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"Background: Toll-like receptor is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) in a microorganism. Macrophages recognize the presence of mycobacteria through Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) and signaling further lead to the production of cytokines, both proinflammatory TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18 and IFN-γ, as well as anti-inflammatory IL4, IL-10 and TGF-β. TLR2 gene polymorphism is strongly determined by ethnicity and geography. Therefore it is necessary to uncovered the existence and association between Arg753Gln and Arg677Trp TLR2 gene polymorphism with TB susceptibility and its underlying mechanisms in Indonesian population in Bandung West Java. Methods: analytical observational study with cross-sectional design was conducted in Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung from April 2011 to May 2012. Study population consisted of active pulmonary TB patient with positive AFB smear and Latent TB to ascertain previous MTb exposure. Polymorphism of gen Arg753Gln and Arg677Trp gene was determined with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods. Plasma levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-12 were also compared between active and latent TB group. Results: heterozygote Arg753Gln TLR2 gene polymorphism was found in 9 of 86 pulmonary TB subjects (10.5%) but none in the latent TB group. The Arg677Trp polymorphism was not found in both groups. The odds ratio for Arg753Gln existence was 28.07 (p=0.022). No differences in the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-12 between active pulmonary TB and latent TB subjects with and without Arg753Gln TLR2 gene polymorphism. Conlusion: Arg753Gln polymorphism of TLR2 gene is a risk factor for active pulmonary TB while Arg677Trp polymorphism is not. The Increased risk is not mediated by the difference in IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-12 serum levels.

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Latar belakang: Toll-like receptor (TLR) adalah reseptor pengenalan pola yang mengenali pola molekul terkait patogen dalam mikroorganisme. Makrofag mengenali adanya mikobakteri melalui Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) dan penanda lanjutan pada produksi sitokin, proinflammatory TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18 dan IFN-γ, serta anti-inflamasi IL4, IL-10 dan TGF-β. Polimorfisme gen TLR2 sangat ditentukan oleh etnisitas dan geografi, karenanya diperlukan analisis hubungan polimorfisme Arg753Gln dan Arg677Trp gen TLR2 dengan kerentanan menderita TB paru aktif dan peranan beberapa sitokin pada populasi Indonesia di Bandung Jawa Barat.

Metode: penelitian observasional analitik dengan rancangan potong lintang dilaksanakan pada periode April 2011–Mei 2012 di RS Dr. Hasan Sadikin Bandung. Populasi penelitian terdiri dari penderita TB paru aktif dengan BTA positif dan sebagai pembanding adalah TB laten. Adanya polimorfisme gen Arg753Gln dan Arg677Trp diperiksa dengan metode polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Kadar sitokin IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, dan IL-12 juga dibandingkan antara kelompok TB aktif dan TB laten.

Hasil: polimorfisme heterozigot Arg753Gln gen TLR2 ditemukan pada 9 dari 86 (10.5%) penderita TB paru aktif dan tidak ditemukan pada TB laten. Pada kedua kelompok tidak ditemukan polimorfisme Arg677Trp. Odds Ratio untuk polimorfisme Arg753Gln adalah 28,07 (p=0,022). Tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna kadar sitokin IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, dan IL-12 antara penderita TB paru dengan polimorfisme Arg753Gln dan penderita TB paru tanpa polimorfisme tersebut.

Kesimpulan: polimorfisme Arg753Gln gen TLR2 merupakan faktor risiko menderita TB paru pada populasi orang Indonesia di Bandung, sedangkan polimorfisme Arg677Trp gen TLR2 bukan. Peningkatan risiko ini tidak terkait dengan perubahan kadar IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 maupun IL-12."

"Background: Toll-like receptor is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that recognize pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) in a microorganism. Macrophages recognize the presence of mycobacteria through Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) and signaling further lead to the production of cytokines, both proinflammatory TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18 and IFN-γ, as well as anti-inflammatory IL4, IL-10 and TGF-β. TLR2 gene polymorphism is strongly determined by ethnicity and geography. Therefore it is necessary to uncovered the existence and association between Arg753Gln and Arg677Trp TLR2 gene polymorphism with TB susceptibility and its underlying mechanisms in Indonesian population in Bandung West Java. Methods: analytical observational study with cross-sectional design was conducted in Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung from April 2011 to May 2012. Study population consisted of active pulmonary TB patient with positive AFB smear and Latent TB to ascertain previous MTb exposure. Polymorphism of gen Arg753Gln and Arg677Trp gene was determined with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods. Plasma levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-12 were also compared between active and latent TB group. Results: heterozygote Arg753Gln TLR2 gene polymorphism was found in 9 of 86 pulmonary TB subjects (10.5%) but none in the latent TB group. The Arg677Trp polymorphism was not found in both groups. The odds ratio for Arg753Gln existence was 28.07 (p=0.022). No differences in the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-12 between active pulmonary TB and latent TB subjects with and without Arg753Gln TLR2 gene polymorphism. Conlusion: Arg753Gln polymorphism of TLR2 gene is a risk factor for active pulmonary TB while Arg677Trp polymorphism is not. The Increased risk is not mediated by the difference in IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-12 serum levels."

"Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui fase pertumbuhan Chlorella sp.; identitas molekuler Chlorella sp.; mendeteksi lipid Chlorella sp. secara kualitatif; waktu panen Chlorella sp. dengan biomassa terbanyak; waktu panen Chlorella sp. dengan lipid terbaik; dan mengkarakterisasi asam lemak pada tiga fase pertumbuhan Chlorella sp. Sepuluh mikroalga diseleksi menjadi tiga melalui identifikasi molekuler, pendeteksian lipid kualitatif menggunakan nile-red, dan pengamatan pertumbuhan dalam Erlenmeyer, selanjutnya karakterisasi pertumbuhan, pengamatan produksi biomassa dengan metode filtrasi, penghitungan kadar lipid dengan ekstraksi Bligh-Dyer, dan analisis profil asam lemak dengan karakterisasi FAME menggunakan GCMS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Chlorella sp. MA-84, Chlorella sp. MA-86, dan Chlorella sp. MA-90 diidentifikasi secara molekuler sebagai Chlorella vulgaris dan memiliki potensi lipid terbaik secara kualitatif tanpa hambatan pertumbuhan biomassa. Terdapat variasi fase-fase pertumbuhan pada ketiga strain. Chlorella vulgaris MA-84, Chlorella vulgaris MA-86, dan Chlorella vulgaris MA-90 menghasilkan biomassa tertinggi masing-masing 1,242±0,08 g/L (t12), 3,217±0,17 g/L (t14), dan 0.604±0.04 g/L (t16), kadar lipid tertinggi masing-masing 13,853±7,09% (t15), 26,810±22,62% (t16), dan 10,161±3,74% (t16). Ketiga strain mengandung asam palmitat, asam palmitoleat, asam heksadekadienoik, asam linoleat, asam stearat, dan asam arakidat.

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The study aims to identify the growth phases of Chlorella sp., molecularly identify of Chlorella sp., qualitatively detect Chlorella sp. lipids, determine the best harvesting time for maximum biomass and maximum lipid content, also characterize the fatty acids on three growth phases of Chlorella sp. Ten microalgae were selected into three strains through molecular identification, qualitative lipid detection using nile-red, and growth observation in Erlenmeyer, for analyze growth characterization, biomass production using filtration method, lipid content using Bligh-Dyer extraction, and fatty acid profiling through FAME characterization using GCMS. The research results showed that Chlorella sp. MA-84, Chlorella sp. MA-86, and Chlorella sp. MA-90 were molecularly identified as Chlorella vulgaris and demonstrated the best qualitative lipid potential with good growth. There were variations in growth phases among the three strains. Chlorella vulgaris MA-84, Chlorella vulgaris MA-86, and Chlorella vulgaris MA-90 produced the highest biomass of 1.242±0.08 g/L (t12), 3.217±0.17 g/L (t14), and 0.604±0.04 g/L (t16), respectively, and exhibited the highest lipid content of 13.853±7.09% (t15), 26.810±22.62% (t16), and 10.161±3.74% (t16), respectively. All three strains contained palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, hexadecadienoic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, and arachidic acid."

"The metabolites from microorganisms for rapidly grawing field,due to the suspicion that a number of metabolites obtained from reef's invertebrates are produced by associated microorganisms....."

"Background: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), as a common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). It has been established that vitamin D deficiency is one of DKD risk factors, which may be related to vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms. This study aimed to analyze the association between VDR polymorphisms and DKD in Indonesian population, also risk factors that influence it. Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted in Type 2 DM patients who visited internal medicine outpatient clinic at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, from November 2014 until March 2015. Data collection includes characteristics of subjects and laboratory examination, including BsmI polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene. Patients with acute and severe disease were excluded from the study. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were done. Results: of 93 DM subjects, 42 (45.2%) subjects were without DKD and 51 (54.8%) subjects had DKD. Most of the subjects had the Bb genotype (89.2%), with no subject having the BB genotype. The proportions of the B and b alleles were 44.6% and 55.4%, respectively. There is no association between BsmI polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene and DKD (OR = 1.243; CI 95% 0.334-4.621; p value = 0.751). Conclusion: the profile of BsmI polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene in the Indonesian population were genotypes Bb (89.2%) and bb (10.8%). There was no association between BsmI polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene and DKD. Duration of DM more than five years influenced the association between those variables."

"Latar belakang. Hubungan antara inflamasi dan koagulasi telah banyak dijelaskan, dimana molekul adhesi memiliki peranan penting dalam inflamasi. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) dan soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) tampak berkaitan dengan trombosis pada beberapa penelitian sebelumnya. Molekul-molekul tersebut meningkat pada stenosis mitral (SM) namun bagaimana hubungannya dengan derajat trombosis atrium kiri belum diketahui. Metode. Pasien SM derajat sedang-berat (tanpa adanya regurgitasi mitral signifikan) yang menjalani pemeriksan ekokardiografi transesofageal diikutsertakan secara konsekutif sejak September-Oktober 2013. Penilaian gradasi trombosis atrium kiri dilakukan untuk mengkategorikan mereka menjadi kelompok non-trombus dengan left atrial spontaneous echo contrast (LASEC) tebal, dan kelompok non-trombus tanpa LASEC tebal, dan kelompok trombus. Kadar sICAM-1 dan sVCAM-1 dari vena perifer diukur dengan teknik enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Hasil. Sebanyak 39 subyek penelitian dengan rerata usia 40,97±9,61 tahun, 71,8% berjenis kelamin perempuan, dan 67,7% memiliki irama fibrilasi atrium. Evaluasi terhadap gradasi trombosis atrium kiri (kelompok non-trombus tanpa LASEC tebal, kelompok non-trombus dengan LASEC tebal, dan kelompok trombus) menunjukkan kadar sICAM-1 sebesar 284,74 (218,79-321) ng/mL, 346,86 (125,68-698,12) ng/mL, dan 395,93 (171,44-1021,53) ng/mL secara berurutan (p=0,280). Kadar sVCAM-1 pada 3 kelompok tersebut sebesar 729,01 (543,93-967,8) ng/mL, 1066 (581,36-2470,6) ng/mL, dan 1158 (668,66-2498,3) ng/mL secara berurutan (p=0,016). Analisis multivariat menunjukkan fibrilasi atrium dan area katup mitral yang mempengaruhi gradasi trombosis. Kesimpulan. Terdapat perbedaan kadar sVCAM-1 pada kelompok menurut gradasi trombosis atrium kiri pada SM, namun pengaruh sVCAM-1 terhadap gradasi trombosis atrium kiri dipengaruhi oleh fibrilasi atrium dan area katup mitral.

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Background. The relationship between inflammation and coagulation has been widely described while adhesion molecules takes important role in inflammation. Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) seemed to be related to thrombosis in previous studies. Those molecules increase in mitral stenosis (MS) but their relationship with left atrial thrombosis gradation is still unknown.

Methods. Patients with moderate-severe MS (without any significant mitral regurgitation) who underwent transesophageal echocardiography were recruited consecutively in September-October 2013. They were divided into three categories of left atrial thrombosis gradation: non-thrombus without dense LASEC group, non-thrombus with dense LASEC group, and thrombus group. sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels in peripheral vein were determined by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay technique.

Results. A total of 39 subjects were enrolled in this study with a mean age of 40,97±9,61 year, 71,8% of them were female, and 67,7% of them had atrial fibrillation. Evaluation on left atrial thrombosis gradation (non-thrombus with dense LASEC group, non-thrombus without dense LASEC group, and thrombus group) showed that sICAM-1 levels were 284,74 (218,79-321) ng/mL, 346,86 (125,68-698,12) ng/mL, and 395,93 (171,44-1021,53) ng/mL, cosecutively (p=0,280). sVCAM-1 levels were 729,01(543,93-967,8) ng/mL, 1066 (581,36-2470,6) ng/mL, and 1158 (668,66-2498,3) ng/mL, consecutively (p=0,016). Multivariate analysis showed that AF and MVA influence thrombosis gradation.

Conclusion. Difference in sVCAM-1 levels was found among left atrial thrombosis gradation groups in mitral stenosis, but its effect on thrombosis gradation was influenced by atrial fibrillation and mitral valve area."

"Latar Belakang: ALDH1A1 merupakan gen yang meregulasi diferensiasi dan proliferasi sel dengan jalur asam retinoat. Telah dikenal sebagai gen pluripotensi, ALDH1A1 dapat ditemukan pada Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) dan Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) seperti Adipose-derived Stem Cell (ASC) dan Umbilical Cord Stem Cells (UCSC). Studi ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan relatif ekspresi gen ALDH1A1 pada ASC dan UCSC terhadap ALDH+ Breast CSC (BCSC). Metode: One-step qRT-PCR dilakukan untuk mendeteksi ekspresi mRNA ALDH1A1 pada ekstraksi RNA ASC, UCSC, dan BCSC. Hasil PCR dianalisis dengan BCSC menjadi ekspresi relatif setelah data dinormalisasikan oleh gen 18S.Hasil: Ekspresi gen ALDH1A1 relatif ditemukan lebih tinggi secara signifikan pada ASC dibandingkan UCSC. Sementara itu, ALDH1A1 lebih rendah diekspresikan pada MSC dibandingkan BCSC.Konklusi: ASC memiliki kemampuan pluripotensi lebih baik dibandingkan UCSCs pada aspek ALDH1A1. Hal ini disebabkan oleh kemampuan spesifik yang dimiliki ALDH1A1 untuk proliferasi dan diferensiasi ASC.

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Background: ALDH1A1 is a gene which regulates the cell differentiation and proliferation through retinoic acid pathway. Being a renowned pluripotent gene, ALDH1A1 could be found in both cancer stem cells (CSCs) and human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) such as Adipose-derived Stem Cells (ASCs) and Umbilical Cord Stem Cells (UCSCs). This research aimed to compare the expression of ALDH1A1 gene in ASCs and UCSCs relatively towards ALDH+ Breast CSCs (BCSCs).

Method: A one-step qRT-PCR was done to detect the mRNA levels of ALDH1A1 gene in the RNA extraction of ASCs, UCSCs, and BCSCs. The PCR result was analyzed into relative expression with BCSCs, after being normalized with housekeeping 18S gene.

Results: The expression of ALDH1A1 was found to be significantly higher in ASCs than UCSCs, relatively. Furthermore, ALDH1A1 gene was expressed lower in MSCs than BCSCs.

Conclusion: ASCs are discovered to be better in pluripotent capability than UCSCs in the aspect of ALDH1A1. This finding signifies the specific role of ALDH1A1, resulting in contribution of differentiation and proliferative capability to ASCs.

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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola kerjasama pelayanan kesehatan dengan perusahaan pelanggan di RSPI Pondok Indah pada era Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan analisis konten melalui wawancara mendalam dan telaah dokumen terhadap delapan narasumber perusahaan pelanggan, satu orang perwakilan BPJS Kesehatan, dan dua orang dari RSPI Pondok Indah. Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bentuk pola kerjasama koordinasi manfaat antara RSPI Pondok Indah , perusahaan pelanggan dan BPJS dalam era Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional . Koordinasi manfaat ini dapat memenuhi keinginan masyarakat untuk memperoleh kenyamanan dan layanan kesehatan yang lebih tinggi dari hak nya sebagai peserta BPJS Kesehatan.

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This research aims to find out form of relationship networking pattern between RSPI Pondok Indah and its corporate customers in universal coverage era. Research employs qualitative method using content analysis through in depth-interviews and paperworks review to eigth corporate customers, BPJS?s representative, and two executives from RSPI Pondok Indah. Research finding discovers suitable format of relationship networking between RSPI Pondok Indah, corporate customers, and BPJS named as coordination of benefits. Further more, this format able to fulfill the needs of community to gain higher health care services than their rights as members of BPJS and more comfort."

"Published in 1882, Aus der molecular-welt (From the molecular world) portrayed the intimate details of what might actually be happening in the sub-microscopic world, the atoms and molecules. Filled with appealing tropes, humor, and whimsical asides, Kopp’s short book provided an examination of the chemistry and physics of his day that was always light-hearted on the surface, but often surprisingly profound. The book provides a revealing tour of nineteenth-century debates concerning chemical theory. "