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"Indonesia memiliki potensi minyak jelantah yang melimpah sehingga mempunyai peluang untuk diekspor. Akan tetapi, minyak jelantah hanya memiliki bilangan iodin sekitar 50 g-I2/100g yang belum memenuhi standar ekspor yaitu bilangan iodin 70 g-I2/100g. Peningkatan Bilangan Iodin Minyak Jelantah dapat dilakukan salah satunya adalah dengan oksidatif dehidrogenasi (ODH). Pada penelitian ini digunakan Zn-K/ Al2O3 sebagai katalis untuk minyak jelantah yang juga merupakan senyawa hidrokarbon sehingga akan mengalami proses dehidrogenasi. Minyak jelantah yang dipakai adalah minyak model yang didapatkan dari penggorengan terkendali selama 1 jam. Bilangan iodin minyak jelantah sebelum dan sesudah ODH ditentukan dengan metode Wijs dan dikonfirmasi secara kualitatif menggunakan metode FTIR. Bilangan Iodin pada minyak goreng dan minyak jelantah berturut-turut adalah sebesar 60 g-I2/100g dan 58 g-I2/100g. Hasil dari terbaik pada proses ODH adalah bilangan iodin sebesar 58 g-I2/100g dengan kondisi suhu 300o C, loading katalis sebesar Zn = 12,06% dan K = 1,87%, menggunakan nitrogen dalam keadaan inert dan waktu tinggal 660 detik.

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Indonesia has abundant potential for used cooking oil, creating an opportunity for export. However, used cooking oil only has an iodine value around of 50 g-I2/100g, which does not meet the export standard of 70 g-I2/100g. Increasing the iodine value of used cooking oil can be achieved through oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH). In this study, Zn-K/Al2O3 was used as a catalyst for used cooking oil, which is also a hydrocarbon compound and therefore undergoes a dehydrogenation process. The used cooking oil utilized was a model oil obtained from controlled frying for 1 hour. The iodine value of the used cooking oil before and after ODH was determined using the Wijs method and qualitatively confirmed using the FTIR method. The iodine values of cooking oil and used cooking oil, respectively, are 60 g-I2/100g and 58 g-I2/100g. The best result from the ODH process was an iodine value of 58 g-I2/100g under conditions of 300°C, a catalyst loading of Zn = 12.06% and K = 1.87%, using nitrogen in an inert state, and a residence time of 660 seconds. "

"Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan analisis tekno-ekonomi terhadap proses peningkatan bilangan iodin minyak jelantah menggunakan reaksi dehidrogenasi oksidatif (ODH) dengan katalis Ti/NiO. Proses yang dirancang disimulasikan menggunakan software Aspen Hysys. Terdapat 2 skenario proses dengan perbedaan senyawa pendonor atom oksigen yang digunakan, yaitu gas oksigen dan gas karbon dioksida. Untuk melengkapi simulasi, dilakukan pemodelan kinetika reaksi dan optimasi bilangan iodin produk setelah melewati ODH menggunakan data penelitian terdahulu berupa suhu, rasio laju alir, waktu tinggal, neraca massa, dan bilangan iodin produk. Kapasitas produksi dari pabrik ini adalah sebesar 1 megaliter/tahun. Hasil simulasi yang diperoleh berupa spesifikasi dasar alat proses, kapasitas produksi, kebutuhan bahan baku, serta kebutuhan energi dan utilitas. Lalu, dilakukan kajian keekonomian melalui perhitungan total investasi kapital dan biaya manufaktur. Terakhir, dilakukan analisis kelayakan pabrik secara ekonomi dengan mempertimbangkan nilai net present value, internal rate of return, payback period, dan profitability index. Simulasi yang dilakukan pada menunjukkan bahwa kebutuhan energi listrik dan steam sebesar 268 megajoule/jam dan 0,46 ton/jam untuk proses dengan gas oksigen serta 815 megajoule /jam dan 10 ton/jam untuk proses dengan gas karbon dioksida. Secara berurutan, total investasi kapital dan biaya manufaktur yang diperoleh sebesar Rp37,4 miliar dan Rp39,9 miliar/tahun untuk proses dengan gas oksigen serta Rp89,4 miliar dan Rp44,1 miliar/tahun untuk proses dengan gas karbon dioksida. Proyek dengan profitabilitas terbaik adalah pabrik ODH menggunakan gas oksigen dengan net present value sebesar Rp89,8 miliar, internal rate of return sebesar 35,97%, payback period selama 2,49 tahun, dan profitability index sebesar 2,40.

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In this research, a techno-economic analysis was carried out on the process of increasing the iodine value of used cooking oil using the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reaction with a Ti/NiO catalyst. The designed process is simulated using Aspen Hysys software. There are 2 process scenarios with the difference is the oxygen atom donor compound used, namely oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas To complete the simulation, modelling of the reaction kinetics and optimization of product iodine value after passing through the ODH reaction was carried out using data derived from previous research, such as temperature, flow rate ratio, residence duration, mass balance, and product iodine number. The production capacity of this factory is 1 megalitre/year. The simulation results obtained are basic specifications of process equipment, mass balance, as well as energy and utility requirements. Then, an economic study was carried out by calculating total capital investment and manufacturing costs. Finally, an analysis of the economic feasibility of the factory is carried out by considering the net present value, internal rate of return, payback period and profitability index. The simulations conducted in this study demonstrate that the electrical energy and steam requirements are 268 megajoule/hour and 0.46 tons/hour for the process with oxygen gas and 815 megajoule /hour and 10.18 tons/hour for the process with carbon dioxide gas. Sequentially, the total capital investment and manufacturing costs obtained were IDR 37.4 billion and IDR 39.9 billion/year for processes using oxygen gas and IDR 89.4 billion and IDR 44.1 billion/year for processes using carbon dioxide gas. The project with the best profitability is the ODH factory which uses oxygen gas with a net present value of IDR 89.8 billion, an internal rate of return of 35.97%, a payback period of 2.49 years, and a profitability index of 2.40."

"Minyak goreng bekas mengalami oksidasi selama proses pemakaian sehingga menurunkan jumlah ikatan karbon tak jenuh yang menyebabkan berkurangnya bilangan iodin. Minyak goreng bekas dengan bilangan iodin yang rendah membeku pada suhu yang lebih tinggi sehingga mengurangi peluang untuk dijadikan sebagai bahan baku produk turunannya. Oksidehidrogenasi, yang melibatkan penambahan oksigen untuk mengurangi atom hidrogen pada senyawa organik telah banyak diteliti dan dapat meningkatkan bilangan iodin karena terbentuk ikatan tak jenuh. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan oksidehidrogenasi Minyak goreng bekas yang telah mendapatkan perlakuan awal berupa penyaringan dan pemanasan pada suhu 110 oC selama 1 jam. Oksidehidrogenasi juga dilakukan terhadap Minyak model yang didapat dari minyak goreng yang telah dipakai untuk penggorengan pada suhu 185 oC selama 1 jam. Katalis yang dipakai adalah Zn-K/Al₂O₃ dengan variasi loading Zn = 7,13-13,1% dan K = 0,4-1,8% yang dipreparasi dengan metode Incipient Wetness Impregnation. Minyak diuapkan pada evaporator dan dialirkan pada reaktor berupa fasa uap dengan suhu reaksi antara 350-450 oC serta variasi berat katalis 0,25-0,45 g. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan bilangan iodin minyak goreng bekas terbaik yaitu dari 57,72 g-I2/100g menjadi 83,04 g-I2/100g untuk berat katalis 0,35 g dengan suhu reaksi 350 oC.

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Used cooking oil undergoes oxidation during the usage process, decreasing the number of unsaturated carbon bonds which leads to a reduced iodine number. Used cooking oil with a low iodine number solidifies at higher temperatures, reducing the opportunity to be used as a raw material for derivative products. Oxydrogenation, which involves the addition of oxygen to reduce hydrogen atoms in organic compounds, has been widely studied and can increase the iodine number due to the formation of unsaturated bonds. In this study, oxydehydrogenation used cooking oil that was treated with filtering and heating at 110 oC for 1 hour was carried out. Oxydrogenation was also carried out on model used cooking oil obtained from cooking oil that has been used for frying at 185 oC for 1 hour. The catalyst used was Zn-K/Al₂O₃ with a loading variation of Zn = 7.13-13.1% and K = 0.4-1.8% prepared by the Incipient Wetness Impregnation method. The oil was evaporated in the evaporator and flowed into the reactor in the form of a vapor phase with a reaction temperature between 350-450 oC and a catalyst weight variation of 0.25-0.45g. The results showed that there was an increase in the iodine number of the best used cooking oil from 57.72 g-I2/100g to 83.04 g-I2/100g for a catalyst weight of 0.35 g with a reaction temperature of 350 oC."

"Minyak jelantah kelapa sawit Indonesia memiliki bilangan iodin yang rendah (50-55 g-I2/100g) jika dibandingkan dengan permintaan kualitas ekspor oleh Eropa (minimal 70 g-I2/100g). Minyak jelantah jika dibuang begitu saja dapat mencemari lingkungan dan jika dipakai berulang kali dapat memberikan dampak bagi kesehatan. Maka, salah satu solusi untuk minyak jelantah yang ada di Indonesia yaitu mengekspornya ke Eropa untuk dijadikan bahan baku pembuatan biodiesel. Dehidrogenasi oksidatif (ODH) merupakan salah satu metode alternatif dalam menghilangkan senyawa hidrogen pada minyak jelantah untuk dapat meningkatkan bilangan iodin dari minyak jelantah sehingga dapat memenuhi standar kualitas ekspor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui performa dari karbon dioksida sebagai donor oksigen dan Ti/NiO sebagai katalis untuk meningkatkan bilangan iodin dengan mengurangi senyawa hidrogen pada minyak jelantah sehingga terbentuk ikatan rangkap. Variasi yang dilakukan adalah rasio loading katalis dan suhu reaksi. Untuk mengetahui jumlah bilangan iodin sebelum dan sesudah proses ODH, digunakan metode Wijs dengan standar ASTM D5554-15 dan uji FTIR untuk memvalidasi adanya peningkatan ikatan rangkap pada produk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bilangan iodin yang paling tinggi didapatkan dari hasil reaksi ODH dengan suhu reaksi 350oC dan rasio loading katalis Ti/NiO 2% dengan bilangan iodin sebesar 75 g-I2/100g.

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Indonesian palm cooking oil has a low iodine value (50-55 g-I2/100g) compared to the export quality demand by Europe (at least 70 g-I2/100g). If used cooking oil is thrown away, it can pollute the environment and if used repeatedly, it can have an impact on health. So, one solution for used cooking oil in Indonesia is to export it to Europe to be used as raw material for biodiesel production. Oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) is one of the alternative methods in removing hydrogen compounds in used cooking oil to increase the iodine number of used cooking oil so that it can meet export quality standards. This study aims to determine the performance of carbon dioxide as an oxygen donor and Ti/NiO as a catalyst to increase the iodine number by reducing hydrogen compounds in used cooking oil so that double bonds are formed. Variations made are catalyst loading ratio and reaction temperature. To determine the amount of iodine number before and after the ODH process, the Wijs method was used with ASTM D5554-15 standard and FTIR test to validate the increase of double bonds in the product. The results showed that the highest iodine number was obtained from the ODH reaction with a reaction temperature of 350oC and a Ti/NiO catalyst loading ratio of 2% with an iodine number of 75 g-I2/100g."

"A cross-sectional study was conducted in eight villages of Paninggahan Puskesmas catchment area in Solok district, West Sumatra province during March 1996. Its main objective was to investigate the relationship between iodine supplementation and IDD status among school age children in endemic goiter area.

A total of 238 children aged between 8 - 10 years from 8 public elementary schools were recruited into the study. Methods of assessment were palpation of thyroid gland, measurement of UIE level, determination of iodine level in salt and drinking water, weight and height, and interviews to determine the actual iodized oil capsule coverage. In addition, samples of environmental water was collected to assess its iodine content.

The survey area was categorized as mild 1DD area based on goiter rate, i.e. 19% (all were in grade 1). Median UIE level indicated that the subjects had been in iodine-replete condition (13.1 pg/dl). Iodine in salt was 14.4 t 9 ppm and iodine in drinking water was 11.7 t 8.2 pg/L. Mean of iodine level in the environmental water (river, well, and lake) was relatively high (12.2 t 4.7 pgfL). Iodized oil capsule coverage was 61%, and 55% of those children received their latest capsule less than one year at the time of the study. The surveyed children had low nutritional status based on anthropometric measurement, which was shown by the -high prevalence of stunting (36%), underweight (31%), and wasting (5%). There was no association between anthropometric indices and goiter.

The three types of iodine supplementation, i.e.: iodized oil capsule, iodized salt, and iodinated water were not associated with goiter rate, while iodine level in salt - although below the recommended level - was significantly associated-with -UiE level, suggesting that efforts to -attain the universal-salt iodization should be encouraged. The relatively high iodine level in environmental water implied sufficient iodine sources in the area, therefore factors other than iodine deficiency might play an important role in the 1DD status of the surveyed population."

"ABSTRACTA study on Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) and intellectual performance of the school-children has been done in Malang District, East Java, in December 1994. This study covered 11 villages within 5 sub districts, three of which have volcanic soil and two have limestone soil. Totally 544 school-children aged 8- 10 years old, from 22 public primary schools were measured. Villages selection was done with the aim to describe the overall extent and severity of IDD among school-children by using different methods of assessment. Methods of assessment were palpation, ultrasonography, urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and the serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level. Culture Fair Intelligence Test were used to assess the intelligence quotient (IQ) points. The Total Goiter Rate (TGR) for the whole survey area as indicated both by palpation and ultrasound measurement were revealed 35.7 % and 54.8 % respectively. According to WHO criteria, the survey area categorized as "Severe" (TGR >=30%) as indicated by either palpation or ultrasound measurement. In contrast, the survey area categorized as "Mild" based on both UIE and TSH level (Median UIE = 5.50 ag/dl, TSH >5 mU/l = 3.4 %) Goiter, either determined by palpation or USG, was significantly associated with IQ points of the subjects ( p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 respectively). The association between median of UIE and IQ points of the subjects were also significant (p < 0.001). TSH level was not necessarily associated with either IQ points of the subjects or another IDD indicators. It is concluded that two of the IDD indicators (goiter and UIE) were significantly associated with the level of intelligence of the school-children, which reflected the quality of life of the people. Therefore, the intervention is urgently needed. "

"Aktivitas yang banyak dilakukan manusia sampai saat ini berasal dari penggunaan bahan bakar fosil sebagai sumber energi utama. Hal tersebut memberikan kontribusi pada perubahan iklim yang semakin memburuk akibat dari meningkatnya karbon dioksida (CO2), metana (CH4), dan nitro oksida (N2O). Konsumsi energi global yang memperburuk lingkungan memerlukan peningkatan dalam pengembangan energi bersih seperti hidrogen. Reaksi dehidrogenasi secara kimiawi merupakan reaksi yang melepas atom hidrogen untuk menghasilkan produk berupa gas hidrogen. Penelitian dehidrogenasi amonia borana menggunakan katalis Ru/NiFe2O4 mesopori dilakukan dengan sintesis SBA-15 untuk membentuk NiFe2O4 mesopori. Impregnasi berbagai konsentrasi logam Ru dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh dari jumlah loading Ru terhadap fisikokimia dan kinerja dari Ru/NiFe2O4 mesopori pada reaksi dehidrogenasi amonia borana. Reaksi dengan Ru(2,7wt%)/NiFe2O4 mesopori menghasilkan retensi 1,047 menit dengan konsentrasi gas hidrogen 99,068% dari Gas Chromatography-Thermal Conductivity Detector. Karakterisasi dilakukan pada katalis menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared, X-Ray Diffraction, X-Ray Fluorescence, Surface Area Analyzer, dan Transmission Electron Microscopy. Dari variasi muatan Ru(1; 1,8; 2,7wt%)/m-NiFe2O4, laju reaksi terbaik dimiliki oleh Ru(2,7wt%)/m-NiFe2O4.

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Most activities carried out by human beings to this day used fossil fuels as the main source of energy. This contributed to climate change that worsened as a result of the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). The consumption of global energy that worsened the environment needs an increase in the development of clean energy such as hydrogen. One of the most popular sources of clean energy in recent years that can replace fossil fuels is hydrogen. A chemical reaction of dehydrogenation is a reaction that releases hydrogen atoms to produce hydrogen gas as a result. This research was carried out using SBA-15 synthesis to form mesoporous NiFe2O4 and impregnate various Ru metal concentrations to see the impact of the amount of loading Ru to Physicochemical properties and the performance of mesoporous Ru/NiFe2O4 on the reaction of dehydrogenation ammonia borane. The outcome of the reaction with mesoporous Ru(2,7wt%)/NiFe2O4 produced a retention of 1.047 minutes with a hydrogen gas concentration 99.068% analysed by Gas Chromatography-Thermal Conductivity Detector. Characterization will be done on the synthesized catalyst using Fourier Transform Infrared, X-Ray Diffraction, X-Ray Fluorescence, Surface Area Analyzer, and Transmission Electron Microscopy. From various loading of mesoporous Ru(1; 1.8; 2.7wt%)/NiFe2O4, the best reaction rate was owned by mesoporous Ru(2.7wt%)/NiFe2O4."

"ABSTRAKGAKY merupakan salah sam masalah kexeharan masyarakat di Indonesm. Gammbwyodium ada/ah Salah sam cara untuk mcnanggulangf gangguan alcibat kekuranganyodium yang dapa! mengakibatkan berbagai masalah gangguan akiba! kekuranganyodium (GAKY). Penggunaan garam beryadium adalah cara penanggulangan _vangpraklis dan ;murah. Rumah langga yang menggunakan garam beryodium di K ecamalanBojongmangu sebesar 51 %. Scdangkan target USI adalah 90 % rumah ranggamenggunakan garam beryodium. Dengan melihal adanyua kesenjangan zensebul, jzkror-_/Zzkror apa yang berhubungan dengan kandungan yodium daiam garam.Tn/uan penelitian ini adalah unruk mengetahuifaktorfaktor yang berhubzmgan dengankandungan yodium dalam garam yang digunakan oleh rumah Iangga di KecamaranBojongfnangu tahun 3007. _ __Penelilian ini mengguna/ran design cross sccrfonal. Jumlah sampe1 216 di 3 desa. Wapdesa 3 RM tiap RW 2 RT dan Hap RT 12 rcsponden. Sebagai rcsponden adalah iburumah rangga. Cara pengambilan .vampel menggunakan random. Variabel dependenadalah kandungan yodium dalam garam yang dlgunakan oleh rumah langga. Variabelindependen yang dfteiitih adalah pendidlkan. pekerjaan, pendaparan, pengelahuan ibntenrang garam bcryodium, rempat membeli, persepsi harga, lama simpan, jenis garam,wadah penyimpan, cam menyimpan dan Ierak menyimpan garam. .Pengumpulan datamengzmakan Iodine Tast, timbangan, dan kuesioner.Hasil penelirian ada/ah 16.2 % rumah tangga yang menggunakan garam beryodiumde/:gan kandungan yodium cukup berdasarkan pengetesan menggunakan Iodina Test,38,9 % kurang mengandung yodium dan 44,9 % tidak mengandung yodium. Terbanyakadalah bemuk garam bafa (85.2 %). Hasil analisis dengan menggunakan chi squarednneroleh p value < 0,05 pada variabel promosi tentang penggunaan garam be1;vodium_pengerahuan ibu tanrang garam beryodium, tempat membeli garam, jenis / bentukgaram, cara menyimpan, dan letak menyimpan garam. Kesimpulannya bahwa bentuk garam yang paling banyak digunakan di masyarakatadalah benluk garam bam. Kemungkinan Ierjadi bahwa garam bata bcvgyalc yang tidakberyodium. Masih jauh untuk mencapai target USI 90 % rumah rangga menggunakangaram beryodium. Banyalc program kegiaran yang harus dilaksanakan untuknzeningkatlcan penggunaan garam beryodium di Kecamatan Bojongmangu.

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ABSTRACTIodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) is one of public health problems in Indonesia. IodineDeficiency Disorder can cause many health problems. One of endeavors to address thisThis effort is considered practical and in expensive. Thereare 51 % households that use iodizes salt in Bojongmangu sub district, meanwhile, it istargeted Universal Salt Iodization (USI) that 90 % of the household use iodizes salt.Based on this data therefore, it is essential to know factors that related with the saltiodine level at the household.The aims of the study are to find out the factors that relate with salt iodine level that hasbeen consumed at the liouseholds.This study used cross-sectional design. There are 2 l6 respondents in 3 villages. In eachvillage, 3 RW have been choosen. In each RW, 2 RT have been choosen and then ineach RT, 12 respondents have become the samples ofthe study. The housewives are thesamples of the study and they have been chosen randomly. The dependent variable is theiodine level at the households. The independent variables consist of education,occupation, income, knowledge about the iodize salt, place of purchase,cost perception,duration of storage, the variety of the salt, container for storage, storage technique andthe location of storage. The data collection has been done using Iodine Test, weightscale and questioner. `The results of the study reveal that 16,2 % household use iodize salt with the sufficientlevel based on iodine test, 38,9 % of them use insufficiently and 44,9 % do not useiodize salt. Most of the households (85,2 %) use brick salt. T he data analysis use chi-square, there are some variables that have p Value < 0,05, they are iodize salt promotion,knowledge of the housewives, place of purchase, the kind of salt, thc storage techniqueand place oh storage.In conclusion, the type of salt that most of the households use brick salt. Most of salt donot have iodine especially the brick salt. This facts show that in population level, thereare many households that do not use iodine salt. The target ot`USI (90%) has not beenreached, thus, the effort to promote the use of iodize salt should be encouraged inBojongmangu sub district.

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"Telah dilakukan sintesis nanopartikel MgO dengan cara kalsinasi MgCO3 (Np MgO Kal) dan dengan cara green sintesis menggunakan ekstrak rimpang jahe putih (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) dan Mg(NO3)2 sebagai prekursor (Np MgO Green). Karakterisasi katalis dilakukan menggunakan XRD, luas area BET, UV–Vis DRS, CO2-TPD, SEM-EDX dan TEM. Uji katalis dilakukan pada reaksi konversi tallow hasil hidrolisis lemak sapi dan asam stearat sebagai model menjadi bio-hidrokarbon. Fraksi cair yang dihasilkan di analisa menggunakan GC-MS. Variasi rasio katalis/umpan, temperatur dan lamanya reaksi dilakukan. Mekanisme reaksi dipelajari dengan menggunakan asam stearat sebagai model. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan katalis Np MgO Kal berbentuk lembaran seperti bunga dan Np MgO Green berbentuk seperti bola. Hasil uji katalis menunjukkan katalis MgO memiliki aktivitas sebagai katalis dekarboksilasi dan dehidrogenasi tallow dan asam stearat. Fraksi cair yang dihasilkan didominasi oleh senyawa golongan alkana yaitu pentadekana dan heptadekana dan senyawa siklik seperti spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-diene dan 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene. Produk bio-hidrokarbon yang dihasilkan berupa fraksi bensin, kerosin dan diesel. Produk bio-hidrokarbon yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan katalis Np MgO Green dan Np MgO Kal secara komposisi kimia tidak jauh berbeda hanya berbeda konsentrasi. Perbedaan konsentrasi senyawa kimia yang dihasilkan pada produk bio-hidrokarbon diakibatkan oleh perbedaan morfologi katalis yang digunakan.

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Nanoparticles MgO have been synthesized by calcination of MgCO3 (Np MgO Kal) and synthesized by green synthesis using white ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and Mg(NO3)2 as a precursor (Np MgO Green). Catalytic characterizations were performed using XRD, BET, UV–Vis DRS, CO2-TPD, SEM-EDX and TEM. Catalytic tests were performed on the conversion reaction of beef tallow and stearic acid to bio-hydrocarbons, with variations in catalyst/feed ratio, temperature, and time of reaction. The liquid products were analyzed using GC-MS. The reaction mechanism was studied using stearic acid as a model. The characterization showed the Np MgO Kal was sheet like a flower and the Np MgO Green was shaped like a sphere. The catalytic tests showed that MgO catalysts have acted as catalysts for decarboxylation and dehydrogenation of tallow and stearic acid. The liquid fraction is dominated by alkane compounds like pentadecane and heptadecane and cyclic compounds such as spiro[2.4]hepta-4,6-diene and 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene. The bio-hydrocarbon products are gasoline, kerosene, and diesel. The chemical composition of bio-hydrocarbon using catalysts Np MgO Green, and Np MgO Kal are similar, just different concentrations. Differences in the concentration of chemical compounds in bio-hydrocarbon products are due to differences in the catalyst’s morphology."

"Energi hidrogen yang dipertimbangkan sebagai sumber energi baru ramah lingkungan pengganti energi fosil semakin digencarkan pengembangannya. Salah satu senyawa yang berguna sebagai pembawa hidrogen adalah amonia boran (NH3BH3) dengan kandungan hidrogen sebesar 19,6 wt%. Telah disintesis katalis Rutenium berpenyangga CeO2 Nanosphere untuk reaksi dehidrogenasi amonia boran dan dilakukan penambahan logam Fe ke dalam katalis. Karakterisasi XRD, XRF, SAA, TEM, dan Spektroskopi Raman dilakukan terhadap katalis. Diuji pengaruh variasi morfologi, komposisi, temperatur, konsentrasi NaOH, dan durablitas katalis terhadap reaksi dehidrogenasi amonia boran. Katalis Ru0.75Fe0.25/CeO2 Nanosphere memiliki hasil uji aktivitas katalitik tertinggi dengan nilai TOF sebesar 153,714 h-1 pada suhu 308 K. Nilai energi aktivasi (Ea) yang didapatkan dari variasi temperatur sebesar 37,587 kJ/mol.

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Hydrogen energy is considered to be the new resource of clean and renewable energy compared to fossil fuel. Ammonia borane (NH3BH3) is known as one of the hydrogen carrier compounds which contain 19,6 wt% of hydrogen. Ruthenium catalyst supported by CeO2 Nanosphere has been successfully synthesized and the addition of Fe metal to the catalyst has been carried out for dehydrogenation of ammonia borane purposes. Some characterizations such as XRD, XRF, SAA, TEM, and Raman Spectroscopy were tested on the catalyst. Variations of morphology, composition, temperature, concentration of sodium hydroxide, and durability tests were carried out to evaluate their effect on the reaction. The result shows that Ru0.75Fe0.25/CeO2 Nanosphere catalyst exhibits the highest catalytic activity measured by TOF value 153,714 h-1 under 308 K. Activation energy is obtained by temperature variation in the value of 37,587 kJ/mol."