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"Telah dilakukan evaluasi penggunaan sediaan farmasi intravena untuk penyakit infeksi pada salah satu rumah sakit swasta di Kota Bandung secara retrospektif dari bulan Oktober-Desember 2005 berdasarkan ketepatan dan kerasionalan penggunaan obat sesuai dengan kriteria yang telah ditetapkan terlebih dahulu. Dari hasil evaluasi ditemukan adanya kombinasi penggunaan dua jenis obat atau lebih sebesar 7,78%,dan tidak ditemukan ketidaktepatan dosis obat, duplikasi penggunaan serta interaksi dengan obat lain dari total 1170 lembar resep. Pelaksanaan penyiapan sediaan farmasi intravena sudah dilakukan dengan baik, tetapi teknik aseptis masih kurang diperhatikan.

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AbstractAn usage evaluation of intravenous pharmaceutical dosage form for infectious diseases at one of the private hospitals in Bandung by retrospective method on October to December 2005 had been done based on the rationality of drug used according to the certain criteria. The result of the evaluation from 1170 prescriptions found that thecombination of two or more drugs was 7.78%, no drug dose improper, no duplication of drug used, nor interaction with another drugs were found. The preparation of intravenous pharmaceutical dosage form had been well done, but the aseptic technique still less of attention."

"Konsumsi obat melalui mulut (oral drug administration) merupakan salah satu metode konsumsi obat yang paling banyak digunakan karena kemudahannya dalam proses pengiriman obat ke dalam tubuh dan juga karena efek sampingnya yang ditimbulkan relatif kecil. Masalah yang ada pada metode konsumsi ini adalah ekstrimnya perubahan pH yang terdapat dalam sistem pencernaan manusia. Perubahan pH yang ekstrim ini dapat membuat obat luruh terlebih dahulu dan tidak dapat bekerja secara efektif. Untuk itu dikembangkan sediaan yang dapat melepaskan obat secara terkendali (controlled drug release/CDR). Pada penelitian ini sediaan CDR dibentuk dengan metode gelasi ionotropik menggunakan biopolimer kitosan, senyawa tripolifosfat (TPP) sebagai penaut silang, dan parasetamol sebagai model obat. Pada penelitian ini pengaruh konsentrasi TPP sebagai penaut silang diamati terhadap muatan parasetamol dalam sediaan dan terhadap profil pelepasan parasetamol dalam fluida yang menyerupai fluida dalam sistem pencernaan manusia. Dari hasil penelitian ini diketahui bahwa mikrosfer kitosan-TPP yang dibuat melepaskan parasetamol paling banyak dalam larutan buffer pH 6,8, yang menstimulasi larutan pada usus besar. Sementara muatan obat maksimum dalam sediaan CDR ini diperoleh dari mikrosfer kitosan dengan TPP sebesar 4%.

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Oral drug administration is one of the drug delivery methods that is most widely used because of its simplicity in the process of drug delivery into the body and also because of the side effects caused are relatively small. However, this method had a problem. The problem with this method of consumption is extreme pH changes are present in the human digestive system. This extreme pH changes can damage the drug so the drug may not work effectively. For that reason, This study developed drugs preparations that can release drugs in a controlled time (controlled drug release/CDR). In this study, the method of formation of CDR preparations is ionotropic gelation using biopolymers chitosan, Tripolyphosphate as cross-linking agents, and paracetamol used as a model drug. In this study the influence of the concentration of TPP as a cross-linking agents are observed against paracetamol’s loading in the preparation and the release profiles of paracetamol in a fluid-like fluid in the human digestive system. From the results of this research note that the chitosan-TPP microspheres made most of paracetamol release in pH 6.8 buffer solution, a solution that stimulates the colons. While the maximum drug payload in the preparation of this CDR obtained from chitosan microspheres with TPP by 4%."

"ABSTRAKFast Fourier Transform (FFT) adalah suatu metoda ataualgoritma untuk mempercepat operasi penyelesaian transformasifourier diskrit. Algoritma FFT ada dua macam, yakniDecimation in Time (DIT) dan Decimation in FrequencyAlgoritma FFT-DIT lebih populer daripada algoritma FFT-DIFkarena hanya memerlukan satu operasi perkalian untuktitiknya. Pada tugas akhir ini akan dirancang suatu chip VLSIuntuk algoritria Fast Fourier Transform Decimation in Time(FFT-DIT) satu titik kupu-kupu (dua titik transforniasi)dengan menggunakan teknologi CMOS. Data masukan maupun datakeluaran berupa bilangan imajiner dengan format 8-bit mantisadan 4-bit eksponen. Transistor yang dipakai sebanyak 9438buah dan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menyelesaikantransformasi adalah 600 nano detik. perancangan dilakukandengan menggunakan software CAD CIRCAD II pada komputer HP-9000."

"This is the first book to focus on the problem of ensuring the correctness of floating-point hardware designs through mathematical methods. Formal Verification of Floating-Point Hardware Design advances a verification methodology based on a unified theory of register-transfer logic and floating-point arithmetic that has been developed and applied to the formal verification of commercial floating-point units over the course of more than two decades, during which the author was employed by several major microprocessor design companies. The book consists of five parts, the first two of which present a rigorous exposition of the general theory based on the first principles of arithmetic. Part I covers bit vectors and the bit manipulation primitives, integer and fixed-point encodings, and bit-wise logical operations. Part II addresses the properties of floating-point numbers, the formats in which they are encoded as bit vectors, and the various modes of floating-point rounding. In Part III, the theory is extended to the analysis of several algorithms and optimization techniques that are commonly used in commercial implementations of elementary arithmetic operations. As a basis for the formal verification of such implementations, Part IV contains high-level specifications of correctness of the basic arithmetic instructions of several major industry-standard floating-point architectures, including all details pertaining to the handling of exceptional conditions. Part V illustrates the methodology, applying the preceding theory to the comprehensive verification of a state-of-the-art commercial floating-point unit. All of these results have been formalized in the logic of the ACL2 theorem prover and mechanically checked to ensure their correctness. They are presented here, however, in simple conventional mathematical notation. The book presupposes no familiarity with ACL2, logic design, or any mathematics beyond basic high school algebra. It will be of interest to verification engineers as well as arithmetic circuit designers who appreciate the value of a rigorous approach to their art, and is suitable as a graduate text in computer arithmetic."