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"The study involves the application of Vector Error Correction Models (VECM) to analyze macroeconomic dimension of fiscal policy on economic growth in Indonesia and Turkey. Furthermore, it attempts to depict the paths of fiscal policy and GDP evolution in the two economies by providing data for the period 1980-2022. It uses Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) tests and Johansen co-integration tests to check against the stationarity and the long-run relationships between fiscal policy variables and economic growth. The result of Granger causality analysis was used to address the two-way relationship between these variables. Data discloses that the fiscal policy of Indonesia does not significantly affects economic development directly, as Turkey’s case where government expenditure does have a positive relationship with economic growth in the short term. Despite the common unstable connection between government participation, government revenue and economic growth, there exists a long-term inimical correlation in both countries. The results of the study indicate the impact of fiscal policy as non-immediate measure is not effective with regards to Indonesia economic growth. This calls attention to the role of resource reallocation in creating a lasting development rate. That is why the relationship between public spending and short-term growth shows significant effectiveness of certain fiscal policy monetary measures aimed at increasing the rates of material production and growth in the country. The research indicates that long period of government expenditure maybe unbeneficial for developing economies. Contrary to this, it is governments’ duty to determine the etymologically sound methodologies of prudent fiscal plans that will enable privatization, investments, and economic growth."

"This study analyzes foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in fifteen West Sub-Saharan African countries’ relationship from 1990 to 2020, with secondary panel data from the World Bank (2022), at the expense of both interest rate and exchange rate effect. The main model used is Panel VECM. The results shows that FDI helps enhance economic growth in the long run, as the estimate in the long-run indicates an increase of -121.16, which can be interpreted inversely with a 1% level of significance, with t-statistics at -14.94, despite FDI’s negative impact in the short run with an estimate of -3.5 with a level of significance of -2.16. Likewise, the effect of interest rate with t-statistics of -0.1 for economic growth and 0.1 for FDI and exchange rate with t-statistics of -0.43 for economic growth and -0.12 for FDI. Thus, both parameters are deemed insignificant. Therefore, policymakers should adopt policies that will support FDI for the long term to enhance economic growth, and reduce interests rate and exchange rates by establishing usage of a single currency or flexible exchange rates. This study aims to help policymakers and analysts determine the advantages of monitoring changes in macroeconomic fundamentals and economic growth for attracting FDI. The results of the study have significant policy repercussions, particularly for fiscal and monetary policy, particularly to resolve problems of slow economic growth to a low proportion of appropriate FDI in West Sub-Saharan African countries and other developing countries."

"Pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara dapat dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi tersebut adalah investasi dibidang ICT. Peningkatan perekonomian di Amerika adalah salah satu contoh yang dapat diambil sebagai akibat adanya investasi disektor ICT. Investasi ICT dapat membuka bidang usaha baru bagi perusahaan maupun industri yang menggunakan ICT sebagai alat usahanya. Selain membuka bidang baru, ICT juga dapat digunakan untuk optimisasi pekerjaan. ICT dapat digunakan untuk mempermudah pekerjaan, melakukan hal-hal yang tidak dapat dilakukan oleh manusia secara langsung, dll. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji sampai sejauh manakah dampak investasi ICT di Indonesia terhadap perekonomian Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini akan dilihat, faktor-faktor ICT mana sajakah yang memiliki korelasi tinggi dengan sektor perekonomian dan akan dicoba ditarik kesimpulan mengenai tanggapan positif dan negatif yang selalu menyertai investasi di sektor ICT.Hasil yang diperoleh adalah investasi ICT mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia terutama disektor investasi telekomunikasi dan services piranti lunak. Penelitian ini juga menyimpulkan bahwa dampak investasi ICT tidak signifikan mempengaruhi perekonomian. Penyebabnya adalah data sekunder yang digunakan belum mencakup keseluruhan investasi ICT di Indonesia.

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Economic growth in one country can be affected by many factors. One factor that can affect the economic growth is ICT Investment. The growth of economic in United States is one of the good examples as the result of the ICT investment. ICT investment can open a new work field for companies or even industries that use ICT as their production tools. ICT can also be used as an optimation tools for work. ICT can be used as a tool to simplify a job especially the job that can?t be done by human.

This research is to study the impact of ICT investment contributed to economic growth in Indonesia. In this research we will explore which ICT Investment factor that have high corellation with economic sector in Indonesia.

The result of this study shows that ICT investment affect Indonesia?s Economic Growth especially at telecommunication investments and software services. This research also concluded that ICT investment impact is not significant compare to economic growth. This may cause by the secondary data that used in this study were not complete."

"Berbagai studi yang pernah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa desentralisasi fiskal dapat membawa dampak positif atau negatif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah. Namun meluasnya implementasi desentralisasi fiskal di berbagai negara, menyiratkan adanya keyakinan yang kuat bahwa desentralisasi fiskal dapat meningkatkan efisiensi yang selanjutnya akan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi. Demikian halnya dengan implementasi desentralisasi fiskal di Indonesia yang efektif dilaksanakan sejak tahun 2001 diharapkan dapat mempercepat pembangunan dan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah khususnya di Provinsi Jambi. Ukuran desentralisasi fiskal yang digunakan dalam analisis meliputi Indikator Pengeluaran, Indikator Pendapatan dan Indikator Otonomi. Disamping itu untuk melihat pengaruh desentralisasi fiskal secara bersama-sama dengan faktor pertumbuhan ekonomi lainnya, maka digunakan seperangkat variabel kontrol yang secara empiris sering digunakan dan terbukti memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, yaitu: Investasi, Akumulasi Modal Manusia, dan PDRB Riil Per Kapita Periode Sebelumnya. Analisis dilakukan dengan model analisis regresi berganda (multiple regression analysis) dengan menggunakan metode GLS dan model estimasi Fixed Efect. Sedangkan data yang digunakan adalah data panel tingkat kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Jambi yang mencakup periode 6 tahun sebelum desentralisasi fiskal (1995-2000) dan 9 tahun setelah desentralisasi fiskal (2001-2009). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa implementasi desentralisasi fiskal pasca tahun 2001 memberikan dampak yang relatif lebih baik terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah di Provinsi Jambi dibandingkan dengan periode sebelumnya. Disamping itu variabel kontrol pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah yang terdiri dari Investasi, Akumulasi Modal Manusia, dan PDRB Riil Per Kapita Periode Sebelumnya, seluruhnya berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah di Provinsi Jambi.

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Empirical studies show that fiscal decentralization may give positive or negative impact to regional economic growth. However, the widespread implementation of fiscal decentralization in many countries, implying the existence of a strong belief that fiscal decentralization can increase efficiency which in turn will promote economic growth. Likewise, the implementation of fiscal decentralization in Indonesia, effectively implemented since 2001, is expected to accelerate development and promote local economic growth.

This study aims to analyze the influence of fiscal decentralization on economic growth especially areas in Jambi Province. Fiscal decentralization in this study is measured using Expenditures Indicator, Revenue Indicator, and Autonomy Indicator. In addition, to see the effect of fiscal decentralization to other economic growth factors, I use a set of control variables (Investment, Human Capital Accumulation, and Real Regional GDP Per Capita for the previous period) which are frequently used empirically and shown to have a significant effect on economic growth.

Analyses are performed by multiple regression analysis model by using GLS method and Fixed-Effect estimation model. I use data panel at the district/city in the Province of Jambi which covers the 6 years period before fiscal decentralization (1995-2000) and 9 years after fiscal decentralization (2001-2009).

The result indicates that the implementation of fiscal decentralization, post 2001 period, gives better effect on local economic growth in Province of Jambi than the previous period. In addition, all control variables of the local economic growth which consists of Investment, Human Capital Accumulation, and Real Regional GDP Per Capita for the previous period, is the positive influence on local economic growth in the Province of Jambi."

"ABSTRAKDesentralisasi sebagai sebuah sistem dapat berpengaruh positif maupun negatifterhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahuipengaruh desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi khususnya diProvinsi Riau pada era otonomi daerah. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel 11kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Riau periode tahun 2008-2012. Alat analisis yangdigunakan adalah model regresi data panel fixed effect dengan estimatorGeneralized Least Squares (GLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan desentralisasifiskal yang didekati dengan rasio Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) terhadap totalpenerimaan daerah cenderung menurunkan pertumbuhan Produk DomestikRegional Bruto (PDRB) per kapita. Dari penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwadesentralisasi fiskal berpengaruh negatif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi diProvinsi Riau.

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ABSTRACTDecentralization as a system may have positive or negative impact on economicgrowth. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of fiscaldecentralization on economic growth in Riau Province in the era of regionalautonomy. This study used panel data from 11 municipalities in Riau Provincewithin the period of 2008-2012. Analyses were done by using fixed effect paneldata regression model with Generalized Least Square (GLS) as estimator. Theresults showed that fiscal decentralization, approached by using ratio of OriginalLocal Government Revenues to Local Government Revenues, disposed decreaseGross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP) per capita. In conclusion, this studyfinds that fiscal decentralization has negative impact on economic growth in RiauProvince."

"Manufacture industries decline in 2006 was caused by 3 big obstructions, its instability in macroeconomics, uncertainty policy and corruptions. This condition caused the payment of dividend manufactures companies decline year to yearand some companies didn't paid the dividend for 3 years respectively. The objective of the research is to find out and analyzes the influence of Cast Ratio, Net Profit Margin (NPM), dan Return on Investment (ROI) to dividend payout ratio at manufactured industry in Indonesia and which factor will be the most dominant to Dividend Payout Ratio (DPR). The data used in this research is from the yearly financial report of the thirty one manufactured industries listed at the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) at 2001 to 2006. The types of research are descriptive and quantitative with the explanatory research method. The analysis of method used in this research is the multiple linear regressions method. The hypothesize test used the statistical of F-test and the statistical of t-test with confident interval 95% and level of significant 5%. The statistical of F-test shows that all independent variables simultaneously influence DPR at the determinant coefficient (R2) 62,1% its shows that research independent variables able to explain 37,9% to DPR while the remaining of 56,7% explained by independent variables that were un-research. The statistical of t-test shows that only ROI partially influence DPR. Return on Investment is the most variable that influence DPR."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh defisit fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia tahun 1990-2012. Metode yang digunakan adalah Ordinary Least Square dan Vector Error Correction Model. Tes-tes ekonometri yang dilakukan adalah Dickey Fuller, Augmented Dickey Fuller, dan Philip Perron unit root test, serta uji asumsi klasik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan dari defisit fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, pemerintah disarankan untuk mengambil kebijakan fiskal yang ekspansif dengan implementasi berupa peningkatan belanja negara sehingga mendorong permintaan agregat. Namun, pemerintah perlu mewaspadai berkurangnya dampak investasi yang diakibatkan dari naiknya suku bunga riil (crowding out). Kebijakan defisit dengan sumbersumber pembiayaan yang mendorong peningkatan jumlah uang beredar pun harus dilaksanakan secara hati-hati. Pemerintah juga perlu meningkatkan penerimaan sektor perpajakan.

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This research is conducted to know the influence of fiscal deficit to economic growth in Indonesia from 1990 to 2012. Ordinary Least Square and Vector Error Correction Model are used as research method. Dickey Fuller (DF), Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF), and Philip Perron unit root test are used as econometric test. Other diagnostic tests like multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation are performed. The result showed that there is a significant influence of fiscal deficit to economic growth. Based on this result, government should take expansive fiscal policy by implementing increase in public expenditure that can encourage agregat demand. However, expansive fiscal policy through fiscal deficit from financing resources that support the increase the amount of money in circulation must be conducted prudently. Government should also increase the capacity of national revenue from tax."

"Indonesia memberlakukan desentralisasi sejak tahun 2000, penelitian yang dilakukan memberikan bukti baru bahwa desentralisasi fiskal berkontribusi terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dengan menggunakan data 33 provinsi antara tahun 2005 hingga 2012 serta melihat pengelolaan dana pemerintah daerah dari sisi penerimaan dan pengeluaran maka akan memberikan gambaran yang lebih objektif pada pertumbuhan ekonomi di daerah pada masa desentralisasi fiskal. Hasil estimasi dengan menggunakan fixed effect menunjukkan bahwa belanja pemerintah daerah, pendidikan dan investasi dalam negeri yang berdasar atas kualitas sumber daya manusia serta rasio PAD terhadap penerimaan total akan meningkatkan rata-rata pertumbuhan ekonomi di daerah. Dalam kesimpulannya desentralisasi fiskal di Indonesia telah berdampak pada pertumbuhan ekonomi di daerah dari sisi belanja dan kemandirian daerah dalam mengalokasikan pendapatannya.

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Decentralization is implemented in Indonesia since 2000, this research provided new evidence that fiscal decentralization contributes to economic growth. Our province level data for the Indonesia during 2005 to 2012 enable us to estimate the efect of fiscal decentralization more objectively than previously, because the data set from historical and intitutional variation. The results using the fixed effect estimation shows that local government spending , education and domestic investment is based on the quality of human resources as well as the ratio of revenue to total revenue will increase average economic growth in the region . In the conclusion of fiscal decentralization in Indonesia has an impact on economic growth in the region in terms of shopping and local autonomy in allocating revenue."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis efek dari kebijakan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap beberapa indicator ekonomi seperti pertumbuhan ekonomi dan tingkat kesenjangan ekonomi di Indonesia. Secara teori desentralisasi fiskal dapat menyebabkan pertumbuhan ekonomi karena kebijakan tersebut menciptakan suatu efisiensi dengan cara mendekatkan pemerintah kepada masyarakat (Musgrave, 1959). Penelitian ini berargumen bahwa selain memberikan efek langsung, desentralisasi fiskal juga dapat memberikan efek tidak langsung terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui indikator ekonomi lain seperti tingkat kesenjangan ekonomi. Terdapat beberapa indikator yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur desentralisasi fiskal, seperti yang dijelaskan oleh IMF dalam dokumen 'Government Financial Statistics' (2001), dan penelitian ini menggunakan salah satu indicator tersebut dalam mengukur tingkat desentralisasi fiskal yaitu tingkat desentralisasi fiskal berdasarkan total penerimaan provinsi dibagi dengan total produk domestik bruto provinsi tersebut. Dan dalam rangka melakukan test 'robust' terhadap hasil pengukuran, penelitian ini juga menggunakan indikator lain dari desentralisasi fiskal dalam dokumen IMF tersebut yaitu tingkat desentralisasi fiskal berdasarkan total pengeluaran provinsi dibagi dengan total produk domestik bruto provinsi tersebut. Penelitian ini akan melakukan analisis terhadap efek dari desentralisasi fiskal di 33 provinsi di Indonesia dari tahun 2004 hingga 2013. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis data panel dan metode 'Seemingly Unrelated Regression' (SUR) dalam proses analisis untuk mengakomodasi efek tidak langsung yang diberikan oleh desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui tingkat kesenjangan. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa desentralisasi fiskal terbukti memiliki efek yang cukup signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa Efek langsung dari desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi adalah negatif, namun efek tidak langsung dari desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui penurunan tingkat kesenjangan ekonomi adalah positif, dan apabila dianalisis lebih lanjut, total efek yang diberikan oleh desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi secara langsung dan tidak langsung adalah positif.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of fiscal decentralization policy on regional economic indicators such as economic growth and inequality in Indonesia. Theoretically, fiscal decentralization can lead to economic growth because it creates efficiency by bringing government closer to the public (Musgrave, 1959). This study argues that besides directly affect economic growth, fiscal decentralization also indirectly affects economic growth through other economic indicators such economic inequality. There are several indicators can be used to measure fiscal decentralization as explained by IMF Government Financial Statistics (2001), this study uses one of them, which is fiscal decentralization as a total provincial revenue as a share of GDP as fiscal decentralization measurement, and for robustness test, this study uses the other indicator measurement from the IMF which is fiscal decentralization as a total provincial expenditure as a share of GDP. Furthermore, this study analyzes the effect of fiscal decentralization across 33 provinces in Indonesia from 2004 to 2013. This study uses panel data and seemingly unrelated regression method in the analysis to accommodate the indirect effect of fiscal decentralization on economic growth through inequality. The result shows that fiscal decentralization does have a significant relationship with economic growth directly and indirectly through inequality level. The direct effect of fiscal decentralization on economic growth is negative, but the positive effect of fiscal decentralization in reducing inequality levels indirectly improves economic growth, which makes the actual total effect of fiscal decentralization on economic growth is positive. Relevance to Development Studies Fiscal decentralization was first implemented in Indonesia in 2001, and after more than a decade, this policy should have given positive impact to Indonesian economy. If it does not have positive impact on the economy then Government of Indonesia should discover what went wrong with this policy. Because of that reason, this study try to analyze do the fiscal decentralization policy in Indonesia can improve their economic growth and reduce inequality level across provinces after more than years of implementation. Improving economic growth means creating more wealth for people and by reducing inequality all people can experience the effect equally. One of the purposes of Development Studies is to improve and create equal welfare for the people especially in the poor and developing countries. Because of that reason, this study is very relevance to development studies because it analyzes the impact of fiscal decentralization policy in Indonesia in improving economic growth and creating economic equality across provinces to improve their people wealth. "