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"Latar BelakangSindrom down merupakan suatu kondisi kelainan genetik, yang menyebabkan beberapa perubahan pada anatomi dan fungsi tubuh, menjadikan populasi sindrom down berisiko terkena gangguan pendengaran (38-78%) dan berbagai infeksi seperti otitis media (50%- 75%). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat apakah terdapat hubungan antara otitis media dengan derajat gangguan pendengaran pasien sindrom down.MetodePenelitian ini menggunakan desain studi potong lintang, dengan sampel yang diperoleh dari data rekam medis pasien yang mengunjungi poli THT Komunitas di RSCM. Subjek penelitian akan diamati dalam dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok tanpa otitis media dengan gangguan pendengaran, dan kelompok dengan otitis media dan gangguan pendengaran. HasilSubjek yang diambil dengan total sampling tidak memenuhi sampel minimum untuk kelompok otitis media dengan gangguan pendengaran. Kemudian, dari hasil analisis tidak ditemukan adanya hubungan antara otitis media dengan derajat gangguan pendengaran, dengan p value=0,522, OR=0,667 (CI=0,192-2,313). Hasil ini mungkin dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor lain yang tidak dipertimbangkan dalam penelitian, seperti abnormalitas anatomi telinga, kejadian epilepsi atau kejang, dan penyakit penyerta lainnya. KesimpulanTidak ditemukan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara otitis media dengan derajat gangguan pendengaran, dengan dugaan terdapat faktor lain yang juga mempengaruhi hal tersebut. Oleh sebab itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut yang menganalisis berbagai faktor yang mungkin mempengaruhi derajat gangguan pendengaran pasien sindrom down, dengan melibatkan lebih banyak subjek penelitian.

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Introduction

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes several changes in the human’s anatomy and physiological function, putting them at risk for hearing loss (38-78%) and various infections such as otitis media (50-75%). This study aims to see whether there is a relationship between otitis media and degree of hearing loss in patients with down syndrome.

Method

A cross-sectional study was performed using samples obtained from medical records data of patients visiting the community ENT polyclinic at RSCM. The subjects will be observed in two groups: group without otitis media with hearing loss, and group with otitis media and hearing loss.

Results

Subjects obtained with total sampling did not meet the minimum sample for group of otitis media with hearing loss. Result of the analysis shown that there’s no relationship between otitis media and degree of hearing loss (p=0,522, OR=0,667 (CI=0,192-2,313)). This result could be influenced by several factors that not considered in the study, such as anatomical abnormalities of the ear and the occurrence of epilepsy or seizure, and several comorbidities.

Conclusion

There was no relationship found between otitis media and degree of hearing loss, with suspicion that several factors might have a bigger impact on hearing loss. Therefore, further research is needed to analyze various factors that may influence the degree of hearing loss in patients with down syndrome, involving more research subjects."

"Sindroma Down adalah kelainan genetik yang disebabkan oleh trisomi kromosom 21. Anak dengan sindroma Down memiliki kondisi rongga mulut yang beragam dan memiliki masalah kesehatan oral seperti karies dan penyakit periodontal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kejadian karies pada anak dengan sindroma Down usia 14 tahun ke atas di SLB C Jakarta. Subjek penelitian berasal dari 43 SLB C di Jakarta. Total subjek adalah 174 anak dengan sindroma Down usia 14 sampai 53 tahun. Pemeriksaan karies dilakukan dengan pemeriksaan klinis menggunakan indeks DMF-T. Hasil penelitian ditemukan indeks DMF-T 5,90 pada total subjek dengan prevalensi karies sebesar 84,48 . Kesimpulan studi ini adalah terdapat tingkat kejadian karies yang tinggi pada anak dengan sindroma Down usia 14 tahun ke atas di SLB C Jakarta dengan indeks DMF-T sebesar 5,90."

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Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Down syndrome children have variety of oral characteristics and have oral problem such as caries and periodontal disease. The aim of this study is to know frequency distribution of caries in Down syndrome children aged 14 years and over in SLB C Jakarta. Subjects of this study are from 43 SLB C in Jakarta. Total of subjects are 174 Down syndrome children aged 14 to 53. Caries examination was done by clinically using DMF T index. The result of this study is 5,90 DMF T index in total subject population with 84,48 caries prevalence. This study conclude that Down syndrome children aged 14 years and over in SLB C Jakarta have high caries experience with DMF T index scored 5,90."

"Sindroma Down disebabkan abnormalitas kromosom yaitu adaya kromosom ekstra  pada pasangan kromosom ke 21 dengan karakteristik tertentu. Anak sindroma Down memliki gingivitis. sIgA di dalam saliva merupakan tanda diaktivasinya respon imun humoral di dalam rongga mulut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar sIgA saliva dengan gingivitis anak sindroma Down. Subyek penelitian berusia 15-17 tahun, sebanyak 34 anak yang terdiri dari 17 anak sindroma Down dan 17 anak normal. Seluruh subyek penelitian dinilai kadar sIgA saliva menggunakan ELISA tidak langsung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hubungan negatif lemah tidak bermakna antara kadar sIgA saliva dan gingivitis anak sindroma Down. (r=-0.210, p=0.419). Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan semakin tinggi kadar sIgA saliva pada anak sindroma Down maka semakin rendah gingivitis anak sindroma Down

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Down syndrome is an abnormality caused by  extra chromosome in the 21st pair of chromosomes with specific characteristics. Children  with Down syndrome mostly have gingivitis in their mouth. sIgA in the saliva is a sign activated by humoral immune response in the oral cavity. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship of salivary sIgA concentration with gingivitis in Down syndrome children. Total of the subjects are 34 consisting of 17 down syndrome children and 17 normal children and aged between 15-17 years old. All subject assessed the concentration of salivary sIgA using indirect ELISA. The results showed an insignificant weak negative correlation between salivary sIgA concentration and gingivitis in Down syndrome children. This study established that the higher levels of salivary sIgA in Down syndrome children, the lower gingivitis in Down syndrome children."

"Anak down syndrome dengan keterbatasanya mendapatkan perhatian yang lebih banyak dari orang tua dibandingkan sibling. Perbedaan perlakuan antar anak oleh orang tua dapat mempengaruhi hubungan antar saudara dan pola asuh yang dilakukan orang tua juga dapat mempengaruhi dimensi hubungan yang berkaitan dengan kualitas sibling relationships. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan antara pola asuh orang tua dengan sibling relationship pada anak down syndrome. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan cross-sectional pada 60 responden orang tua yang dipilih melalui teknik cluster sampling menggunakan instrumen Parenting Style and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) dan Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (SRQ). Hasil penelitian menunjukan 73.9% responden menerapkan pola asuh autoritatif dan 61.67% terbentuk sibling relationship positif antara anak down syndrome dan sibling. Hasil analisis bivariat uji fisher exact memperoleh hasil p value <0.001 (<0.05). Hasil ini menunjukan adanya hubungan pola asuh orang tua dengan sibling relationship pada anak down syndrome. Peneliti merekomendasikan mengikutsertakan sibling dalam penelitian selanjutnya untuk melengkapi data dari sisi sibling.

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Children with Down syndrome with their limitations get more attention from their parents than their siblings. Differences in treatment between children by parents can affect the relationship between siblings and parenting style by parents can also affect the dimensions of the relationship related to the quality of sibling relationships. This study aims to identify the relationship between parenting style and sibling relationship in children with Down syndrome. The study used a cross-sectional approach to 60 parent respondents who were selected through a cluster sampling technique using the Parenting Style and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) and Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (SRQ) instruments. The results showed that 73.9% of respondents adopted authoritative parenting and 61.67% formed a positive sibling relationship between children with Down syndrome and siblings. The results of the bivariate analysis of the Fisher's exact test obtained a p value <0.001 (<0.05). These results indicate that there is a relationship between parenting style and sibling relationship in children with Down syndrome. Researchers recommend including sibling in future research to complete data from sibling side."

"Anomali gigi merupakan gangguan tumbuh kembang yang umum dialami oleh penyandang sindroma Down, terdiri dari anomali jumlah, ukuran, bentuk dan struktur. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui distribusi frekuensi anomali gigi pada penyandang sindroma Down di Jakarta. Metode: Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan desain cross sectional pada 174 penyandang sindroma Down usia 14 tahun ke atas yang dipilih dengan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil: Anomali jumlah hipodonsia 80.90 , supernumerari 6.74 dan kombinasi hipodonsia dan supernumerari 12.36 . Anomali ukuran mikrodonsia 98.81 dan makrodonsia 1.19 . Anomali bentuk fusi 66.675 dan talon cusp 33.33 . Anomali struktur hipoplasia enamel 70.83 , hipokalsifikasi enamel 12.50 , kombinasi hipoplasia dan hipokalsifikasi enamel 4.17 dan diskolorasi gigi 12.50. Kesimpulan: Penyandang sindroma Down di SLB C Jakarta menampilkan prevalensi anomali gigi yang cukup tinggi dengan hipodonsia dan mikrodonsia sebagai anomali paling sering terjadi serta menunjukkan kecenderungan pada laki-laki.

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Dental anomaly is a common developmental disorder experienced by people with Down syndrome consisting of number, size, shape and structure anomalies.

Aim: This research aims to describe the frequency distribution of number, size, shape and dental anomalies structure in people with Down syndrome aged 14 years and above in Jakarta.

Method: The method of this research is descriptive with cross sectional design done on 174 people with Down syndrome aged 14 years and above chosen with purposive sampling technique.

Result: Anomalies of number hypodontia 80.90, supernumerary 12.36 and combination of hypodontia and supernumerary 12.36. Anomalies of size microdontia 98.81 and macrodontia 1.19. Anomalies of shape fusion 66.67 and talon's cusp 33.33 Anomalies of structure enamel hypoplasia 70.83 , enamel hypocalcification 4.17, combination of enamel hypoplasia and hypocalcification 12.50 and tooth discoloration 12.50.

Conclusion: People with Down syndrome in SLB C Jakarta showed a high prevalence of dental anomalies with hypodontia and microdontia as the most common anomalies that have a tendency in boys."

"Skripsi ini mengkaji tentang pengasuhan anak down syndrome dalam keluarga Jawa dalam upaya dadi wong di masa depan. Dadi wong merupakan konsep kesuksesan yang bersifat totalitas tetapi lentur dan dapat disesuaikan dengan kemampuan maksimal setiap individu. Keterlambatan fisik dan mental yang dimiliki oleh anak down syndrome tidak mematahkan semangat orangtua untuk menjadikan anaknya dadi wong dengan melakukan pelbagai strategi penyesuaian. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data melalui pengamatan dan wawancara mendalam untuk mendapatkan data life history dari keluarga yang memiliki anak down syndrome. Data ini diharapkan dapat menjelaskan cara pengasuhan anak down syndrome dalam keluarga Jawa di Jakarta yang tetap mengupayakan dadi wong di masa depan.

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This thesis examines the down syndrome child rearing in the Javanese family who strive to be dadi wong in the future. Dadi wong is a concept of success that is totality but flexible and adjustable according to the maximum ability of each individual. The physical and mental retardation of down syndrome children does not discourage parents to make their children to be dadi wong by performing various adjustment. This thesis used a qualitative approach. Data collected by observation and in depth interview method from families who have down syndrome children. This data is expected to explain how to rear down syndrome children from Javanese family who live in Jakarta and seeking dadi wong in the future."

"ABSTRAK Latar belakang : Sindrom Down merupakan penyakit genetik yang dapatmenyebabkan keterlambatan perkembangan motorik, bahasa, kognitif, danpsikososial. Periode perkembangan anak dalam tiga tahun pertama kehidupansangat penting, karena merupakan dasar untuk hasil perkembangan selanjutnya.Sampai saat ini belum dilakukan penelitian yang menghubungkan kemampuanmotorik pasien sindrom Down dengan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya.Mengingat prevalensi anak sindrom Down yang cukup banyak di Indonesia, danbelum didapatkan data tersebut maka penelitian dilakukan pada anaksindrom Downsehingga anaksindrom Down mendapatkan hasil optimal dari program intervensiyang dijalankan Tujuan : Mengetahui karakteristik pertumbuhan dan perkembangan motorik anaksindrom Down serta faktor yang memengaruhi tingkat perkembangan motorik kasaruntuk menentukan kemampuan anak, kebutuhan terapi dan meningkatkan kualitaspelayanan. Metode: Studi potong lintang deskriptif dan analitik selama Agustus sampai September 2015 pada 103 anak sindrom Down usia 6 bulan - 3 tahun di Poli Anakdan Poli Rehabilitasi medic Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Dataorang tua didapat dari autoanamnesis dan pencarian rekam medis, dataantropometrik berupa beratbadan, tinggi badan dan lingkar kepala diplot pada kurvapertumbuhan khusus anak sindromDown, perkembangan motorik kasar dinilaiberdasarkan milestone khusus anak sindrom Down. Hasil penelitian : Sejumlah 103 subjek (56 laki-laki, 47 perempuan) memenuhikriteria inklusi. Median subjek adalah 12 bulan. Jumlah subjek yang mengalamigizi baik dan gizi kurang hampir sama. Mikrosefali dialami oleh sebagian kecilsubjek 10 (9,6%). Anak sindrom Down dengan tipe klasik ditemukan pada sebagianbesar pasien sebanyak 99 (96%) dan tipe translokasi sebanyak 4 (3,9%). Keterlambatan motorik ringan dialami oleh 69,2% subjek, keterlambatan motoriksedang 16,3%, dan keterlambatan motorik ringan 13,5%. Hasil analisis multivariatememperlihatkan faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan keterlambatan motorikadalah lingkar kepala (p=0,011; OR 6,852; IK95% 1,565-30,038), riwayat asfiksia(p=0,009; OR 4,033; IK95% 1,427-11,4), dan frekuensi program stimulasi(p=0,006; OR 3,845; IK95% 1,460-10,125). Kesimpulan : Lingkar kepala, riwayat asfiksia, dan frekuensi program stimulasimerupakan faktor risiko keterlambatan perkembangan motorik anak sindromDown.ABSTRACT Background : Down Syndrome is one of genetics disease that could cause delayed motoric, language, cognitive, and psycho-social development. Development of thefirst three years of life is crucial, because it is a basic for further development. Untilrecently, there are not study which conducted to correlates motoric capabilitiesDown Syndromes patients to factors that interfere its. In Indonesia, prevalence ofchild with Down Syndromes is quite high, there are no data depicted thatcorrelation;hence, this study was conducted in child with Down Syndromes so thatthey obtained optimal outcome from intervention program conducted. Aim: To know characteristics of motoric growth and development in children withDown Syndromes and factors interfere degree of gross motoric development whichto determine children?s capability, needs therapy, and improves quality of service. Methods : A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to 103 children withDown Syndromes aged 6 months ? 3 years old in Pediatrics Outpatient Clinics andMedical Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinics of Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo(RSCM) during August to September 2015. Data were obtained by their parents(auto-anamnesis) and medical records, anthropometric data comprised bodyweight, body height, and head circumference which were plotted to special growthcurve of children with Down Syndromes, gross motoric developments wereassessed by special milestone of children with Down Syndromes. Results : One hundred and three subjects were fulfilled as inclusion criterions.Median subject was twelve months. Amount of subjects with good nutrition andmalnutrition were equal. Subjects with microcephaly were 10 (9.6%). Children withclassical type of Down Syndromes were 99(96%) and translocation type were4(3.9%). Children with mild motoric development were 69.2%, intermediatemotoric development were 16.3%, and severe motoric development were 13.5%.Multivariate analysis showed risk factors correlates to motoric development werehead circumference (p=0,011; OR 6,852; CI 95% 1,565-30,038), history ofasphyxia (p=0,009; OR 4,033; CI 95% 1,427-11,4), and frequency of stimulationprograms (p=0,006; OR 3,845; CI95% 1,460-10,125). Conclusion : Head circumference, history of asphyxia, and frequency ofstimulation programs were risk factors of motoric development in children with Down Syndromes. ;Background : Down Syndrome is one of genetics disease that could cause delayed motoric, language, cognitive, and psycho-social development. Development of thefirst three years of life is crucial, because it is a basic for further development. Untilrecently, there are not study which conducted to correlates motoric capabilitiesDown Syndromes patients to factors that interfere its. In Indonesia, prevalence ofchild with Down Syndromes is quite high, there are no data depicted thatcorrelation;hence, this study was conducted in child with Down Syndromes so thatthey obtained optimal outcome from intervention program conducted. Aim: To know characteristics of motoric growth and development in children withDown Syndromes and factors interfere degree of gross motoric development whichto determine children?s capability, needs therapy, and improves quality of service. Methods : A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to 103 children withDown Syndromes aged 6 months ? 3 years old in Pediatrics Outpatient Clinics andMedical Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinics of Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo(RSCM) during August to September 2015. Data were obtained by their parents(auto-anamnesis) and medical records, anthropometric data comprised bodyweight, body height, and head circumference which were plotted to special growthcurve of children with Down Syndromes, gross motoric developments wereassessed by special milestone of children with Down Syndromes. Results : One hundred and three subjects were fulfilled as inclusion criterions.Median subject was twelve months. Amount of subjects with good nutrition andmalnutrition were equal. Subjects with microcephaly were 10 (9.6%). Children withclassical type of Down Syndromes were 99(96%) and translocation type were4(3.9%). Children with mild motoric development were 69.2%, intermediatemotoric development were 16.3%, and severe motoric development were 13.5%.Multivariate analysis showed risk factors correlates to motoric development werehead circumference (p=0,011; OR 6,852; CI 95% 1,565-30,038), history ofasphyxia (p=0,009; OR 4,033; CI 95% 1,427-11,4), and frequency of stimulationprograms (p=0,006; OR 3,845; CI95% 1,460-10,125). Conclusion : Head circumference, history of asphyxia, and frequency ofstimulation programs were risk factors of motoric development in children with Down Syndromes. ;Background : Down Syndrome is one of genetics disease that could cause delayed motoric, language, cognitive, and psycho-social development. Development of thefirst three years of life is crucial, because it is a basic for further development. Untilrecently, there are not study which conducted to correlates motoric capabilitiesDown Syndromes patients to factors that interfere its. In Indonesia, prevalence ofchild with Down Syndromes is quite high, there are no data depicted thatcorrelation;hence, this study was conducted in child with Down Syndromes so thatthey obtained optimal outcome from intervention program conducted. Aim: To know characteristics of motoric growth and development in children withDown Syndromes and factors interfere degree of gross motoric development whichto determine children?s capability, needs therapy, and improves quality of service. Methods : A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to 103 children withDown Syndromes aged 6 months ? 3 years old in Pediatrics Outpatient Clinics andMedical Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinics of Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo(RSCM) during August to September 2015. Data were obtained by their parents(auto-anamnesis) and medical records, anthropometric data comprised bodyweight, body height, and head circumference which were plotted to special growthcurve of children with Down Syndromes, gross motoric developments wereassessed by special milestone of children with Down Syndromes. Results : One hundred and three subjects were fulfilled as inclusion criterions.Median subject was twelve months. Amount of subjects with good nutrition andmalnutrition were equal. Subjects with microcephaly were 10 (9.6%). Children withclassical type of Down Syndromes were 99(96%) and translocation type were4(3.9%). Children with mild motoric development were 69.2%, intermediatemotoric development were 16.3%, and severe motoric development were 13.5%.Multivariate analysis showed risk factors correlates to motoric development werehead circumference (p=0,011; OR 6,852; CI 95% 1,565-30,038), history ofasphyxia (p=0,009; OR 4,033; CI 95% 1,427-11,4), and frequency of stimulationprograms (p=0,006; OR 3,845; CI95% 1,460-10,125). Conclusion : Head circumference, history of asphyxia, and frequency ofstimulation programs were risk factors of motoric development in children with Down Syndromes. ;Background : Down Syndrome is one of genetics disease that could cause delayed motoric, language, cognitive, and psycho-social development. Development of thefirst three years of life is crucial, because it is a basic for further development. Untilrecently, there are not study which conducted to correlates motoric capabilitiesDown Syndromes patients to factors that interfere its. In Indonesia, prevalence ofchild with Down Syndromes is quite high, there are no data depicted thatcorrelation;hence, this study was conducted in child with Down Syndromes so thatthey obtained optimal outcome from intervention program conducted. Aim: To know characteristics of motoric growth and development in children withDown Syndromes and factors interfere degree of gross motoric development whichto determine children?s capability, needs therapy, and improves quality of service. Methods : A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to 103 children withDown Syndromes aged 6 months ? 3 years old in Pediatrics Outpatient Clinics andMedical Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinics of Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo(RSCM) during August to September 2015. Data were obtained by their parents(auto-anamnesis) and medical records, anthropometric data comprised bodyweight, body height, and head circumference which were plotted to special growthcurve of children with Down Syndromes, gross motoric developments wereassessed by special milestone of children with Down Syndromes. Results : One hundred and three subjects were fulfilled as inclusion criterions.Median subject was twelve months. Amount of subjects with good nutrition andmalnutrition were equal. Subjects with microcephaly were 10 (9.6%). Children withclassical type of Down Syndromes were 99(96%) and translocation type were4(3.9%). Children with mild motoric development were 69.2%, intermediatemotoric development were 16.3%, and severe motoric development were 13.5%.Multivariate analysis showed risk factors correlates to motoric development werehead circumference (p=0,011; OR 6,852; CI 95% 1,565-30,038), history ofasphyxia (p=0,009; OR 4,033; CI 95% 1,427-11,4), and frequency of stimulationprograms (p=0,006; OR 3,845; CI95% 1,460-10,125). Conclusion : Head circumference, history of asphyxia, and frequency ofstimulation programs were risk factors of motoric development in children with Down Syndromes. ;Background : Down Syndrome is one of genetics disease that could cause delayed motoric, language, cognitive, and psycho-social development. Development of thefirst three years of life is crucial, because it is a basic for further development. Untilrecently, there are not study which conducted to correlates motoric capabilitiesDown Syndromes patients to factors that interfere its. In Indonesia, prevalence ofchild with Down Syndromes is quite high, there are no data depicted thatcorrelation;hence, this study was conducted in child with Down Syndromes so thatthey obtained optimal outcome from intervention program conducted. Aim: To know characteristics of motoric growth and development in children withDown Syndromes and factors interfere degree of gross motoric development whichto determine children?s capability, needs therapy, and improves quality of service. Methods : A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to 103 children withDown Syndromes aged 6 months ? 3 years old in Pediatrics Outpatient Clinics andMedical Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinics of Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo(RSCM) during August to September 2015. Data were obtained by their parents(auto-anamnesis) and medical records, anthropometric data comprised bodyweight, body height, and head circumference which were plotted to special growthcurve of children with Down Syndromes, gross motoric developments wereassessed by special milestone of children with Down Syndromes. Results : One hundred and three subjects were fulfilled as inclusion criterions.Median subject was twelve months. Amount of subjects with good nutrition andmalnutrition were equal. Subjects with microcephaly were 10 (9.6%). Children withclassical type of Down Syndromes were 99(96%) and translocation type were4(3.9%). Children with mild motoric development were 69.2%, intermediatemotoric development were 16.3%, and severe motoric development were 13.5%.Multivariate analysis showed risk factors correlates to motoric development werehead circumference (p=0,011; OR 6,852; CI 95% 1,565-30,038), history ofasphyxia (p=0,009; OR 4,033; CI 95% 1,427-11,4), and frequency of stimulationprograms (p=0,006; OR 3,845; CI95% 1,460-10,125). Conclusion : Head circumference, history of asphyxia, and frequency ofstimulation programs were risk factors of motoric development in children with Down Syndromes. "

"Sindroma Down merupakan keadaan luar biasa yang disebabkan oleh kelainan genetik kromosom (Payne & Patton, 1981). Kelainan kromosom inilah yang menyebabkan anak-anak Sindroma Down memiliki keterbatasan-keterbatasan pada kemampuan intelektual dan fisiologisnya, serta memiliki sejumlah masalah dalam kesehatan dan perilakunya. Untuk itu diperlukan berbagai upaya untuk menumbuhkembangkan potensi dan kemampuan yang ada dalam diri anak-anak Sindroma Down ini. Salah satu layanan yang bertujuan menumbuhkembangkan potensi dan kemampuan secara maksimal anak-anak Sindroma Down ini adalah layanan pendidikan luar biasa.Salah satu kunci keberhasilan menumbuhkembangkan kemampuan dan potensi yang ada dalam diri anak-anak Sindroma Down dalam layanan pendidikan luar biasa adalah melalui pembinaan hubungan yang kolaboratif antara orangtua dan guru. Hubungan yang kolaboratif ini merupakan hubungan rekan kerja yang sejajar antara orangtua dan guru yang sifatnya saling melengkapi dengan saling berkomunikasi dan bekerjasama (Porter & McKenzie, 2000). Dengan hubungan yang kolaboratif ini maka terjadi komunikasi dua arah antara orangtua dan guru. Di satu sisi guru menjadi kolaborator dengan para orangtua sebagai pemberi informasi dan pemecahan masalah (Turnbull, Turbiville, & Turnbull, 2000). Di sisi lain orangtua dapat diberdayakan menjadi fasilitatorlpenghubung pendidikan anak antara lingkungan sekolah dan lingkungan rumah (Porter, 2002), karena orangtua pada dasarnya adalah pengasuh bagi anaknya, yang berperan menjadi guru, pelatih, dan juga sekaligus sebagai pengarah kemampuan sosial anaknya (Hanson, 2003). Oleh karena itu, peneliti merasa perlu melakukan penelitian ini untuk melihat gambaran hubungan antara orangtua dan guru dalam layanan pendidikan Iuar biasa khususnya bagi anak-anak Sindroma Down. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi informasi panting bagi para orangtua dan pihak sekolah, betapa pentingnya peran serta orangtua dalam penyelenggaraan pendidikan bagi anak-anak berkebutuhan khusus. Hasil penelitian ini berupa data demografis subjek penelitian, gambaran kemampuan komunikasi dan sikap guru, gambaran hubungan rekan kerja yang sejajar antara orangtua dan guru, gambaran dukungan sosial yang diberikan guru, dan gambaran keterlibatan orangtua dalam program pendidikan anak. Data-data ini diperoleh dengan menggunakan desain non-experimental dengan metode kualitatif secara in-depth interview terhadap 3 orang subjek orangtua yang memiliki anak Sindroma Down yang sedang menjalani pendidikan luar biasa selama kurang dari 6 tahun, dimana ketiga orangtua tersebut memiliki tingkat pendidikan terakhir setara dengan sarjana dan terlibat langsung dalam penanganan anak-anaknya dalam menjalani kegiatan-kegiatan sekolah anaknya.Hasil menunjukkan bahwa hubungan orangtua - guru khusus dalam layanan pendidikan Iuar biasa bagi anak-anak Sindroma Down pada umumnya sudah baik dalam berkomunikasi dan dalam pembinaan hubungan rekan kerja yang sejajar namun belum menunjukkan hubungan yang kolaboratif karena orangtua merasa belum diberdayakan sebagai penghubunglfasilitator pendidikan anak mereka antara lingkungan sekolah dan lingkungan rumah, sehingga para guru masih berperan sebagai pengajar dan pelaksana isi kurikulum, serta sebagai pemberi laporanlevaluasi atas basil proses pembelajaran anak didiknya kepada pihak orangtua.Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan tidak diikusertakannya para orangtua dalam pengambilan keputusan dan pelaksanaan program pendidikan individual anak. Faktor utama tidak diikusertakannya para orangtua dalam pengambilan keputusan dan pelaksanaan program pendidikan individual anak disebabkan karena adanya sistem pendidikan luar biasa di Indonesia yang secara khusus tidak mengadakan program pendidikan anak secara individual balk dalam pelaksanaannya maupun dalam perencanaannya. Oleh karena itu program pendidikan bagi anak-anak sudah ditentukan dalam suatu kurikulum pendidikan luar biasa yang telah ditetapkan oleh Depdiknas, sehingga para guru ini hanya berperan sebagai pengajar dan pelaksana isi kurikulum tersebut."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran hubungan antara intensitas bising dengan gangguan pendengaran terhadap pekerja.Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 349 responden di bagian Steel Melting dan Rolling Mills PT X pada bulan Maret - Juni 2014 menggunakan desain cross-sectional, data primer berupa hasil pengukuran intensitas bising dan audiogram, data sekunder berupa gambaran umum perusahaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 52 responden (14,9%) mengalami gangguan pendengaran, responden yang mengalami gangguan pendengaran terbanyak yaitu sebesar 59,6% (31 responden) adalah responden yang bekerja di Area Steel Melting yang memiliki intensitas kebisingan >85 dB. Penelitian menunjukkan gangguan pendengaran tidak berhubungan dengan pajanan debu, riwayat penyakit Diabetes melitus dan riwayat penyakit Hipertensi (p-value>α(0,05). Untuk mencegah terjadinya gangguan pendengaran kepada pekerja lainnya, perlu dilakukan upaya pengendalian risiko dengan melakukan pengendalian teknis, pengendalian administratif dan perlindungan kepada pekerja yang bekerja di area tersebut.

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This study aims to provide an overview of the relationship between the intensity of noise with a hearing loss of workers. Study was conducted on 349 respondents at the Steel Melting and Rolling Mills PT X in March - June 2014 using cross-sectional design, the primary data in the form of noise intensity measurement results and results of audiometric measurement, secondary data from a general overview of the company. The results showed that 52 respondents (14.9%) had hearing loss, respondents who have a hearing loss that is equal to 59.6% (31 respondents) of respondents who work in Steel Melting areas that have noise intensity > 85 dB. Research showed hearing loss is not related to dust exposure, history of diabetes mellitus and a history of hypertension (p-value> α (0.05). To prevent hearing loss to other workers, risk control efforts should be made to perform technical control, control administrative and protection to employees who work in the area."

"Penelitian ini membahas hubungan tingkat kebisingan di lingkungan kerja dengan kejadian gangguan pendengaran pada pekerja PT X. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah coss sectional. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 110 pekerja pada area kerja AC dan mesin cuci. Terdapat 33 pekerja yang mengalami gangguan pendengaran setelah dilakukan pemeriksaan menggunakan garpu tala. Intensitas kebisingan di dua area kerja antara 86,4 dB-90,1 dB setelah diukur menggunakan Sound Level Meter. Hasil penelitian menunjukan tidak ada hubungan bermakna, tetapi tingkat kebisingan di dua area kerja telah melebihi nilai ambang batas.

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This study aims to determine the relationship between noise levels in working environment with hearing loss occurrence in workers in PT X. The study design used was cross sectional study. Sample of this study is 110 workers in AC and laundry system areas. There are 33 workers that suffer of hearing loss after measured by tuning fork. The noise intensity in two area is between 86,4 dB - 90,1 dB after measured by Sound Level Meter. The study result showed there is no significant relation, but noise level in two areas exceed the limit."