjaan dengan membuat sistem penambahan bahan kimia secara gravitasi, menurunkan jumlah dosis pemakaian namun tetap efektif efisien (workplace-related modifiers), mengurangi waktu dan frekuensi penggunaan bahan kimia tersebut (activity time), penambahan ventilasi lokal (LEV) selain ventilasi mekanik, serta menggunakan baju khusus tahan kimia beserta sarung tangannya atau Chemsuit (control measures modifiers).

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Along with the government's target to increase offshore oil and gas production,  the use of chemicals in oil and gas production activities tends to increase, this raises concerns about potential health problems for workers, therefore it is necessary to conduct a chemical health risk assessment. This study aims to analyze the health risk rating (RR) related to exposure to the eleven main chemicals used by workers in the oil and gas production process on the FPSO XYZ ship in 2022. The Chemical Risk Assessment (CRA) method that is used is Stoffenmanager® 8 version 5.0 which is a tool to assess the health risks of inhalation and dermal exposure lines from the handling of six chemicals by production technicians on the topside deck work area and five chemicals by utility operators on the machinery deck work area. The results of the CRA show that the risk level (RR) for the inhalation route is one chemical in the high-risk category (1,highest), eight chemicals in the medium risk category (2, medium), and two chemicals in the low-risk category (3, lowest). Meanwhile, based on the risk characterization ratio (RCR) of inhalation exposure, there are two chemicals whose RCR task value is ≥ 1, which means the estimated concentration of emissions produced during the activities (task concentration estimation/TCE) against the potential inhalation hazard by production technicians and utility operators when activities at a close distance to the emission source, are categorized as a dangerous or unacceptable risk. For the level of dermal risk of local effects (skin local), nine chemicals are in the high-risk category and two chemicals are in the medium risk category. While the level of risk of dermal systemic effects (skin uptake), four chemicals were in the moderate risk category, and seven chemicals were in the low-risk category. The results of the risk rating (RR) also determine the priority of action (Action Priority/AP) for controlling health risks. Control recommendations are to reduce the level of hazard (HR) by replacing chemicals (substitutions) with lower chemicals levels of danger to health, and for dermal exposure (ER), automation of handling processes, modification of work techniques by making chemical addition systems automatically. gravity, reducing the number of doses used but still being effective and efficient (workplace-related modifiers), reducing the time and frequency of using these chemicals (activity time), adding local ventilation (LEV) in addition to mechanical ventilation, and using special chemical resistant clothing and gloves or Chemical suit (control measures modifiers)."