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"As host of public radio's "Tech Nation", Dr. Moira Gunn has long been known for making all aspects of science and technology meaningful to the general listening public. But when she spontaneously decided at a cocktail-fueled biotech industry event that she would be launching a weekly segment on biotech - a subject that existed well outside of her normal comfort zone - she had her work cut out for her. For the millions of people who now listen to "BioTech Nation", the rest is history."

"Kulit udang selama ini di Indonesia hanya dianggap sebagai limbah yang pemanfaatannya masih terbatas. Salah satu alternatif daur ulang limbah kulit udang adalah sebagai sumber khitosan. Melalui proses lanjutan, khitosan dapat dibuat menjadi edible film. Edible film khitosan sedang dikembangkan sebagai pengemas modern yang ramah lingkungan karena dapat langsung dimakan dan terurai oleh alam. Untuk membuat edible film, khitosan dilarutkan dalam pelarut asam asetat glasial 1%. Pembuatan edible film harus melalui proses pengadukan dan pemanasan pada suhu 50°C. Selanjutnya larutan khitosan dituang diatas media cetak akrilik untuk dapat membentuk edible film. Plasticizer dapat ditambahkan untuk mengurangi kerapuhan dan meningkatkan fleksibilitas dan ketahanan film. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan gliserol sebagai plasticizer.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan untuk analisis ketebalan edible film, diperoleh nilai ratarata berkisar antara 0,018 mm &plusmm; 0,0011 % sampai dengan 0,097 mm &plusmm; 0,0029 %, ketebalan meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi plasticizer gliserol dan komposisi khitosan. Untuk analisis kekuatan tarik, nilai kuat tarik menurun seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi gliserol. Dapat terlihat pada sampel IA sampai dengan ID. Sampel IA (2 gr khitosan, 0,2 ml/gr gliserol), sampel IB (2 gr khitosan, 0,4 ml/gr gliserol), sampel IC (2 gr khitosan, 0,6 ml/gr gliserol), sampel ID (2 gr khitosan, 0,8 ml/gr gliserol), diperoleh nilai rata-rata kuat tarik sebesar 111,130 kgf/cm² &plusmm; 18,378 % makin menurun sampai dengan 18,696 kgf/cm² &plusmm; 2,085 %. Pada analisis uji elongasi, nilai terendah sebesar 5,2000% &plusmm; 0,8367% pada sampel IA dan tertinggi sebesar 32,800% &plusmm; 3,5637% pada sampel IVD (5 gr khitosan, 0,8 ml/gr gliserol). Pemanjangan edible film meningkat dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi gliserol dan komposisi khitosan yang digunakan. Untuk hasil analisis uji WVTR, diperoleh nilai terendah 165,56 g/m²/24jam &plusmm; 0,14% dan tertinggi 559,48 g/m²/24jam &plusmm; 2,47%. Laju transmisi uap air cenderung meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi gliserol dan komposisi khitosan. Sedangkan pada analisis uji O&sub2;TR, diperoleh nilai yang terendah sebesar 0,32 cc/m²/24jam &plusmm; 0,0004% dan tertinggi sebesar 1, 3 cc/m²/24jam &plusmm; 0,74%. Nilai laju transmisi oksigen yang didapat pada penelitian ini cenderung semakin menurun seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi gliserol dan komposisi khitosan.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, terlihat bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi gliserol dan komposisi khitosan dapat meningkatkan ketebalan, persentase pemanjangan, dan laju transmisi uap air edible film khitosan, namun dapat juga menurunkan nilai laju transmisi oksigen. Untuk uji kuat tarik, nilainya semakin menurun dengan peningkatan konsentrasi gliserol, namun semakin meningkat dengan peningkatan komposisi khitosan.

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The shrimp skin in Indonesia is widely known as waste with limited advantages. One of the alternatives is by recycling the shrimp skin as the source of chitosan. In the next process the chitosan can be transformed into edible film. The chitosan edible film is being developed as a modern package which is friendly to our environment because it can be eaten directly and it also can easily absorb by nature. To make the edible film, the chitosan is mixed with the acetat glacial acid 1 %. The making of edible film has to pass the process of stiring and heating on the temperature of 50°C. Next, the chitosan is poured on an acrylic media to be able to form the edible film. Plasticizer can be added to reduce the fragillity and to increase the flexibility and the strength of the film. In this research, the glicerol is used as plasticizer.

The result of the research shows that the thickness of the edible film is between 0,018 mm &plusmm; 0,0011 % to 0,097 mm &plusmm; 0,0029 %, the thickness increases along with the increasing of the concentrate of plasticizer glicerol and the compotition of chitosan. The result of the tensile strength test is that the tensile strength is decreases along with the increasing of the concentrate of plasticizer glicerol. This can be seen from the sample of IA to ID. The IA sample (2 gr chitosan, 0,2 ml/gr glicerol), the IB sample (2 gr chitosan, 0,4 ml/gr glicerol), the IC sample (2 gr chitosan, 0,6 ml/gr glicerol), the ID sample (2 gr chitosan, 0,8 ml/gr glicerol), the average of the tensile strength is 111,130 kgf/cm² &plusmm; 18,378 % decrease until to 18,696 kgf/cm² &plusmm; 2,085 %. On the analysist of elongation, the lowest score is 5,000% &plusmm 0,8367% on sample IA and the highest is 32,800% &plusmm; 3,5637% on the IVD sample (5 gr chitosan, 0,8 ml/gr glicerol).

The length of the edible film increases by the increasing of the concentrate of plasticizer glicerol and the compotition of chitosan being used. For the result of WVTR, the lowest score is 165,56 g/m²/24 hours &plusmm; 0,14% and the highest is 559,48 g/m²/24 hours &plusmm; 2,47%. The water vapor transmission rate tends to increase along with the increasing of the concentrate of plasticizer glicerol and the compotition of chitosan. Meanwhile, on the analysist test of O&sub2;TR, the lowest score is 0,32 cc/m²/24 hours &plusmm; 0,0004% and the highest is 1,33 cc/m²/24 hours &plusmm; 0,74%. The score of oxygen transmission rate which shown in this research tends to decrease along with increasing of the concentrate of plasticizer glicerol and the compotition of chitosan.

Based on these result, to be seen that the increasing of the concentrate of plasticizer glicerol and the compotition of chitosan can increases thickness, percentage of elongation, and water vapor transmission rate chitosan edible film, but it can be decreases score of oxygen transmission rate. For tensile strength test, the score is decreases along with the increasing of the concentrate of plasticizer glicerol but increases along with the increasing of the compotition of chitosan."

"ABSTRAKProses ekstraksi kitin di industri dilakukan secara kimiawi, proses ini dapat memberikan dampak negatif terhadap kualitas kitin, peralatan dan lingkungan. Akhir-akhir ini penelitian ekstraksi kitin secara biologis banyak dikembangkan. Ekstraksi kitin secara biologis telah banyak diteliti, baik melalui sistem fermentasi batch atau subsequent-batch. Proses demineralisasi dan deproteinasi secara kontinyu merupakan inovasi baru dalam teknologi produksi kitin secara biologis, serta dapat mengatasi kekurangan pada sistem fermentasi batch maupun proses kimiawi.Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimum proses demineralisasi dan deproteinasi kulit udang vannamei (P. vannamei) secara kontinyu, menggunakan mikroba Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC 116 dan Bacillus licheniformis F11.1. Prosedur penelitian dibagi dalam beberaba tahapan. Tahap pertama, pada 12 jam pertama dilakukan demineralisasi secara batch, dilanjutkan demineralisasi secara kontinyu selama 36 jam. Tahap kedua, pada 24 jam pertama dilakukan deproteinasi batch, dilanjutkan deproteinasi kontinyu selama 72 jam.Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa kondisi terbaik untuk proses demineralisasi secara kontinyu, adalah umpan glukosa 6,5% dan waktu tinggal 16 jam. Untuk proses deproteinasi secara kontinyu adalah waktu tinggal 12 jam. Dengan proses ini dapat menghilangkan abu 92.95% dan protein 91.40%. Kandungan kitin, abu, dan protein pada produk kitin adalah 96.69%, 1.44% dan 1,76%.

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ABSTRACTChitin extraction in industry, has been conducted by chemical process. The process has been known as a harsh treatment that badly affected to chitin quality, equipment and the environment. Since the last decade biologically chitin extraction has more attracted attention. The biologically chitin extraction was conducted by batch fermentation or subsequent-batch fermentation. Continous demineralization and deproteinization is a new inovation on biologically chitin production technology. This system promises as an alternative technology for overcoming problems of batch fermentation process and chemical process.The objectives of the experiment was to obtain the optimal condition for continous deminineralization and deproteinization of vannamei (P. vannamei) shrimp shells. Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC 116 and Bacillus licheniformis F11.1 was used for demineralization and deproteination process respectively. The experiment was divided into several steps. The first step was batch demineralization that was conducted for 12 hours, then was followed by continuous demineralization for 36 hours. The second step was batch deproteinization for 24 hours, and was followed by continuous deproteinization for 72 hours.The results showed that the best condition for continuous demineralization was 6,5% glucose feed, with 16 hours retention time. For continuous deproteinization, the best condition was with 12 hours retention time. The process could remove 92.95% ash and 91.40% protein. The chitin, ash, and protein content of chitin product was 96.69%, 1.44% and 1,76% respectively."