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"Latar Belakang: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) disebabkan oleh severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) dan menjadi tantangan karena menyebar luas secara cepat. Jumlah virus SARS-CoV-2 ditemukan tinggi pada awal infeksi di rongga mulut dan saluran pernapasan bagian atas. Tindakan bedah di rongga mulut memiliki potensi tinggi untuk transmisi SARS-CoV-2. American Dental Association (ADA) dan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) merekomendasikan berkumur hidrogen peroksida 1,5% atau iodin povidon 0,2% sebelum tindakan medis. Mengurangi jumlah virus di saluran pernapasan bagian atas pada awal infeksi menurunkan keparahan perkembangan penyakit dan risiko transmisi. Nilai cycle threshold (CT) dari hasil pemeriksaan real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) merepresentasikan secara semikuantitatif viral load. Tujuan Penelitian: Menganalisis pengaruh berkumur iodin povidon 1% dan hidrogen peroksida 3% terhadap nilai CT RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2. Metode Penelitian: 45 subjek penelitian diambil dari pasien Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan yang terinfeksi SARS-CoV-2 sesuai kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi. Subjek penelitian dibagi ke dalam kelompok iodin povidon 1%, kelompok hidrogen peroksida 3%, dan kelompok kontrol. Subjek penelitian berkumur 30 detik di rongga mulut dan 30 detik di tenggorokan belakang dengan 15 ml sebanyak 3 kali sehari selama 5 hari. Analisis nilai CT dilakukan melalui pemeriksaan RT-PCR pada hari ke-1, hari ke-3, dan hari ke-5 setelah berkumur. Hasil: Didapatkan perbedaan bermakna pada hasil uji Friedman dan tampak peningkatan nilai CT RT-PCR mulai dari awal, hari ke-1, hari ke-3, dan hari ke- 5 pada keseluruhan kelompok dan masing-masing kelompok perlakuan. Hasil uji Post- Hoc dengan Wilcoxon menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna pada keseluruhan kelompok hari nilai CT RT-PCR dari keseluruhan kelompok dan kelompok iodin povidon 1%. Perbedaan bermakna sebagian besar kelompok hari nilai CT RT-PCR ditemukan dari hasil uji Post-Hoc dengan Wilcoxon pada kelompok hidrogen peroksida 3% dan kelompok kontrol, kecuali antara hari ke-1 dengan hari ke-3 dan antara hari ke-3 dengan hari ke-5 pada kelompok hidrogen peroksida 3% dan antara hari ke-3 dengan hari ke-5 pada kelompok kontrol. Peningkatan tertinggi nilai CT RT-PCR awal hingga hari ke-1 ditemukan pada kelompok hidrogen peroksida 3%, sedangkan antara hari ke-1 hingga ke-3 dan hari ke-3 hingga hari ke-5 ditemukan pada kelompok iodin povidon 1%. Usia dan jenis kelamin ditemukan tidak memiliki hubungan yang bermakna terhadap perubahan nilai CT RT-PCR. Kesimpulan: Berkumur iodin povidon 1% dan hidrogen peroksida 3% berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan nilai CT RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2. Peningkatan tertinggi nilai CT RT-PCR awal hingga hari ke-1 ditemukan pada kelompok hidrogen peroksida 3%, sedangkan antara hari ke-1 hingga ke-3 dan hari ke-3 hingga hari ke-5 ditemukan pada kelompok iodin povidon 1%.

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Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and poses a challenge because it can spread rapidly. The number of SARS-CoV-2 was found to be high at the beginning of infection in the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract. Surgery in the oral cavity poses high transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2. The American Dental Association (ADA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend the use of mouthrinse either 1.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.2% povidone iodine before commencing any surgical treatment. Reducing the viral load in the upper respiratory tract at the early of infection may decrease the severity of disease progression and the risk of transmission. The cycle threshold (CT) value from the real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) examination semi-quantitatively represents the viral load. Objective: To analyze the effect of mouthrinsing and gargling with 1% povidone iodine and 3% hydrogen peroxide on the CT value of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: 45 subjects were patients recruited from Persahabatan General Hospital infected with SARS-CoV-2 according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were divided into 1% povidone iodine group, the 3% hydrogen peroxide group, and the control group. The subjects were instructed to rinse their mouths for 30 seconds and gargle for 30 seconds at the back of the throat with 15 mL of the mouthrinse 3 times a day for 5 days. Analysis of CT values were carried out using RT-PCR on day 1, day 3 and day 5 after mouthrinsing and gargling. Results: Significant differences were found in the results of the Friedman test, and the CT value demonstrated increases from the initial, day 1, day 3 and day 5 in the whole group and each group. The results of the Post-Hoc test with Wilcoxon showed significant differences in the whole day group of the CT value of the whole group and the 1% povidone iodine group. Significant differences in most of the day group were found from the results of the Post-Hoc test with Wilcoxon in the 3% hydrogen peroxide group and the control group, except between day 1 and day 3 and between day 3 and day 5 in the 3% hydrogen peroxide group and between day 3 and day 5 in the control group. The highest increase in the initial CT value until day 1 was found in the 3% hydrogen peroxide group, while the increase between days 1 to 3 and day 3 to day 5 was found in the 1% povidone iodine group. Age and gender showed no significant correlation with changes in CT values. Conclusion: Mouthrinsing and gargling with 1% povidone iodine and 3% hydrogen peroxide were found to increase the CT value of SARS-CoV-2. The highest increase in the initial CT value until day 1 was found in the 3% hydrogen peroxide group, while between days 1 to 3 and day 3 to day 5 was found in the 1% povidone iodine group."

"Latar Belakang: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) disebabkan oleh severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) dan menjadi tantangan karena menyebar luas secara cepat. Jumlah virus SARS-CoV-2 ditemukan tinggi pada awal infeksi di rongga mulut dan saluran pernapasan bagian atas. Tindakan bedah di rongga mulut memiliki potensi tinggi untuk transmisi SARS-CoV-2. American Dental Association (ADA) dan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) merekomendasikan berkumur hidrogen peroksida 1,5% atau iodin povidon 0,2% sebelum tindakan medis. Mengurangi jumlah virus di saluran pernapasan bagian atas pada awal infeksi menurunkan keparahan perkembangan penyakit dan risiko transmisi. Nilai cycle threshold (CT) dari hasil pemeriksaan real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) merepresentasikan secara semikuantitatif viral load. Tujuan Penelitian: Menganalisis pengaruh berkumur iodin povidon 1% dan hidrogen peroksida 3% terhadap nilai CT RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2. Metode Penelitian: 45 subjek penelitian diambil dari pasien Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan yang terinfeksi SARS-CoV-2 sesuai kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi. Subjek penelitian dibagi ke dalam kelompok iodin povidon 1%, kelompok hidrogen peroksida 3%, dan kelompok kontrol. Subjek penelitian berkumur 30 detik di rongga mulut dan 30 detik di tenggorokan belakang dengan 15 ml sebanyak 3 kali sehari selama 5 hari. Analisis nilai CT dilakukan melalui pemeriksaan RT-PCR pada hari ke-1, hari ke-3, dan hari ke-5 setelah berkumur. Hasil: Didapatkan perbedaan bermakna pada hasil uji Friedman dan tampak peningkatan nilai CT RT-PCR mulai dari awal, hari ke-1, hari ke-3, dan hari ke- 5 pada keseluruhan kelompok dan masing-masing kelompok perlakuan. Hasil uji Post- Hoc dengan Wilcoxon menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna pada keseluruhan kelompok hari nilai CT RT-PCR dari keseluruhan kelompok dan kelompok iodin povidon 1%. Perbedaan bermakna sebagian besar kelompok hari nilai CT RT-PCR ditemukan dari hasil uji Post-Hoc dengan Wilcoxon pada kelompok hidrogen peroksida 3% dan kelompok kontrol, kecuali antara hari ke-1 dengan hari ke-3 dan antara hari ke-3 dengan hari ke-5 pada kelompok hidrogen peroksida 3% dan antara hari ke-3 dengan hari ke-5 pada kelompok kontrol. Peningkatan tertinggi nilai CT RT-PCR awal hingga hari ke-1 ditemukan pada kelompok hidrogen peroksida 3%, sedangkan antara hari ke-1 hingga ke-3 dan hari ke-3 hingga hari ke-5 ditemukan pada kelompok iodin povidon 1%. Usia dan jenis kelamin ditemukan tidak memiliki hubungan yang bermakna terhadap perubahan nilai CT RT-PCR. Kesimpulan: Berkumur iodin povidon 1% dan hidrogen peroksida 3% berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan nilai CT RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2. Peningkatan tertinggi nilai CT RT-PCR awal hingga hari ke-1 ditemukan pada kelompok hidrogen peroksida 3%, sedangkan antara hari ke-1 hingga ke-3 dan hari ke-3 hingga hari ke-5 ditemukan pada kelompok iodin povidon 1%.

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Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and poses a challenge because it can spread rapidly. The number of SARS-CoV-2 was found to be high at the beginning of infection in the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract. Surgery in the oral cavity poses high transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2. The American Dental Association (ADA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend the use of mouthrinse either 1.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.2% povidone iodine before commencing any surgical treatment. Reducing the viral load in the upper respiratory tract at the early of infection may decrease the severity of disease progression and the risk of transmission. The cycle threshold (CT) value from the real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) examination semi-quantitatively represents the viral load.

Objective: To analyze the effect of mouthrinsing and gargling with 1% povidone iodine and 3% hydrogen peroxide on the CT value of SARS-CoV-2.

Methods: 45 subjects were patients recruited from Persahabatan General Hospital infected with SARS-CoV-2 according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were divided into 1% povidone iodine group, the 3% hydrogen peroxide group, and the control group. The subjects were instructed to rinse their mouths for 30 seconds and gargle for 30 seconds at the back of the throat with 15 mL of the mouthrinse 3 times a day for 5 days. Analysis of CT values were carried out using RT-PCR on day 1, day 3 and day 5 after mouthrinsing and gargling.

Results: Significant differences were found in the results of the Friedman test, and the CT value demonstrated increases from the initial, day 1, day 3 and day 5 in the whole group and each group. The results of the Post-Hoc test with Wilcoxon showed significant differences in the whole day group of the CT value of the whole group and the 1% povidone iodine group. Significant differences in most of the day group were found from the results of the Post-Hoc test with Wilcoxon in the 3% hydrogen peroxide group and the control group, except between day 1 and day 3 and between day 3 and day 5 in the 3% hydrogen peroxide group and between day 3 and day 5 in the control group. The highest increase in the initial CT value until day 1 was found in the 3% hydrogen peroxide group, while the increase between days 1 to 3 and day 3 to day 5 was found in the 1% povidone iodine group. Age and gender showed no significant correlation with changes in CT values.

Conclusion: Mouthrinsing and gargling with 1% povidone iodine and 3% hydrogen peroxide were found to increase the CT value of SARS-CoV-2. The highest increase in the initial CT value until day 1 was found in the 3% hydrogen peroxide group, while between days 1 to 3 and day 3 to day 5 was found in the 1% povidone iodine group."

"Latar Belakang: Melihat potensi tingginya jumlah virus didalam rongga mulut, dengan bukti bahwa SARS-CoV-2 ditemukan pada reseptor ACE2, perlu upaya untuk mencegah penularan dari pasien ke praktisi melalui saliva yang terkontaminasi. Virus ini menyebar lebih cepat karena SARS-CoV-2 bereplikasi disaluran pernapasan bagian atas dengan melepaskan patogen yang berpindah dari satu orang ke orang lain saat bersin dan batuk melalui penyebaran pernapasan. Diperkirakan waktu penularan bisa terjadi sebelum gejala muncul (sekitar 2,5 hari lebih awal dari munculnya gejala). Berkumur dengan hidrogen peroksida dapat menghilangkan lapisan permukaan epitel pada mukosa mulut yang diketahui terdapat reseptor ACE2 tempat terikatnya SARS- CoV-2 dan dapat menginaktivasi virus tersebut. Pedoman sementara American Dental Association (ADA) menyarankan penggunaan 1,5% Hidrogen peroksida sebagai pilihan untuk pembilasan mulut preoperatif sebagai obat kumur antiseptik. Nilai cycle threshold yang diperoleh RT – PCR bersifat semi-kuantitatif dan mampu membedakan antara viral load tinggi dan rendah. Tujuan Penelitian: Mengevaluasi perbedaan pengaruh penggunaan obat kumur diantara berkumur hidrogen peroksida 1,5% dan hidrogen peroksida 3% terhadap nilai cycle threshold RT-PCR pada pasien COVID - 19. Metode Penelitian: 42 subjek penelitian diambil dari pasien RSUP Persahabatan yang terinfeksi SARS-CoV-2 sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi. Setelah dilakukan informed consent, subjek penelitian dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok, yaitu kelompok hidrogen peroksida 1,5%, kelompok hidrogen peroksida 3% dan kelompok kontrol. Subjek penelitian berkumur 30 detik di rongga mulut dan 30 detik di tenggorokan belakang dengan 15 ml sebanyak 3 kali sehari selama 5 hari. Analisis menggunakan nilai cycle threshold pada pemeriksaan RT-PCR pada hari ke-1, hari ke-3 dan hari ke-5 setelah berkumur. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada hasil uji Friedman dan peningkatan nilai cycle threshold RT-PCR dari awal, hari ke-1, hari ke-3 dan hari ke-5 di keseluruhan kelompok dan masing – masing kelompok perlakuan. Peningkatan tertinggi nilai cycle threshold RT-PCR awal hingga hari ke-1 ditemukan pada kelompok hidrogen peroksida 3%, kemudian antara hari ke-1 hingga ke-3 dan hari ke-3 hingga hari ke-5 ditemukan pada kelompok hidrogen peroksida 1,5%. Kesimpulan: Berkumur hidrogen peroksida 1,5% dan hidrogen peroksida 3% berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan nilai cycle threshold RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2. Kedua konsentrasi hidrogen peroksida 1,5% dan hidrogen peroksida 3% memberikan pengaruh positif dalam menurunkan jumlah virus di rongga mulut, sehingga pilihan penggunaan konsentrasi hidrogen peroksida yang lebih kecil bisa menjadi pilihan untuk digunakan untuk berkumur.

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Background: Given the potential high number of viruses in the oral cavity, with evidence that SARS-CoV-2 is found at the ACE2 receptor, efforts are needed to prevent transmission from patient to practitioner through contaminated saliva. This virus spreads faster because SARS-CoV-2 replicates in the upper respiratory tract by releasing pathogens that are passed from one person to another when sneezing and coughing through respiratory spread. It is estimated that the time of transmission can occur before symptoms appear (about 2.5 days earlier than the onset of symptoms). Mouth rinse and gargling with hydrogen peroxide can remove the epithelial surface layer on the oral mucosa which is known to have ACE2 receptors where SARS-CoV-2 binds and can inactivate the virus. Interim guidelines of the American Dental Association (ADA) recommend the use of 1.5% hydrogen peroxide as an option for preoperative oral rinse as an antiseptic mouth rinse. The cycle threshold value obtained by RT-PCR is semi-quantitative and able to distinguish between high and low viral loads.

Objective: To evaluate the difference in the effect of using mouth rinse between 1.5% hydrogen peroxide and 3% hydrogen peroxide mouth rinse and gargling on the RT-PCR cycle threshold value in COVID-19 patients.

Methods: 42 subjects were patients recruited from Persahabatan General Hospital infected with SARS-CoV-2 according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Following informed consent procedure, the research subjects were divided into 3 groups, namely the 1.5% hydrogen peroxide group, the 3% hydrogen peroxide group and the control group. The subjects were instructed to rinse their mouths for 30 seconds and gargle for 30 seconds at the back of the throat with 15 ml of the mouth rinse 3 times a day for 5 days. Analysis of cycle threshold values was carried out using RT-PCR on day 1, day 3 and day 5 after mouth rinse and gargling.

Results: There were significant differences in the results of the Friedman test and an increase in the RT-PCR cycle threshold value starting from the beginning, day 1, day 3 and day 5 in the whole group and each treatment group. The highest increase RT-PCR cycle threshold value at day 1 was found in the 3% hydrogen peroxide group, while the increase between day 1 to 3 and day 3 to day 5 was found in the 1.5% hydrogen peroxide group.

Conclusion: Mouth rinse and gargling with 1.5% hydrogen peroxide and 3% hydrogen peroxide has an effect on increasing the cycle threshold value of the SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. Both 1.5% and 3% hydrogen peroxide concentration have a positive effect in reducing the number of viruses in the oral cavity, so the choice of using a lower hydrogen peroxide concentration can be an option to use for mouth rinse and gargling."

"COVID-19 merupakan penyakit yang sangat cepat menular, disebabkan oleh virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Pada awal tahun 2020 dunia dikejutkan dengan keberadaan virus baru yang berasal dari Tiongkok ini. Virus ini diduga pertama kali menular melalui kelelawar yang dijual di pasar tradisional di Wuhan, Provinsi Hubei, Tiongkok. Namun sampai saat ini belum diketahui perantara yang bertanggung jawab atas penularan dari hewan ke manusia. Walaupun belum diketahui perantara penularan dari hewan ke manusia, kini virus tersebut menular dengan cepat dari manusia ke manusia dan membuat lumpuh sebagian besar negara di dunia. Seperti namanya, virus ini menyerang saluran pernafasan terutama paru-paru. Tidak hanya paru-paru, virus ini juga dapat menargetkan organ lain yang memiliki ACE2, seperti ginjal. Di ginjal, banyak ditemukan ACE2 terutama pada bagian tubulus. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengulas sejumlah pustaka mengenai virus SARS-CoV-2 dan kaitannya dengan penurunan fungsi ginjal. Sumber pustaka dicari dengan kata kunci COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and kidney, COVID-19 and ACE2, ACE2 and kidney, serta SARS-CoV-2 and kidney. Sumber pustaka yang digunakan adalah yang sumber dengan Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Inggris. Beberapa data dari rumah sakit menunjukkan penurunnan fungsi ginjal pada beberapa pasien COVID-19 dan dapat berpengaruh pada kematian pasien. Salah satu hasil penelitian tersebut melampirkan hasil analisis imunohistokimia, menunjukkan bahwa SARS-CoV-2 dapat menyebabkan nekrosis pada tubulus. "

"Latar Belakang: Pandemi COVID-19 yang saat ini sedang terjadi meningkatkan kesadaran akan risiko penularan di ruang operasi dari virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Dokter spesialis bedah mulut dan maksilofasial pada khususnya merupakan profesi yang rentan terhadap transmisi SARS-CoV-2 hal tersebut disebabkan karena ruang lingkup pekerjaan yang erat kaitannya dengan reservoir SARS-CoV-2 yaitu rongga mulut dan orofaring. American Dental Association (ADA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) dan petunjuk klinis Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia menganjurkan berkumur dengan iodin povidon sebelum tindakan kedokteran gigi. Nilai cycle threshold (CT) dari hasil pemeriksaan real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) merepresentasikan secara semikuantitatif viral load. Tujuan Penelitian: Menganalisis pengaruh berkumur iodin povidon 1% dan iodin povidon 0.5% terhadap nilai CT RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 dan nilai saturasi oksigen. Metode Penelitian: 42 subjek penelitian diambil dari pasien Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan yang terinfeksi SARS-CoV-2 sesuai kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi. Subjek penelitian dibagi ke dalam kelompok iodin povidon 1%, kelompok iodin povidon 0.5%, dan kelompok kontrol. Subjek penelitian berkumur 30 detik di rongga mulut dan 30 detik di tenggorokan belakang dengan 15 ml sebanyak 3 kali sehari selama 5 hari. Analisis nilai CT dilakukan melalui pemeriksaan RT-PCR pada hari ke-1, hari ke-3, dan hari ke-5 setelah berkumur. Hasil: perbedaan bermakna didapatkan pada hasil uji Friedman dan tampak peningkatan nilai CT RT-PCR mulai dari awal, hari ke-1, hari ke-3, dan hari ke- 5 pada keseluruhan kelompok dan masing-masing kelompok perlakuan. Hasil uji Post- Hoc dengan Wilcoxon menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna pada keseluruhan kelompok hari nilai CT RT-PCR dari keseluruhan kelompok dan kelompok iodin povidon 1%. Perbedaan bermakna sebagian besar kelompok hari nilai CT RT-PCR ditemukan dari hasil uji Post-Hoc dengan Wilcoxon pada kelompok iodin povidon 0.5% dan kelompok iodin povidon 1%. Peningkatan tertinggi nilai CT RT-PCR awal hingga hari ke-1 ditemukan pada kelompok iodin povidon 0.5% sedangkan antara hari ke-1 hingga ke-3 dan hari ke-3 hingga hari ke-5 ditemukan pada kelompok iodin povidon 1%. Usia dan jenis kelamin ditemukan tidak memiliki hubungan yang bermakna terhadap perubahan nilai CT RT-PCR.Peningkatan nilai CT RT-PCR tidak menyebabkan pengaruh terhadap nilai saturasi oksigen. Kesimpulan: Berkumur iodin povidon 1% dan iodin povidon 0.5% berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan nilai CT RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 dan berkumur dengan iodin povidon 1% atau iodin povidon 0.5% dapat mempertahankan saturasi oksigen dalam rentang normal 96%-99%.

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Background: The current COVID-19 pandemic is raising awareness of the risk of transmission in the operating room from the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Oral and maxillofacial surgeons in particular are professions that are vulnerable to the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, this is because the scope of work is closely related to the SARS-CoV-2 reservoir, namely the oral cavity and oropharynx. The American Dental Association (ADA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the clinical guidelines of the Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia recommend gargling with iodine povidon before commencing any surgical treatment. The cycle threshold (CT) value from the real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) examination semi-quantitatively represents the viral load. Low blood oxygen levels or hypoxia can be defined as a measurable oxygen saturation below 94% in patients without lung disease.

Objective: To analyze the effect of mouthrinsing and gargling with iodine povidone 1% and iodine povidone 0.5% on the CT value of SARS-CoV-2.

Methods: 42 subjects were patients recruited from Persahabatan General Hospital infected with SARS-CoV-2 according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were divided into iodine povidone 1% group, iodine povidone 0.5% group, and the control group. The subjects were instructed to rinse their mouths for 30 seconds and gargle for 30 seconds at the back of the throat with 15 mL of the mouthrinse 3 times a day for 5 days. Analysis of CT values were carried out using RT-PCR on day 1, day 3 and day 5 after mouthrinsing and gargling.

Results: Significant differences were found in the results of the Friedman test, and the CT value demonstrated increases from the initial, day 1, day 3 and day 5 in the whole group and each group. The results of the Post-Hoc test with Wilcoxon showed significant differences in the whole day group of the CT value of the whole group and the iodine povidone 1% group. Significant differences in most of the day group were found from the results of the Post-Hoc test with Wilcoxon in the iodine povidone 0.5% group and the iodine povidone 1%, except between day 1 and day 3 and between day 3 and day 5 in the iodine povidone 0.5% group and between day 3 and day 5 in the control group. The highest increase in the initial CT value until day 1 was found in the iodine povidone 1%. Age and gender showed no significant correlation with changes in CT values. The increasing of CT value of RT-PCR did not cause any effect on oxgen saturation values, the saturation values remain normal.

Conclusion: Mouthrinsing and gargling with iodine povidone 1% and iodine povidone 0.5% had an effect on increasing the CT value of RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 and also could maintain oxygen saturation in the normal range between 96-99%."

"In deep periodontal lesions, scaling and root planning (SRP) failed to complete elimination of periodontal bacteria, so chemical antimicrobial agents are used topically to destroy microorganism. Povidon-iodin 10% is one of antimicrobial agents that can be applied topically anddirectly in the pocket. The aim of the research were evaluated the efficacy of povidon-iodin l0% as chemical antimicrobial agents locally applied into periodontal pocket. The data are obtained from patients with chronic adult periodontitis baseline periodontal pocket depth (PPD) are 5-7 mm. The teeth are scaled and root planed after clinical examinations ( plaque index, papilla bleeding index and periodontal pocket depth ) and test sites or control sites are assisned randomly. Topically application of povidon-iodin 10% at test sites and aquabides at control sites is applied at day 1st and day 7th. The clinical parameters are assessed at day 14th. The results of the research showed that application of povidon-iodin l0% afer SRP provide statistically significant more favorable papilla bleeding index reduction than SRP + aquabides after 14 days. The pocket depth reduction at testsites are greater than control sites ( baseline PPD=6 and 7 mm). The conclusions of the research showed that application subgingival povidon-iodin 10% as adjunctive to SRP significantly reducePBI and PPD ( 6 & 7 mm ) than without application povidon-iodin 10%."

"Latar belakang: Infeksi SARS-CoV-2 menyebabkan disregulasi sistem imun sehingga memperberat klinis pasien. Penilaian CT dan parameter inflamasi pejamu (neutrofil, limfosit, CRP dan feritin) saat admisi diharapkan membantu klinisi memberi tatalaksana efektif bagi pasien berisiko perburukan.Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh nilai CT dan parameter inflamasi pejamu saat admisi terhadap derajat penyakit COVID-19 dalam 14 hari sejak onset gejala.Metode: Studi kohort retrospektif dengan menelusuri rekam medis pasien COVID-19 berusia >18 tahun yang dirawat di RSCM dan RS Medistra pada Juni 2020-Februari 2021. Dilakukan analisis bivariat antara nilai CT, neutrofil, limfosit, CRP, feritin saat admisi dengan keparahan COVID-19, dilanjutkan analisis ROC untuk mendapatkan titik potong optimal. Setelahnya, dilakukan analisis multivariat dan membuat model klinis terbaik menilai kemungkinan keparahan COVID-19.Hasil: Dari 336 subjek didapatkan COVID-19 berat-kritis sejumlah 75,3%. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara nilai CT rendah-sedang dan CT rendah-tinggi terhadap keparahan COVID-19 dengan nilai p masing-masing 0129 dan 0,913, sementara itu terdapat hubungan signifikan antara neutrofil, limfosit, CRP dan feritin terhadap keparahan COVID-19 dengan masing-masing nilai p<0,001. Dari analisis ROC, didapat titik potong optimal neutrofil (>71,5%), limfosit (<18,5%), CRP (>17,2 mg/dL), feritin (270 ng/mL) terhadap terjadinya COVID-19 berat-kritis dalam 14 hari sejak onset gejala. Hasil analisis multivariat menujukkan faktor yang mempengaruhi COVID-19 berat-kritis antara lain neutrofil (aRR 1,850 [IK 95% 1,482-2,311]), limfosit (aRR 1,877 [IK 95% 1,501 – 2,348]), CRP (aRR 2,068 [IK 95% 1,593 – 2,685]), dan feritin (aRR 1,841 [IK 95% 1,438 – 2,357]). Model klinis kombinasi neutrofil, limfosit, CPR dan feritin terhadap COVID-19 berat-kritis memiliki nilai AUC 0,933 (IK 95% 0,902 – 0,963). Kesimpulan: nilai CT tidak mempengaruhi COVID-19 tidak berat dan berat-kritis. Neutrofil, limfosit, CRP, dan feritin saat admisi mempengaruhi terjadinya COVID-19 tidak berat dan berat-kritis Kombinasi neutrofil, limfosit, CRP dan feritin merupakan model klinis terbaik menilai kemungkinan keparahan COVID-19 dalam 14 hari sejak onset gejala.

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Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to immune dysregulation and hyperinflammation, thus potentially exacerbating clinical outcomes. Assessing CT value and host inflammatory parameters such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, CRP, and feritin upon admission may assist clinicians in providing effective management, especially for patient at risk of severe-critical condition.

Objective: To analyze the effect of CT values and host inflammatory parameters upon admission on the severity of COVID-19 within 14 days of symptom onset.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study tracing COVID-19 patient’s medical records aged >18 years admitted to RSUPN Ciptomangunkusumo and RS Medistra from June 2020 to February 2021. Bivariate analysis was conducted between CT values, neutrophils, lymphocytes, CRP, feritin on admission with COVID-19 severity, then ROC analysis to determine the optimal cut off points. Multivariate analysis was performed to control confounding factors. The best clinical model was analyzed for severe-critical outcome within 14 days of symptom onset.

Results: Out of 336 subjects, 75,3% had severe-critical COVID-19. There was no association between low-moderate CT value and low-high CT value with COVID-19 severity, with p value 0,129 and 0,913 respectively. However, there was significant association between neutrophils, lymphocytes, CRP, and feritins with COVID-19 severity, each with p<0.001. ROC analysis determined optimal cut off for neutrophils (>71.5%), lymphocytes (<18.5%), CRP (>17.2 mg/dL), and feritin (270 ng/mL) for the occurrence of severe-critical COVDI-19 within 14 days symptom onset. Multivariate analysis revealed factors influencing severe-critical COVID-19 including neutrophils (aRR 1.850 [95% CI 1.482-2.311]), lymphocytes (aRR 1.877 [95% CI 1.501 – 2.348]), CRP (aRR 2.068 [95% CI 1.593 – 2.685]), and feritin (aRR 1.841 [95% CI 1.438 – 2.357]). Combination of neutrophil, lymphocytes, CRP, and feritin was the best clinical model for severe-critical COVID-19 with AUC value 0.933 (95% CI 0.902 – 0.963).

Conclusion: Neutrophils, lymphocytes, CRP, and feritin value upon admission effect COVID-19 severity within 14 days of symptom onset"

"Pada bulan Desember, 2019, serangkaian kasus pneumonia dengan penyebab yang tidak diketahui muncul di China. Analisis data menunjukkan adanya coronavirus baru, yang diberi nama SARS-CoV-2. Beradasarkan WHO dan CDC pemeriksaan yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi SARS-CoV-2 adalah metode molekular RT-PCR, salah satu kit yang digunakan adalah BioCoV-19 RT-PCR. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan uji RT-PCR kit BioCoV-19 RT-PCR dengan N1N2 CDC sebagai standar dalam mendeteksi SARS-CoV-2, serta melakukan uji deteksi minimal untuk mengetahui sensitivitas analitik dari kit BioCoV-19 RT-PCR, menguji reaksi silang terhadap mikroba saluran nafas lain, dan menilai secara deskriptif karakteristik subjek penelitian. Perbandingan uji kit BioCoV-19 RT-PCR dengan N1N2 CDC mendapatkan nilai sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai duga positif (NDP) dan nilai duga negative (NDN). Hasil pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sensitivitas dan spesifisitas BioCoV-19 RT-PCR Kit secara umum adalah 97,50% dan 100%, dengan Nilai Duga Positif (NDP) 100% dan Nilai Duga Negatif (NDN) 96,49%. Hasil uji minimal deteksi untuk primer-probe N1N2 CDC dan BioCoV-19 RT-PCR Kit setelah dilakukan dilusi bertingat sebanyak enam kali pengenceran yakni 3,5 kopi/reaksi (rerata nilai Ct 35,21). Uji reaksi silang tidak terdeteksi adanya reaksi silang dari 12 bakteri, tujuh virus dan tiga jamur. Karakteristik subjek penelitian lebih banyak pada laki-laki sebanyak (61,5%), untuk usia lebih banyak pada usia berkisar 20-40 tahun (56,29%), gejala klinis pasien saat datang lebih banyak gejala ringan.

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In December, 2019, a series of pneumonia cases of unknown cause appeared in China. Analysis of the data indicated the presence of a new coronavirus, which was named SARS-CoV-2. Based on WHO and the CDC, the tests used to detect SARS-CoV-2 are the molecular RT-PCR method, one of the kits used is BioCoV-19 RT-PCR. This study aims to compare the RT-PCR test of the BioCoV-19 RT-PCR kit with the CDC's N1N2 as a standard in detecting SARS-CoV-2, as well as to conduct a minimal detection test to determine the analytical sensitivity of the BioCoV-19 RT-PCR kit, to test cross reactions against other respiratory tract microbes, and descriptively assessed the characteristics of the research subjects. Comparison of the BioCoV-19 RT-PCR test kit with N1N2 CDC obtained sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). The results of this study showed that the sensitivity and specificity of the BioCoV-19 RT-PCR Kit in general were 97.50% and 100%, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 96.49%. The minimum test results for detection of the N1N2 CDC primer-probe and the BioCoV-19 RT-PCR Kit were carried out after six dilutions of 3.5 copies/reaction (mean Ct value 35.21). The cross-reaction test did not detect any positives of 12 bacteria, seven viruses and three fungi. The characteristics of the study subjects were more male (61.5%), for ages ranging from 20-40 years (56.29%), the clinical symptoms of the patients when they arrived were more mild symptoms."

"Latar belakang: COVID-19 yang disebabkan oleh infeksi SARS-CoV-2 telah menginfeksi ribuan orang di Indonesia dan memberikan manifestasi klinis yang luas mulai dari gejala ringan hingga berat yang dapat menyebabkan kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik dasar, laboratoris, terapi, komplikasi, dan luaran pada pasien kritis dalam pemantauan (PDP) ataupun terkonfirmasi COVID-19. Metode: Studi ini merupakan studi deskriptif potong lintang yang dilakukan di ICU RS Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) dan RS Universitas Indonesia (RSUI) selama Maret 2020 hingga September 2020. Sebanyak 259 subjek yang sesuai kriteria inklusi diambil dari data rekam medis. Dilakukan pengambilan data berupa data demografik, karakteristik dasar, parameter respirasi, data laboratoris, terapi, komplikasi, dan luaran pasien. Data yang terkumpul dijabarkan dalam bentuk tabel frekuensi dan persentase, serta histogram. Data yang terdistribusi normal disajikan dalam rerata dan data yang terdistribusi tidak normal disajikan dalam median. Hasil: Karakteristik dasar pasien adalah jenis kelamin laki-laki, usia 52 tahun, penyakit penyerta paling banyak hipertensi dan diabetes mellitus. Gejala yang paling sering dikeluhkan oleh pasien adalah sesak napas, batuk, dan demam. Suhu tertinggi selama perawatan adalah 37.20C. Awitan muncul gejala hingga pasien masuk rumah sakit adalah tiga hari, dan awitan muncul gejala hingga pasien masuk rawat ICU adalah enam hari. Metode diagnosis yang paling sering adalah adanya infiltrat bilateral pada pemeriksaan foto polos toraks, dan pemeriksaan PCR swab. Support pernapasan pada saat pasien masuk ICU paling banyak menggunakan ventilator invasif dan masker oksigen. PEEP tertinggi pasien pada 8 cmH2O, PEEP terendah 5 cmH2O. Rasio PF tertinggi adalah 299,75, dan terendah 136,1. PCO2 tertinggi pasien 47,9 mmHg, dan terendah 27,45 mmHg. Tekanan darah sistolik pasien tertinggi 151,88 mmHg, dosis norepinefrin tertinggi 1 mcg/kgBB/menit, dan dosis dobutamin tertinggi 10 mcg/kgBB/menit. Parameter laboratoris menunjukkan nilai leukosit 11.150 103/μL, neutrofil 84%, Limfosit 8,4%, monosit 5,84%, NLCR 10,11, Hb 11,61 g/dL, trombosit 284000 103/μL, D-dimer tertinggi 6730 μg/L, D-dimer terendah 1590 μg/L, ferritin tertinggi 1815,59 ng/mL, ferritin terendah 859,03 ng/mL, albumin 3,01 g/dL, ureum 45 mg/dL, kreatinin 0,94 mg/dL, SGOT 41 U/L, SGPT 34 U/L, bilirubin total 0,7 mg/dL, kadar laktat tertinggi 5,1 mmol/L, laktat terendah 1,7 mmol/L, natrium tertinggi 143 mEq/L, natrium terendah 132 mEq/L, kalium tertinggi 4,9 mEq/L, kalium terendah 3,4 mEq/L, klorida tertinggi 108 mEq/L, klorida terendah mEq/L, troponin I 49,35 pg/mL, CRP tertinggi 178,7 mg/L, CRP terendah 41,2 mg/L, PCT 1,53 ng/mL. Bakteri yang paling banyak ditemukan pada biakan sputum adalah Acinetobacter sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dan infeksi jamur.Terapi diberikan pada pasien mencakup pemberian antibiotik, antiviral, steroid, vitamin C, dan terapi pengganti ginjal (hemodialisa dan CRRT). Komplikasi yang paling sering terjadi adalah ARDS, Syok sepsis, dan AKI. Luaran pasien yang pindah dari ICU dalam keadaan hidup sebesar 146 pasien (56,4%), dan meninggal sebesar 41,7% pasien. Simpulan: Karakteristik dasar pasien kritis terinfeksi SARS-CoV-2 adalah lakilaki, usia lebih tua dengan komorbid, parameter laboratorium yang menonjol adalah limfopenia, peningkatan D-dimer, ferritin, CRP, dan PCT. Komplikasi yang paling banyak terjadi adalah ARDS dan syok sepsis. Mortalitas pada pasien kritis terinfeksi SARS-CoV-2 sebesar 41,7%.

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Background: COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection has a very broad clinical spectrum ranges from mild to critically ill cases. We aimed to describe the clinical course, laboratory findings, therapy, complication, and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Method: In this multi-centered, retrospective, observational study we enrolled 259 critically ill adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who were admitted to the ICU of RSCM and RSUI between March 2020, and September 2020. Demographic data, sympthom, comorbidities, diagnostic method, respiratory parameters, laboratory values, treatments, complications, and clinical outcomes were all collected. The data is described in the form of a frequency and percentage table, as well as a histogram. We express descriptive data as mean (SD) or median (minmax) for continuous variables and number (%) for categorical variables.

Results: Characterictic of the patients were male, age 52 years, most common comotbidities were hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Symptoms most often complained are shortness of breath, cough, and fever. The highest temperature during treatment was 37,20C. The onset of symptoms until the patients was admitted to ICU was 6 days. The most common diagnostic method were the presence of bilateral infiltrates on plain chest radiographs and PCR swabs. Respiratory support when patients admitted to ICU mostly using invasive ventilators and oxygen masks. The patient’s hightest PEEP was 8 cmH2O, the lowest was 5 cmH2O. The highest PF ratio was 299,75 and the lowest was 136,1. The highest PCO2 was 47,9 mmHg, and the lowest was 27,45 mmHg. The patient’s highest systolic blood pressure was 151.88 mmHg. The highest dose of norepinephrine was 1 mcg/kg/minute, and the higest dose of dobutamine was 10 mcg/kg/minute. Laboratory parameters showed the value of leucocytes 11.150 103/μL, neutrophils 84%, lymphocytes 8,4%, monocytes 5,84%, NLCR 10,11, Hb 11,61 g/dL, platelets 284000 103/μL, highest D-dimer 6730 μg/L, lowest D-dimer 1590 μg/L, highest ferritin 1815,59 ng/mL, lowest ferritin 859,03 ng/mL, albumin 3,01 g/dL, urea 45 mg/dL, creatinine 0,94 mg/dL, AST 41 U/L, ALT 34 U/L, total bilirubin 0,7 mg/dL, highest lactate level 5,1 mmol/L, lowest laktate level 1,7 mmol/L, highest sodium 143 mEq/L, lowest sodium 132 mEq/L, highest potassium 4,9 mEq/L, lowest potassium 3,4 mEq/L, highest chloride 108 mEq/L, lowest chloride mEq/L, troponin I 49,35 pg/mL, highest CRP 178,7 mg/L, lowest CRP 41,2 mg/L, PCT 1,53 ng/mL. The most common bacteria found in sputum are Acinetobacter sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and fungal infection. Therapy given to patients are antibiotics, antivirals, steroids, vitamin C, and renal replacement therapy. The most common complications are ARDS, septic shock and AKI. ICU.

Conclusion. The baseline characteristics of the critically infected SARS-CoV-2 patients were male, older age with comorbid hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Laboratory parameters showed lymphopenia, elevated D-dimer, ferritin, lactate, CRP, and PCT. The most common complications are ARDS and septic shock. Mortality in critically patients with SARS-CoV-2 was 41,7%."

"SARS-CoV-2 merupakan penyebab COVID-19 yang melanda dunia sejak akhir 2019. Virus ini telah menyebar secara luas di dunia akibat infektifitasnya yang tinggi. Salah satu penyebab tingginya infektifitas virus ini adalah spike glycoprotein. Spike glycoprotein merupakan salah satu protein yang terdapat pada SARS-CoV-2. Spike glycoprotein berperan secara langsung alam mekanisme infeksi dengan cara membentuk ikatan dengan reseptor ACE-2 pada sel inang. Inhibisi spike glycoprotein dapat menjadi salah satu cara pengobatan COVID-19. Dalam penelitian ini, antivirus yang sudah dipasarkan sebagai basis data akan di-repurpose menjadi antivirus SARS-CoV-2, kemudian dilakukan modifikasi terhadap senyawa yang terpilih menjadi senyawa organoselen. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara in silico. Untuk simulasi molecular docking, digunakan software MOE2014.09 untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang interaksi antara spike glycoprotein dengan ligan, baik antivirus maupun antivirus hasil modifikasi. Melalui analisa nilai energi pengikatan dan uji farmakologi, diperoleh 3 ligan terbaik dari antivirus (Ombitasvir, Elbasvir, dan Ledipasvir) serta antivirus modifikasi (ModL1, ModL2, dan ModL6).

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SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of COVID-19 that has hit the world since the end of 2019. This virus has spread widely in the world due to its high infection. One of the causes of the high infectivity of this virus is the spike glycoprotein. The spike glycoprotein is a protein found in SARS-CoV-2. The glycoprotein spike directly plays a role in the infection mechanism by forming a bond with the ACE-2 receptor on the host cell. Inhibition of spike glycoprotein can be one way of treating COVID-19. In this study, the antivirals that have been marketed as databases will be repurposed into SARS-CoV-2 antivirals, then the selected compounds will be modified into organoselenium compounds. The research was conducted through in silico. The molecular docking simulation was conducted by using MOE2014.09 to retrieve information about the interaction between the protein-ligand from unmodified antivirus as well as modified antivirus. Through the binding energy value and pharmacological tests, the three best ligands are obtained from the unmodified antivirus (Ombitasvir, Elbasvir, and Ledipasvir) and the modified antivirus (ModL1, ModL2, and ModL6)."