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"This article reports on the gubernatorial elections, by-elections, and party leadership elections held during the calendar year 1999. Many of the elections were fascinating but few offered any clear lessons about the future of Japanese democracy or even the outcome of the forthcoming general election. The key to many was the position taken by Komei and the behavior of its voters."

"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa bagaimana pola electoral engagement dan realisasi politik programatik yang dilakukan Koalisi Buruh Jakarta (KBJ) dengan Anies R Baswedan-Sandiaga Uno pada saat dan sesudah pemilihan Gubernur DKI Jakarta tahun 2017. Analisis penulis membuktikan bahwa adanya policy broker, kesamaan program-program antara kontrak politik buruh dan kandidat serta kolaborasi dan konsolidasi yang sistemik lintas federasi/serikat merupakan faktor-faktor pendukung terjadinya kontrak politik antara KBJ dan pasangan kandidat. Kandidat menjanjikan realisasi program-program kontrak politik yang telah disepakati apabila terpilih, sedangkan KBJ bersedia menjadi mesin politik kandidat yang otonom selama pemilihan kepala daerah di Jakarta berlangsung. Setelah kandidat terpilih, realisasi kontrak politik didistribusikan secara kolaboratif oleh kelompok buruh dan Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta. Distribusi politik tidak hanya ditujukan kepada para pekerja yang mendukung kandidat, namun juga para pekerja yang tidak mendukung kandidat serta kelompok lain di luar kelompok buruh. Penelitian ini berargumen bahwa kontrak politik yang identik dengan pertukaran yang partikularistik antara kandidat dan pemilih dalam politik kontemporer di Indonesia tidak terjadi di studi kasus ini, sedangkan distribusi politik secara programatik efektif dilakukan oleh kelompok buruh di tengah fregmentasi politik lintas federasi dan reformasi elektoral di Indonesia.

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The purpose of this research is to analyze how the pattern of electoral engagement and the realization of programmatic politics carried out by the Koalisi Buruh Jakarta (KBJ) and Anies R Baswedan-Sandiaga Uno during and after the Jakarta Gubernatorial Election in 2017. The author’s analysis reveals that the existence of a policy broker, parallel programs and political contract between labor and candidate as well as systemic collaboration and consolidation across federations/unions were all supporting factors for the occurrence of political contracts between KBJ and pairs of candidate. Candidates promised the realization of political contract programs if elected, while KBJ was willing to become an autonomous political machine for candidates during the gubernatorial election in Jakarta. After the candidates were elected, the realization of the political contract is distributed collaboratively by the Unions-Regional Government of DKI Jakarta. Political distribution is not only directed to the workers which supported candidates, but also those who did not support candidates as well as other groups outside the worker groups. This research argues that political contract that is tantamount with particularistic exchanges between candidates-voters in Indonesian contemporary politics do not occur in this case study while programmatic political distribution carried out by KBJ was effective in the midst of cross-federation political fragmentation and electoral reform in Indonesia."

"This book about important political events in Indonesian history, the elections held in 1955. To the social scientist desirous of knowing more about the nature of post-revolutionary Indonesian society, the accuracy and power of the party and the parliament with more quality representative. The material on which this interim report is based was collected by the Indonesian Ministry of Information between1951 and 1953 and between 1954 and 1956. Accurate of party strength and parliament with a more representative quality. "

"Too often, elections around the globe are, unfortunately, deeply flawed or even fail. What triggers these problems? In this second volume of her trilogy on electoral integrity, Pippa Norris compares structural, international, and institutional accounts as alternative perspectives to explain why elections fail to meet international standards. The book argues that rules preventing political actors from manipulating electoral governance are needed to secure integrity, although at the same time officials also need sufficient resources and capacities to manage elections effectively. Drawing on new evidence, the study determines the most effective types of strategies for strengthening the quality of electoral governance around the world. With a global perspective, this book provides fresh insights into these major issues at the heart of the study of elections and voting behavior, comparative politics, democracy and democratization, political culture, democratic governance, public policymaking, development, international relations and conflict studies, and processes of regime change."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai faktor keuntungan yang didapatkan oleh Rahmat Effendi sebagai petahana dalam Pilkada Kota Bekasi tahun 2018. Rahmat Effendi mendapatkan faktor keuntungan sebagai petahan, diantaranya adalah pro incumbent endorser bias, lalu campaign discount, dan district partisan bias. Dalam Pilkada Kota Bekasi tahun 2018, terdapat dua pasang calon yang maju. Diantaranya adalah Rahmat Effendi-Tri Ardhianto dan Nur Supriyanto-Adhy Firdaus. Rahmat Effendi sebagai petahana mendapatkan keuntungan yang jauh lebih besar dari penantangnya dalam Pilkada Kota Bekasi tahun 2018, sehingga Rahmat Effendi dapat memenangkan Pilkada Kota Bekasi tahun 2018. Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah metode kualitatif yang dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam.

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This thesis discusses the profit factors obtained by Rahmat Effendi as incumbents in the Bekasi City Election in 2018. Rahmat Effendi gets a profit factor as a defense, including the pro incumbent endorser bias, then a discount campaign, and a biased district partisan. In the Bekasi City Election in 2018, there are two pairs of candidates who advance. Among them are Rahmat Effendi-Tri Ardhianto and Nur Supriyanto-Adhy Firdaus. Rahmat Effendi as a incumbent benefits far more than the challenger in the Bekasi City Election in 2018, so Rahmat Effendi can win the Bekasi City Election in 2018. The method used in this thesis is a qualitative method carried out by in-depth interviews."