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"Keberadaan WNA di Indonesia tidak lepas dari keinginan untuk memiliki aset atau harta benda yang sekiranya dapat menjadi sebuah investasi bagi kepentingan kehidupannya. Salah satu di antaranya, WNA seringkali berkeinginan untuk memiliki aset atas kepemilikan saham dan tanah di Indonesia. WNA dalam hal keinginan untuk memiliki aset atas kepemilikan saham atau hak milik atas tanah di Indonesia tersebut mendasari terjadinya pelaksanaan perjanjian pinjam nama di antara WNA dan WNI. WNI sebagai pihak nominee yang meminjamkan nama nya dan bertindak sebagai legal owner akan suatu objek yang sesungguhnya merupakan milik WNA yang memiliki keterbatasan kedudukan di mata hukum. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif analitis dengan metode pendekatan yuridis normatif berdasarkan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian kepustakaan dan data primer. Dalam skripsi ini, terdapat 3 (tiga) kasus yang dibahas yang berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan perjanjian pinjam nama sebagai bentuk penyelundupan hukum di Indonesia. Dalam ketiga kasus tersebut, digambarkan secara nyata terkait pelaksanaan perjanjian pinjam nama yang tidak bersesuaian dengan syarat sah suatu perjanjian sesuai yang ditentukan dalam KUHPerdata dan dilaksanakan dengan bertentangan dengan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku dalam UUPA, UUPM, maupun UUPT sehingga dinyatakan sebagai suatu penyelundupan hukum untuk melampaui ketentuan yang berlaku. Pertimbangan Hakim dalam ketiga putusan tersebut, telah menyatakan dengan jelas terkait pelaksanaan perjanjian pinjam nama yang tidak sah dan tidak diakui oleh hukum sehingga perjanjian tersebut selayaknya dinyatakan batal demi hukum dan dianggap tidak pernah ada sebelumnya. Selain itu, Majelis Hakim dalam ketiga putusan tersebut, sepakat dan berkesesuaian menyatakan bahwa perjanjian pinjam nama merupakan bentuk penyelundupan hukum di Indonesia. Melalui penulisan ini akan diberikan gambaran secara nyata dan terang terkait pelaksanaan perjanjian pinjam nama yang tidak diakui legalitasnya di mata hukum dan dinyatakan sebagai sebagai bentuk penyelundupan hukum yang mana apabila terjadi suatu sengketa di kemudian hari, tidak terdapat suatu kepastian hukum bagi para pihaknya dalam mencapai suatu asas keadilan.

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The existence of foreign nationals in Indonesia cannot be separated from the desire to have assets or property that can be an investment for the interests of their lives. One of them, foreign nationals often want to have assets in the form of share ownership and land in Indonesia. Foreign nationals in terms of the desire to have assets in the form of share ownership or land ownership rights in Indonesia underlie the implementation of a name loan agreement between foreign nationals and Indonesian citizens. Indonesian citizens as nominees who lend their names and act as legal owners of an object that actually belongs to foreign nationals who have limited legal standing. This research is descriptive analytical with a normative legal approach method based on secondary data obtained from the results of library research and primary data. In this thesis, there are 3 (three) cases discussed that are related to the implementation of a name loan agreement as a form of legal smuggling in Indonesia. In the three cases, it is clearly described regarding the implementation of a name borrowing agreement that does not comply with the legal requirements of an agreement as stipulated in the Civil Code and is implemented in conflict with the applicable legal provisions in the UUPA, UUPM, and UUPT so that it is declared as a legal smuggling to exceed the applicable provisions. The Judge's considerations in the three decisions have clearly stated regarding the implementation of a name borrowing agreement that is invalid and not recognized by law so that the agreement should be declared null and void and considered never to have existed before. In addition, the Panel of Judges in the three decisions agreed and agreed to state that the name borrowing agreement is a form of legal smuggling in Indonesia. Through this writing, a clear and real picture will be provided regarding the implementation of a name borrowing agreement whose legality is not recognized in the eyes of the law and is declared as a form of legal smuggling where if a dispute occurs in the future, there is no legal certainty for the parties in achieving a principle of justice."

"ABSTRACTTanah merupakan salah satu sumber daya alam yang dikuasai oleh negara dengan tujuan untuk mewujudkan kesejahteraan dan kemakmuran bagi seluruh rakyat. Pemerintah menerapkan pembatasan terhadap kepemilikan tanah di Indonesia. Pemerintah melarang badan hukum memiliki hak milik atas tanah, kecuali badan hukum yang dinyatakan oleh peraturan pemerintah. Dalam transaksi yang terkait dengan pertanahan, tidak jarang dijumpai badan hukum yang tidak ditunjuk Pemerintah yang mengupayakan agar dapat memperoleh tanah dengan status hak milik dengan mekanisme perjanjian pinjam nama nominee . Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptis analitis dengan metode pendekatan yuridis normatif berdasarkan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian kepustakaan dan data primer. Pada kasus yang dibahas, kedua putusan menyatakan bahwa pemilik sesungguhnya dari tanah dan bangunan adalah pihak penggugat yang merupakan badan hukum berbentuk Perseoan Terbatas dan atau Yayasan. Dalam putusan, diketahui Majelis Hakim tidak mempertimbangan perjanjian nominee yang dibuat penggugat dengan tergugat sebagai upaya penyelundupan hukum tetapi menjadikannya dasar bahwa tanah dan bangunan sebenarnya adalah milik penggugat. Padahal perjanjian nominee tersebut apabila diuraikan berdasarkan syarat-syarat sah suatu perjanjian, maka perjanjian tersebut tidak memenuhi syarat ldquo;suatu sebab yang halal rdquo;. Hal ini karena perjanjian nominee tersebut melanggar Pasal 21 ayat 2 jo Pasal 1 ayat 1 PP No 38 Tahun 1963 dan Pasal 26 ayat 2 UUPA. Sehingga seharusnya perjanjian nominee tersebut menjadi batal demi hukum karena melanggar hukum. Akan tetapi, didalam kedua putusan Majelis Hakim mengakui keabsahan perjanjian nominee tersebut. Oleh karena itu, putusan ini merupakan suatu penemuan hukum dimana Majelis Hakim mengakui keabsahan perjanjian nominee yang dibuat oleh badan hukum.

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ABSTRACTLand is one of the natural resources which the state controls with the aim of realize prosperity and prosperity for all people. The government imposed restrictions on the ownership of land in Indonesia. The government banned legal entities to have rights upon land, except for those entitled by the government regulation. In transactions related to lands, it is not a rare sight to see legal entities which are not appointed by the government seeking to acquire the status of land ownership with the mechanism of Declaration of Trust Nominee Agreement . This research is descriptive analytical with a normative juridical approach based on secondary data obtained from the literature research and primary data. In the discussed cases, both verdicts stated that the true owner of the land and buildings were the plaintiffs which are legal entities in the form of a Limited Company or Foundation. In the verdict, the judges did not take into consideration the nominee agreement which was in fact created by the plaintiff and defendant as an attempt of penyelundupan hukum, but made it as the basis that the land and buildings are actually owned by the plaintiff. Whereas if the nominee agreement is broken down into the terms outlined by the agreement principles, then the said agreement does not qualify a cause that is halal . This is because the nominee agreement violates Article 21 paragraph 2 in conjunction with Article 1 1 of Government Regulation No. 38 of 1963 and Article 26 paragraph 2 of UUPA Basic Agrarian Law Act . So that the nominee agreement should become null and void because it clearly violates the law. However, in both verdicts the judges recognized the validity of the nominee agreement. Therefore, this decision is a legal discovery where the judges recognize the validity of a nominee agreement made by a legal entity."

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui mengenai perjanjian nominee dalam ketentuan hukum penanaman modal di Indonesia. Perjanjian nominee cenderung digunakan sebagai sarana untuk melakukan penyelundupan hukum. Dikarenakan pihak yang berkepentingan langsung tidak memiliki hak atau kewenangan untuk menikmati atau mendapatkan sesuatu karena ada larangan secara hukum. Penelitian ini bersifat kepustakaan dengan metode yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian normatif. Dimana dalam penelitian ini akan digunakan pendekatan undang-undang dan pendekatan kasus. Adapun berdasarkan uraian latar belakang, perumusan masalah dan tujuan penelitian serta berdasarkan hasil analisis dalam penelitian dapat dikemukakan kesimpulan bahwa terdapat peraturan yang melarang praktek perjanjin nominee di ketentuan Pasal 33 ayat (1) dan ayat (2) Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2007. Akibat hukumnya jika dibuat perjanjian tersebut adalah batal demi hukum. Sedangkan jika berdasarkan ketentuan penanaman modal yang lama, yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1967 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1968, memang belum diatur ketentuannya. Namun, pada dasarnya Perjanjian Nominee sebagai salah satu bentuk dari Perjanjian Innominaat harus tunduk pada ketentuan-ketentuan dalam Buku III KUHPerdata termasuk asas-asas yang terkandung di dalam KUHPerdata yang berkaitan dengan Hukum Perjanjian.

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The purpose of this thesis was to determine the nominee agreement in the legal provisions of capital investment in Indonesia. Nominee agreements tend to be used as a means of smuggling law. Due to the direct parties have no right or power to receive something because of some restrictions by law. This research is a based on literature, with normative research methode applied. Which in this research will be used statutes approach and case approach. As describe by the background, problem formulation, research purpose and analysis of this research, it is conclude that there are regulations that prohibit the practice of nominee agreement on the provisions of Article 33 paragraph (1) and (2) of Law No. 25 of 2007. So, with that regulation, any agreement contained the nominee share clause will be null and void. Meanwhile, under the terms of past investment, which regulated in Law No. 1 of 1967 and Law No. 6 of 1968, is not yet regulated. However, basically Nominee Agreement is one of Innominaat Agreement forms which is not specificly and explicitly regulated. Though in practise Innominaat Agreement should be in accordance to the provisions of Book III of Indonesia Civil Law including its principles which related to Agreement Law."

"Larangan untuk orang asing mempunyai hak milik atas tanah sudah diatur secara tegas pada berbagai pasal dalam Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria (UUPA). Namun, masih banyak orang asing yang berusaha mempunyai tanah dengan hak milik. Mereka mengesampingkan larangan dalam UUPA tersebut dengan melakukan praktik nominee arrangement, yakni membuat seperangkat perjanjian antara warga negara Indonesia dengan orang asing yang memberikan orang asing kewenangan untuk melakukan segala perbuatan hukum terhadap tanah. Praktik semacam ini sebagaimana dapat dilihat dalam 5 (lima) putusan yang menjadi bahan analisis, yakni putusan antara Karpika Wati melawan Alain Maurice Pons dan Eddy Nyoman Winarta, S.H. (PN Denpasar, 2014), Dodi Usman melawan dr. Marc van Loo, Notaris H. Abdul Rahman, S.H., Elias Ola Perlolon (PN Tanjung Pinang, 2020), Louise Marie France Sumadi melawan Desak Nyoman Karmini, PT Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Padma, Alfred Victor Weiss, Notaris Ida Ayu Trisna Winarti Kusuma, S.H., Kementerian Agraria dan Tata Ruang/Badan Pertanahan Nasional Kabupaten Badung, dan Kho Tjauw Tiam (PN Denpasar, 2020), Lambertus Hugo Johannes Maria Pruest melawan Shinta Purnamawati (PN Depok, 2019), serta putusan antara Antoni Suyanto melawan Marcus Lerijen dan Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Lombok Barat (PN Mataram, 2017). Praktik ini menimbulkan persoalan Hukum Perdata Internasional (HPI) akibat adanya unsur asing. Prof. Maria Sumardjono dan Prof. Sudargo Gautama menyebut praktik terkait sebagai penyelundupan hukum. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis-normatif, diadakanlah penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana praktik ini dilakukan di Indonesia beserta aspek-aspek HPI yang ada di dalamnya. Selain itu, untuk mengidentifikasi bidang hukum apa yang terjadi dalam penyelundupan hukum yang dimaksud kedua ahli tersebut.

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The prohibition for foreigners having the right of land ownership has been strictly regulated in various articles in Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Agrarian Principles (UUPA). However, there are still many foreigners who try to have land with ownership rights. They overrule the mentioned prohibition in UUPA by carrying out the practice of a nominee arrangement, namely making a set of agreements with Indonesian citizens that give foreigners the authority to take all legal actions upon the related land. This kind of practice can be seen in 5 (five) decisions which become the analysis materials, namely the decisions between Karpika Wati against Alain Maurice Pons and Eddy Nyoman Winarta, S.H. (Denpasar District Court, 2014), Dodi Usman against dr. Marc van Loo, Notary H. Abdul Rahman, S.H., Elias Ola Perlolon (Tanjung Pinang District Court, 2020), Louise Marie France Sumadi against Desak Nyoman Karmini, PT Bank Perkreditan Rakyat Padma, Alfred Victor Weiss, Notary Ida Ayu Trisna Winarti Kusuma, S.H. , Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency for Badung Regency, and Kho Tjauw Tiam (Denpasar District Court, 2020), Lambertus Hugo Johannes Maria Pruest against Shinta Purnamawati (Depok District Court, 2019), as well as the decision between Antoni Suyanto against Marcus Lerijen and the Land Office West Lombok Regency (PN Mataram, 2017). This practice gives rise to a Private International Law (PIL) issue due to the presence of foreign elements. Prof. Maria Sumardjono and Prof. Sudargo Gautama called the related practice as a legal smuggling. Based on this background, using the juridical-normative research method, this paper is conducted which aims to analyze how this practice is carried out in Indonesia and the PIL aspects contained therein. In addition to that, to identify what field of law occurs in the legal smuggling referred to by the two experts."

"[ABSTRAKPropinsi Bali merupakan wilayah Indonesia yang jumlah wisatawan yang datangke kian mengingkat setiap tahunnya. Hal ini menyebabkan banyak orang baik warganegara Indonesia dan orang asing tertarik untuk tinggal atau membuka usaha di Bali.Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria menyatakan bahwa hanya warga negara Indonesia yangberhak untuk memiliki tanah. Sementara itu, orang asing diberi hak untuk menempatilahan di Indonesia dengan hak pakai dan hak sewa atas bangunan. Tetapi padakenyataannya banyak orang asing menggunakan perjanjian pinjam nama untukmenempati lahan di Bali dalam jangka waktu yang mereka inginkan. Perjanjian sewamenyewa digunakan sebagai upaya untuk menutupi keberadaan perjanjian dapat dianggapsebagai perjanjian pinjam nama sehingga perjanjian sewa menyewa merupakan suatuupaya penyelundupan hukum. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif,untuk memperoleh data yang dikehendaki penelitian ini dengan melakukan telaah bahanpustaka atau data sekunder. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa rangkaian perjanjianpinjam nama antara lain surat pernyataan, perjanjian sewa menyewa, surat kuasamengelola, surat kuasa menjual dan perjanjian perpanjangan sewa. Pada saat orang asingdatang kepada notaris untuk dibuatkan akta otentik sebaiknya notaris lebih teliti danseksama sehingga apabila terdapat indikasi pembuatan akta otentik dapat menyalahiaturan hukum maka notaris dapat memberi penyuluhan hukum. Dalam menjalankannyajabatannya seorang notaris itu harus bertindak amanah, jujur dan seksama karena notariswajib menjaga kepercayaan masyarakat dan negara dengan baik.

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ABSTRACTBali Province is a major area of Indonesia tourism so that the number of touristswho come to Bali is increasingly every year. This leads to a lot of people both Indonesiancitizens and foreigners keen to stay or open a business in Bali. Basic Agrarian Law statesthat only Indonesian citizens who have the right to own land. Meanwhile, foreigners weregiven the right to occupy land in Indonesia with the right to use and leases on buildings.But in fact many foreigners use nominee agreement and loan agreement to occupy land inBali in the time period they want. The content of Indonesian citizen who appointed to bea nominee states that the true owner of the land is the foreigner because the money sheused for the purchase of land was belongs to the foreigner. Lease agreement is used as anattempt to cover up the existence of the agreement can be considered as a loan agreementso that the name of the lease agreement is a legal smuggling attempt. This study usesnormative juridical, to obtain the desired data of this study by conducting research librarymaterials or secondary data. The analysis showed that a series of loan agreements includea statement of the name, lease agreement, power of attorney to manage, power of attorneyto sell and lease extension agreement. By the time a foreigner came to the notary for thenotary should be made authentic act more carefully and thoroughly so that if there areindications of an authentic deed may violate the rule of law, the notary can provide legalcounseling. A notary should act trustworthy, honest and thorough, as notaries are requiredto maintain public confidence and the country well.;Bali Province is a major area of Indonesia tourism so that the number of touristswho come to Bali is increasingly every year. This leads to a lot of people both Indonesiancitizens and foreigners keen to stay or open a business in Bali. Basic Agrarian Law statesthat only Indonesian citizens who have the right to own land. Meanwhile, foreigners weregiven the right to occupy land in Indonesia with the right to use and leases on buildings.But in fact many foreigners use nominee agreement and loan agreement to occupy land inBali in the time period they want. The content of Indonesian citizen who appointed to bea nominee states that the true owner of the land is the foreigner because the money sheused for the purchase of land was belongs to the foreigner. Lease agreement is used as anattempt to cover up the existence of the agreement can be considered as a loan agreementso that the name of the lease agreement is a legal smuggling attempt. This study usesnormative juridical, to obtain the desired data of this study by conducting research librarymaterials or secondary data. The analysis showed that a series of loan agreements includea statement of the name, lease agreement, power of attorney to manage, power of attorneyto sell and lease extension agreement. By the time a foreigner came to the notary for thenotary should be made authentic act more carefully and thoroughly so that if there areindications of an authentic deed may violate the rule of law, the notary can provide legalcounseling. A notary should act trustworthy, honest and thorough, as notaries are requiredto maintain public confidence and the country well.;Bali Province is a major area of Indonesia tourism so that the number of touristswho come to Bali is increasingly every year. This leads to a lot of people both Indonesiancitizens and foreigners keen to stay or open a business in Bali. Basic Agrarian Law statesthat only Indonesian citizens who have the right to own land. Meanwhile, foreigners weregiven the right to occupy land in Indonesia with the right to use and leases on buildings.But in fact many foreigners use nominee agreement and loan agreement to occupy land inBali in the time period they want. The content of Indonesian citizen who appointed to bea nominee states that the true owner of the land is the foreigner because the money sheused for the purchase of land was belongs to the foreigner. Lease agreement is used as anattempt to cover up the existence of the agreement can be considered as a loan agreementso that the name of the lease agreement is a legal smuggling attempt. This study usesnormative juridical, to obtain the desired data of this study by conducting research librarymaterials or secondary data. The analysis showed that a series of loan agreements includea statement of the name, lease agreement, power of attorney to manage, power of attorneyto sell and lease extension agreement. By the time a foreigner came to the notary for thenotary should be made authentic act more carefully and thoroughly so that if there areindications of an authentic deed may violate the rule of law, the notary can provide legalcounseling. A notary should act trustworthy, honest and thorough, as notaries are requiredto maintain public confidence and the country well., Bali Province is a major area of Indonesia tourism so that the number of touristswho come to Bali is increasingly every year. This leads to a lot of people both Indonesiancitizens and foreigners keen to stay or open a business in Bali. Basic Agrarian Law statesthat only Indonesian citizens who have the right to own land. Meanwhile, foreigners weregiven the right to occupy land in Indonesia with the right to use and leases on buildings.But in fact many foreigners use nominee agreement and loan agreement to occupy land inBali in the time period they want. The content of Indonesian citizen who appointed to bea nominee states that the true owner of the land is the foreigner because the money sheused for the purchase of land was belongs to the foreigner. Lease agreement is used as anattempt to cover up the existence of the agreement can be considered as a loan agreementso that the name of the lease agreement is a legal smuggling attempt. This study usesnormative juridical, to obtain the desired data of this study by conducting research librarymaterials or secondary data. The analysis showed that a series of loan agreements includea statement of the name, lease agreement, power of attorney to manage, power of attorneyto sell and lease extension agreement. By the time a foreigner came to the notary for thenotary should be made authentic act more carefully and thoroughly so that if there areindications of an authentic deed may violate the rule of law, the notary can provide legalcounseling. A notary should act trustworthy, honest and thorough, as notaries are requiredto maintain public confidence and the country well.]"

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas mengenai perlindungan hukum terhadap pekerja berdasarkan pada perjanjian kerjanya, dengan studi kasus pada pekerja pada PT. X. Penelitian hukum yang dilakukan berbentuk penelitian Yuridis-Normatif dengan studi kepustakaan dan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum tertulis dan kepustakaan. Metode penelitian ini digunakan untuk menjawab suatu permasalahan hukum yaitu bagaimana perlindungan hukum bagi pekerja/buruh. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyarankan agar perlindungan hukum dari perjanjian kerja pada PT. X perlu ditingkatkan, salah satunya dengan cara meningkatkan bentuk pengawasan terhadap perjanjian kerja terutama pada Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu (PKWT). Pengawasan ini dapat berupa tindakan preventif dan juga represif rehabilitatif.

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ABSTRACTThe focus of this study is to describe the legal protection for labours based on his agreement, especially labours in PT. X. Legal research conducted in the form of a juridical-normative research with the literature study. Legal research conducted in the form of normative and legal research methods in writing and literature. This research method is used to address a legal problem, namely how the legal protection for workers / laborers who are in employment contracts, especially in PT. X. The results of this study suggest that the legal protection of a work agreement at PT. X needs to be improved, one way to improve the supervision of the employment agreement form, especially in the Employment Agreement Specific Time (PKWT). This oversight can be preventive and rehabilitative repressive."

"Penelitian ini difokuskan mengenai bagaimana kepemilikan hak atas tanah oleh perseroan terbatas berdasarkan perjanjian pinjam nama yang dituangkan dalam bentuk akta pernyataan, dan akibat hukum dari akta pernyataan yang mengandung perjanjian pinjam nama terhadap akta jual beli tanah yang dibuat sebelumnya. Penelitian ini berbentuk doktrinal, yang dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data melalui studi dokumen, dan selanjutnya dianalisis secara kualitatif. Dalam Putusan Pengadilan Tinggi Samarinda Nomor 153/Pdt/2022/Pt Smr., perjanjian pinjam nama digunakan oleh PT DM untuk memungkinkan pihaknya untuk dapat secara tidak langsung menjadi pemilik dari tanah hak milik, serta untuk menghindari pajak. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa: 1) Kepemilikan hak atas tanah oleh perseroan terbatas berdasarkan perjanjian pinjam nama yang dituangkan dalam bentuk akta pernyataan adalah tidak sah; dan 2) Akibat hukum dari akta pernyataan yang mengandung perjanjian pinjam nama terhadap akta jual beli hak atas tanah yang dibuat sebelumnya adalah mengakibatkan tidak terpenuhinya syarat subjektif dan objektif sahnya perjanjian yang diatur dalam Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata, sehingga akta jual beli tersebut seharusnya batal demi hukum.

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This research focuses on the ownership of land rights by limited liability company based on a nominee agreement stated in the form of deed of statement, and the legal consequences of said deed of statement on the land sale and purchase deed made previously. This research is doctrinal, which was carried out by collecting datas through document study, which was then analyzed qualitatively. In the Samarinda High Court Decision Number 153/Pdt/2022/Pt Smr., a nominee agreement set out in the form of a deed of statement was used by PT DM to be able to indirectly own land ownership rights, as well as to avoid taxes. This research concluded that: 1) Ownership of land rights by a limited liability company based on a nominee agreement stated in the form of a deed of statement is invalid; and 2) The legal consequences of the deed of statement containing nominee agreement on the deed of sale and purchase of land rights previously made are that the subjective and objective conditions for the validity of the agreement as regulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code are not fulfilled, resulting in the deed of sale and purchase to be null and void."

"Tugas Karya Akhir ini menganalisis kerjasama Indonesia dan Malaysia yaitu, Patroli Terkoordinasi Kastam Indonesia Malaysia (Patkor Kastima) sebagai sebuah kebijakan kriminal dan kemitraan berbentuk multi-agensi untuk menanggulangi penyelundupan di Selat Malaka yang melibatkan Direktorat Jenderal Bea dan Cukai dan Jabatan Kastam Diraja Malaysia.  Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk menilai implementasi kemitraan Patkor Kastima melalui data sharing and problem solving focus, communication and collocation, structure, experience, dan leadership sebagai faktor-faktor yang mendorong keberhasilan implementasi suatu kemitraan. Tulisan ini menemukan bahwa faktor-faktor tersebut mendorong keberhasilan kemitraan Direktorat Jenderal Bea dan Cukai dan Jabatan Kastam Diraja Malaysia dalam menanggulangi kejahatan penyelundupan di Selat Malaka.

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This thesis analyses the cooperation between Indonesia and Malaysia, namely Patroli Terkoordinasi Kastam Indonesia Malaysia (Patkor Kastima) as a criminal policy and multi-agency partnership to counter smuggling in the Malacca Strait involving Direktorat Jenderal Bea dan Cukai dan Jabatan Kastam Diraja Malaysia.  The purpose of this thesis to assess the implementation of Patkor Kastima  through data sharing and problem solving focus, communication and collocation, structure, experience, and leadership as factors that drive the successful implementation of a partnership. This thesis found that these factors led to the successful partnership of the Direktorat Jenderal Bea dan Cukai and Jabatan Kastam Diraja Malaysia  in dealing with smuggling crimes in the Malacca Strait.

 

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"Skripsi ini membahas anticipatory breach sebagai bentuk wanprestasi dalam perjanjian dengan fokus pada perbandingan hukum di Indonesia, Inggris, dan Singapura. Anticipatory breach adalah pelanggaran kontrak yang terjadi sebelum kewajiban kontraktual jatuh tempo atau dilanggar secara aktual, memberikan pihak yang dirugikan hak untuk segera mengambil tindakan hukum. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis-normatif, yang melakukan analisis terhadap peraturan perundang-undangan, putusan pengadilan, serta literatur hukum terkait. Di Indonesia, anticipatory breach belum diatur secara eksplisit dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (KUHPerdata), yang mensyaratkan wanprestasi hanya dapat terjadi setelah kewajiban jatuh tempo. Sebaliknya, Singapura dan Inggris, yang menganut sistem common law, mengakui anticipatory breach sebagai prinsip hukum, memungkinkan pihak yang dirugikan untuk mengajukan tuntutan lebih awal. Penelitian ini menganalisis putusan pengadilan terkait di ketiga yurisdiksi untuk mengeksaminasi penerapan doktrin ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa anticipatory breach telah sejak lama diterapkan di Inggris dan Singapura dan memberikan perlindungan lebih baik kepada pihak yang dirugikan dibandingkan sistem hukum Indonesia. Namun, adaptasi prinsip ini ke dalam hukum Indonesia terhambat karena keberadaan pasal 1238 jo. pasal 1243 jo. pasal 1269 KUHPerdata. Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi untuk menerapkan doktrin anticipatory breach dalam sistem hukum Indonesia guna mendukung perkembangan penyelesaian sengketa perjanjian yang semakin modern.

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This thesis examines anticipatory breach as a form of default in contracts, focusing on a comparative legal study between Indonesia, England, and Singapore. Anticipatory breach refers to a contractual violation that occurs before the contractual obligations are due or breached in actuality, granting the aggrieved party the right to take immediate legal action. This study employs a normative-juridical research method, analyzing legislation, court decisions, and relevant legal literature. In Indonesia, anticipatory breach is not explicitly regulated in the Indonesian Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata or KUHPerdata), which requires default to occur only after the obligation becomes due. In contrast, Singapore and England, which adhere to the common law system, recognize anticipatory breach as a legal principle, enabling the aggrieved party to file claims earlier. This research analyzes court decisions in the three jurisdictions to examine the application of this doctrine. The findings reveal that anticipatory breach has long been implemented in England and Singapore, offering better protection to the aggrieved parties compared to Indonesia’s legal system. However, the adaptation of this principle into Indonesian law faces challenges due to the provisions of Articles 1238, 1243, and 1269 of the Civil Code. This study provides recommendations to adopt the doctrine of anticipatory breach into the Indonesian legal system to support the evolving resolution of contractual disputes in modern times."