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"Latar Belakang: Prevalensi obesitas dan overweight yang tinggi baik di Indonesia maupun global menjadi masalah yang perlu di waspadai karena dapat mengarah kepada penyakit metabolik lainnya. Respon adaptasi sel terhadap perubahan pH ekstraseluler (pHe) perlu dipertahankan untuk dapat menjalankan fungsi normal sel. Kondisi obesitas dan asidifikasi pHe dapat menyebabkan perubahan fisiologi seluler dan menyebabkan dampak negatif seperti penyakit metabolik. Penelitian ini akan menganalisis dampak dari asidifikasi ekstraseluler sel mononuklear darah tepi pada orang dewasa muda dengan IMT>23 terhadap viabilitas sel, kadar superoksida, dan peroksida melihat studi in vitro tentang respon adaptasi sel terhadap asidifikasi pHe masih terbatas. Metode: Sampel darah diambil dan dilakukan isolasi SMDT. SMDT kemudian dikultur pada berbagai pH medium yang diatur menjadi 7,4; 7,0; dan 6,6 selama 72 jam. Tingkat keasaman medium kultur diatur menggunakan 0,01 M asam klorida (HCl) dan 0,01 M natrium hidroksida (NaOH) yang diukur dengan pH meter dan medium kultur diganti setiap 24 jam. Setelah dikultur, sel di harvest dan diberikan perlakuan untuk masingmasing parameter. Viabilitas sel merupakan perbandingan jumlah sel hidup setelah dan sebelum dikultur dengan jumlah sel/ml dihitung menggunakan metode eksklusi trypan blue, kadar superoksida diukur dengan menggunakan dihydroethidium (DHE) probe, dan kadar hidrogen peroksida menggunakan 2’-7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) probe. Nilai perubahan pH ekstraseluler (ΔpHe) juga dihitung setelah kultur asidifikasi selama 72 jam untuk melihat respon adaptasi sel. Hasil: Terjadi peningkatan ΔpHe setelah kultur asidifikasi ekstraseluler di setiap kelompok pH setelah 72 jam. Tidak terdapat perbedaan persentase viabilitas sel setelah kultur asidifikasi 72 jam pada setiap kelompok pH serta didapatkan kadar superoksida yang meningkat seiring penurunan pH baik pada pH 7,0 maupun 6,6 sementara tidak terdapat perbedaan kadar hidrogen peroksida yang signifikan pada setiap kelompok pH. Kesimpulan: SMDT menunjukkan nilai perubahan pH ekstrasel yang masih baik saatdiberi perlakuan asidifikasi ekstraseluler, tetapi terjadi peningakatan rerata kadarsuperoksida yang signifikan dan tidak terdapat perbedaan rerata kadar hidrogen peroksidaserta viabilitas sel yang signifikan.

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Introduction: The high prevalence of obesity and overweight in Indonesia and globally is a problem that needs to be watched out for because it can lead to other metabolic diseases. The cell adaptation response to changes in extracellular pH (pHe) needs to be maintained to be able to carry out normal cell functions. Obesity and pHe acidification can cause changes in cellular physiology and cause negative impacts such as metabolic diseases. This study will analyze the impact of extracellular acidification of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in young adults with BMI> 23 on cell superoxide and peroxides levels considering that in vitro studies of cell adaptation responses to pHe acidification are still limited. Methods: Blood samples were taken and SMDT was isolated. SMDT was then cultured at various pH media adjusted to 7.4; 7.0; and 6.6 for 72 hours. The acidity level of the culture medium was adjusted using 0.01 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 0.01 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) measured with a pH meter and the culture medium was replaced every 24 hours. After culture, the cells were harvested and given treatment for each parameter. Cell viability is the ratio of the number of living cells after and before culture with the number of cells/ml calculated using the trypan blue exclusion method, superoxide levels were measured using a dihydroethidium (DHE) probe, and hydrogen peroxide levels using a 2’-7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) probe. The value of extracellular pH changes (ΔpHe) was also calculated after acidification culture for 72 hours to see the cell adaptation response. Results: There was an increase in ΔpHe after extracellular acidification culture in each pH group after 72 hours. There was no difference in the percentage of cell viability after 72 hours of acidification culture in each pH group and superoxide levels increased with decreasing pH at both pH 7.0 and 6.6 while there was no significant difference in hydrogen peroxide levels in each pH group. Conclusion: PBMC showed a fairly good homeostatic response when treated with extracellular acidification, but there was a significant increase in the average superoxide levels and there was no significant difference in the average hydrogen peroxide levels and viability."

"Latar BelakangPenyakit degeneratif merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang krusial dan memerlukan perhatian serius. Salah satu faktor risiko yang turut berkontribusi terhadap perkembangan penyakit degeneratif adalah obesitas. Pada kondisi obesitas, terjadi perubahan fisiologis yang dapat memengaruhi respons adaptasi seluler, termasuk terhadap asidifikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh asidifikasi ekstraseluler terhadap ekspresi mRNA HIF-1α sebagai respons adaptasi pada sel mononuklear darah tepi (SMDT) orang dewasa muda dengan IMT>23.MetodeSel mononuklear darah tepi (SMDT) diisolasi lalu dikultur pada berbagai pH medium. Pengaturan pH medium dilakukan dengan penambahan larutan asam klorida (HCl) 0,01M. Sel-sel tersebut diinkubasi selama 72 jam, dengan penggantian medium kultur dilakukan setiap 24 jam. Perubahan pH ekstraseluler diukur menggunakan pH meter. Viabilitas sel juga dihitung menggunakan metode trypan blue. Selanjutnya, dilakukan isolasi RNA dari sel yang telah di-harvest. Ekspresi relatif mRNA HIF-1α dianalisis menggunakan metode Livak berdasarkan nilai CT pada qRT-PCR.HasilTidak ditemukan perbedaan ekspresi mRNA HIF-1α yang signifikan pada SMDT antarkelompok perlakuan pH. Terjadi peningkatan ∆pHe setelah kultur asidifikasi ekstraseluler pada setiap kelompok pH setelah 72 jam inkubasi. Viabilitas sel tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan antarkelompok pH.KesimpulanIsolasi SMDT serta kultur dan asidifikasi ekstraseluler pada SMDT subjek dewasa muda dengan IMT>23 berhasil dilakukan. Respons adaptasi seluler pada SMDT orang dewasa muda dengan IMT>23 sudah mulai mengalami gangguan ditandai dengan ekspresi mRNA HIF-1α yang tidak menunjukkan perbedaan nilai yang signfikan antarkelompok pH. Pada SMDT, perbedaan viabilitas sel tidak signifikan antarkelompok pH.

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Degenerative diseases are a critical health issue that require serious attention. One of the risk factors contributing to the progression of degenerative diseases is obesity. In obesity, physiological changes occur that can affect cellular adaptation responses, including adaptation to acidification. This study aims to investigate the effect of extracellular acidification on the expression of HIF-1α mRNA as an adaptation response in young adults peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with a BMI >23.

Method

PBMCs were isolated and cultured in medium with varying pH levels. The pH adjustment of the medium was done by adding 0.01 M HCl. The cells were incubated for 72 hours. The culture medium being replaced every 24 hours. Changes in extracellular pH were measured using pH meter. Cell viability was assessed using the trypan blue method. RNA was isolated from the harvested cells. The relative expression of HIF-1α mRNA was analyzed using the Livak method based on CT values in qRT-PCR.

Results

No significant differences were found in HIF-1α mRNA expression in SDMT between pH treatment groups. An increase in ∆pHe was observed after extracellular acidification culture in each pH group after 72 hours of incubation. Cell viability did not show significant differences between pH groups.

Conclusion

Isolation of SMDT as well as culture and extracellular acidification in SMDT of young adult subjects with BMI>23 were successfully performed. The cellular adaptation response in. The cellular adaptation response in PBMCs of young adults with a BMI >23 appears to be impaired, as indicated by the lack of significant differences in HIF-1α mRNA expression between the pH groups. In PBMCs, the difference in cell viability across the pH groups is not significant."

"Latar Belakang: Global warming atau peristiwa meningkatnya suhu rerata bumi disebabkan oleh peningkatan konsentrasi karbondioksida (CO2) pada atmosfer bumi. Peningkatan kadar karbondioksida ini berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan melalui berbagai cara. Dalam tubuh kondisi kadar karbondioksida yang tinggi atau hiperkapnea dapat memberikan pengaruh pada tubuh salah satu nya adalah peningkatan produksi Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) yang dapat menyebabkan stres oksidatif. Dengan menggunakan sel Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC), kadar ROS terutama superoksida yang diproduksi akibat paparan CO2 tinggi dapat dideteksi dengan menggunakan dihydroethidium (DHE) assay. Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat efek pemaparan pada kadar CO2 tinggi terhadap perubahan produksi superoksida pada sel PBMC. Metode: Sel PBMC diinkubasi pada kadar CO2 yang berbeda yaitu kadar tinggi sebesar 15% dan kontrol 5% CO2. Produksi superoksida pada sel tersebut dapat dilihat menggunakan DHE assay dengan melihat perubahan nilai absorbansi pada fluorometer. Hasil yang didapatkan adalah nilai absorbansi per sel yang menggambarkan kadar superoksida untuk tiap satu sel PBMC.Hasil: Pemaparan sel PBMC pada kondisi tinggi CO2 (15% CO2) selama 24 jam dan 48 jam secara signifikan meningkatkan produksi superoksida bila dibandingkan dengan kontrol (5% CO2) pada sel PBMC. Namun terdapat penurunan yang signifikan antara paparan tinggi CO2 selama 48 jam bila dibandingkan dengan paparan tinggi CO2 selama 24 jam. Dari sini dapat disimpulkan bahwa paparan tinggi CO2 dapat meningkatkan laju produksi superoksida pada sel PBMC. Selain itu terdapat penurunan kadar superoksida pada sel PBMC apabila lama paparan CO2 tinggi lebih dari 24 jam. Kesimpulan: Pemaparan kadar CO2 tinggi pada sel PBMC selama 24 jam dan 48 jam akan meningkatkan laju produksi ROS terhadap kontrol. Penurunan kadar superoksida pada inkubasi CO2 tinggi selama 48 jam menunjukan ada nya pengurangan kadar superoksida apabila lama inkubasi lebih dari 24 jam.

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Background: Global warming or the increase in the average temperature of the earth is caused by an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the earth's atmosphere. Increased levels of carbon dioxide affect health in various ways. In the body of conditions high carbon dioxide levels or hypercapnea can give effect to the body one of them is an increase in the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) which can cause oxidative stress. By using Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC) cells, ROS levels, especially superoxide produced due to high CO2 exposure can be detected using dihydroethidium (DHE) assay.

Objective: This study was conducted to see the effect of exposure to high CO2 levels on changes in superoxide production in PBMC cells.

Methods: PBMC cells were incubated at different CO2 levels, namely a high level of 15% and a control of 5% CO2. Superoxide production in these cells can be seen using the DHE assay by looking at changes in absorbance values on the fluorometer. The results obtained are absorbance values per cell that describe the levels of superoxide for each one PBMC cell.

Results: Exposure of PBMC cells under high CO2 conditions (15% CO2) for 24 hours and 48 hours significantly increased superoxide production when compared to controls (5% CO ¬ 2) on PBMC cells. However, there was a significant decrease between 48 hours of high CO2 exposure compared to 24 hours of high CO2 exposure. From this it follows that high exposure to CO2 can increase the rate of superoxide production in PBMC cells. In addition there is a decrease in superoxide levels in PBMC cells if the duration of high CO2 exposure is more than 24 hours.

Conclusion: exposure to high CO2 levels in PBMC cells for 24 hours and 48 hours will increase the rate of superoxide production to control. Decrease in superoxide levels in incubation of high CO2 for 48 hours shows that there is a reduction in superoxide levels if the incubation time is more than 24 hours"

"Latar Belakang: pH ekstraseluler (pHe) perlu dipertahankan dalam sel normal untuk menjalankan fungsi sel dengan baik. Adanya perubahan di lingkungan seluler meliputi asidifikasi akan berdampak pada fisiologi sel dan menginduksi kematian sel. Namun, studi terntang pengaruh asidifikasi pHe terhadap stres oksidatif dan regulasinya masih terbatas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pengaruh asidifikasi pHe PBMCs terhadap stres oksidatif dan viabilitas serta kaitannya dengan ekspresi mRNA CA9 dan HIF-1alfa.Metode: PBMC dikultur dengan berbagai pH medium selama 24, 48, dan 72 jam. pH medium kultur diatur menjadi pH 7,4, 7,2, 7,0, dan 6,6 menggunakan 0,01 HCl. Viabilitas sel dihitung menggunakan Trypan blue. Kadar ROS diukur menggunakan DHE dan DCFH-DA probes. Ekspresi mRNA HIF-1alfa, CA9, dan MnSOD dianalisis menggunakan qRT-PCR. Aktivitas spesifik MnSOD dianalisis menggunakan RanSOD Kit dan aktivitas CAT juga dianalisis. Konsentrasi MDA diukur menggunaan metode Wills.Hasil: pHe meningkat secara bertahap pada waktu inkubasi 24, 48, dan 72 jam. Kadar ROS dan ekspresi mRNA HIF-1alfa, CA9, dan MnSOD meningkat, sementara aktivitas MnSOD menurun dan CAT meningkat. Konsentrasi MDA meningkat dan berdampak pada penurunan viabilitas sel.Kesimpulan: Asidifikasi pHe PBMCs berdampak pada peningkatan stres oksidatif dan penurunan viabilitas sel. Selain itu, respons pada mRNA CA9 dan HIF-1alfa masih cukup baik.

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Background: The extracellular pH (pHe) needs to be maintained in normal cells to carry out cell functions properly. Changes in the cellular environment including acidification affect to cell physiology and induce cell death. However, studies about effect of pHe acidification on oxidative stress and its regulation are still limited. This study aimed to analyze the effect of pHe acidification of PBMCs on oxidative stress and cell viability with expressions of CA9 and HIF-1alpha mRNA.

Methods: PBMCs were cultured with various pH medium for 24-, 48-, and 72-h. The pH of culture medium was adjusted to pH 7.4, 7.2, 7.0, and 6.6 by using 0.01 M HCl. Cell viability was calculated using trypan blue. ROS levels was measured using DHE and DCFH-DA probes. HIF-1alpha, CA9, dan MnSOD mRNA expressions were analyzed using qRT-PCR. MnSOD spesific activity was analyzed using RanSOD Kit and CAT acitivity was analyzed. MDA concentration was measured by Wilss method.

Results: pHe increased gradually at 24-, 48-, and 72-h incubation. ROS levels and HIF-1alpha, CA9, MnSOD mRNA expressions were increased, while the MnSOD spesific activity decreased and CAT activity increased. MDA concentration incease and had an impact on decreasing cell viability.

Conclusions: pHe acidification increased oxidative stress levels and decreased cell viability. In additon, PBMCs had a response to of CA9 and HIF-1alpha mRNA."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh kondisi pengasaman air laut terhadap pola bioakumulasi radionuklida 137Cs pada Keong Macan (Babylonia spirata) menggunakan metode bioakumulasi model kompartemen tunggal melalui jalur air. Variasi yang digunakan adalah konsentrasi 137Cs, salinitas, dan pH yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi pengasaman air laut. Pada penelitian ini digunakan variasi konsentrasi 137Cs dengan kisaran 1, 2, 3, dan 4 Bq/L, salinitas dengan kisaran 23, 25, dan 27 ppt, dan pH dengan kisaran  7,5; 7,9; dan 8,3. Tahapan penelitian dimulai dari proses pengambilan sampel, aklimatisasi, bioakumulasi, dan eliminasi. Setiap hari seluruh hewan uji dianalisis menggunakan spektrometer gamma untuk memperoleh data kadar 137Cs selama proses bioakumulasi dan eliminasi. Kemampuan bioakumulasi 137Cs oleh B. spirata direpresentasikan dalam bentuk faktor konsentrasi (CF) dan konstanta laju pengambilan (Ku). Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, bioakumulasi 137Cs oleh B. spirata terjadi paling optimal pada kondisi konsentrasi 137Cs sebesar 3 Bq/mL, salinitas air laut 27 ppt dan pH senilai 8,3; sehingga  dapat disimpulkan bahwa fenomena pengasaman air laut tidak memberikan dampak terhadap kenaikan kemampuan bioakumulasi 137Cs oleh B. spirata.

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This research aims to investigate the impact of ocean acidification to the 137Cs radionuclide bioaccumulation in tiger snail (Babylonia spirata) using single compartment models through waterway, by varying the 137Cs concentration, water salinity, and pH to mimmick the ocean acidification condition. In this research, the concentration of 137Cs varied from 1, 2, 3 to 4 Bq/L, water salinity varied from 23, 25 and 27 ppt, and the pH ranged of 7.5, 7.9, and 8.3. The stages of research start from the process of sampling, acclimatization, bioaccumulation, and elimination. All snails were analyzed daily using gamma spectrometer to obtain data on levels of 137Cs during the bioaccumulation and elimination process. The ability of bioaccumulation of 137Cs by B. spirata was represented by concentration factor (CF) and retrieval rate constants (Ku). The study showed that the bioaccumulation of 137Cs by B. spirata occurs most optimally at the condition of 137Cs concentration 3 Bq/mL, sea water salinity of 27 ppt, and pH valued at 8.3. It can be concluded that the phenomenon of ocean acidification does not have an impact on the increase in the ability of bioaccumulation of 137Cs by B. spirata."

"Nowadays the use of over the counter (OTC) bleaching material become more popular. The most common composition of this OTC material is mainly carbamide peroxyde and hydrogen peroxyde in various concentration. There many methods for using carbamide peroxyde as bleaching material, such as spray, gel tray or applicable solution, etc. According to the using methods, the possibility contamination between the material and oral mucous membrane is very high. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of 2% carbamide peroxyde solution on oral mucous membrane. Materials and method : 30 rats of wistar strain divided to 2 groups, the control group consist of 10 rats, and experimental group of 20 rats. The animal of control group received application on their labial vestibulum with aquadest, while for the experimental group applicated with 2% carbamide peroxyde solution. The applications were done for 1 minute, 3 times daily with 10 minutes interval periods. 5 rats of the control group and 10 of the experimental group were killed by epidural anaesthetic after 1 day application. The rest animals were killed after 3 days application. Inferior labia then taken as the specimen, fixated using formaldehyde and processed for microscopic slides stained with HE. Microscopic analyze were done using modified inflammation scoring system developed by Eda & Fukuyama. Statistical analyze shows that there are significant differences of the experimental group inflammation compare to control group, both for 1 day and 3 days application. However there are no differences of oral mucous inflammation between 1 day and 3 days application for both control and experimental groups. Based on this research's result, it can be concluded that bleaching material contain carbamide peroxyde can caused oral mucous inflammation."

"Carbamide peroxide as a whitening agent for teeth is very popular because the use of this agent is easy and inexpensive. There are two kinds of concentrations, i.e. 10%-15% and 35%. The methods are home bleaching and in office bleaching. For home bleaching, the duration of whitening application is 2-6 weeks, each day for 8 hours, whilst for in office leaching, two hour application will be required. Whitening efficacy might be increased up to 2-5 levels and the color may sustain for 1-3 years, and this treatment could be reapplied. There is an effect on pulp system, but the effect is reversible, i.e. sensitivity which could be treated with flouridation or application of potassium nitrate. The side affects on gingiva include inflammation which is caused by the buffer and is only temporary. Bleaching is safe to be use the result will be satisfying if proper procedure is followed."

"ABSTRAKPengasaman air laut di alam adalah salah satu fenomena akibat adanya perubahan iklim. Kebanyakan eksperimen pengasaman air laut dilakukan di laboratorium dengan sistem yang cukup sederhana. Pada penelitian ini, air laut di dalam akuarium akan di berikan gas CO2 melalui katup jarum yang dikendalikan oleh stepper motor menggunakan kendali sistem Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID). Akuarium akan dilengkapi pengaduk untuk mempercepat homogenitas sistem serta sensor pH untuk memantau perubahan pH pada sistem akuarium. Arduino sebagai sistem kontrol akan bertugas untukmenggendalikan stepper motor, menjaga pH pada sistem akuarium sesuai set point serta membaca dan merekam perubahan yang terjadi pada sistem akuarium. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan sistem mampu meraih setpoint dan menjaga nilai pH sebesar 6,9 ± 0,2. Dari hasil penelitian ini, sistem sangat cocok dilakukan untuk penelitian yang memiliki waktu yang panjang.

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ABSTRACTOcean acidification is one of the phenomena caused by climate change in the world. Most Ocean Acidification (OA) experiment is carried out in a laboratory by creating a simple system. In this research, the sea water in tank given CO2 gas which is regulated using a needle vale that driven by stepper motors using Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) system. This tank is equipped with stirrer to accelerate the homogeneous system and pH sensor to monitor pH changes. Arduino as a system kontrol is tasked to regulate stepper motors, keeping the pH value as appropriate set point and reading while recording the changes occurring on the tank. The results of this research show that the system can reach a set point and maintain it with a pH range of 6,9 ± 0.2. Of the research results can also be concluded this system is very suitable for long-term research."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Special Edition KPPIKG XIV: 368-373Tooth bleaching has become a popular treatment for esthetic improvement in dentistry. There are several 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agents that are available in Indonesia which contained potasium nitrate-flouride or without potasium nitrate-flouride. However, there was no clinical report about these products in Indonesia. This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of two bleaching and sensitivity of tooth and gingiva. Sixty-four participants were divided into 2 groups. The first group was treated with bleaching agent that contained potasium nitrate-flouride (Opalescence PF, Ultradent) and the second group with bleaching agent without potasium nitrate-flouride (Vivastyle, Ivoclar Vivadent). Bleaching treatment was done for 6-8 hours per night over a 2 week-period. Evaluations were performed at baseline and at 3, 7, 14 day afterwards. Color change was measured using a value-ordered Vita classic shade guide; tooth and gingival sensivity were examined using Electric Pulp Tester, Gingival Index and a patient log. The results showed that there were no statistical difference in degree of color change between the two products. The mean color change after 2 weeks was 7-8 tabs lighter than baseline. Also there was no statistical difference in tooth and gingival sensitivity between the products. It can be concluded that 10% carbamide peroxide containing potasium nitrate-flouride has the same effectiveness compared to other agent without potasium nitrate-flouride for tooth color change and tooth and gingival sensitivity."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 254-259There are two basic kinds of tooth whitening agents. The first is over the counter materials and the other is materials used by the dentist or under dentist control. Home bleaching is a technique using l0% carbamide peroxide on a tray applied by patient under dentist supervision. This paper is a review of the effect of 10 % carbamid peroxide home bleaching technique. It is revealed that this metode is simple, safe, economic, and has short chiar side time."