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"Penelitian ini membandingkan karakteristik pengabutan dan pembakaran dari campuran minyak nabati dan bahan bakar minyak pada setiap rasio pencampuran nya. Semburan nyala api pada pembakaran yang beroperasi pada tekanan 0,2 hingga 1,2 bar diamati secara optis. Bahan bakar nabati (BBN) memiliki kekentalan (viskositas) yang besar sehingga menjadi kendala dalam proses pembakaran. Karena itu untuk menurunkan viskositas nya perlu dicampur dengan bahan bakar minyak (BBM). Pembakaran yang baik memerlukan proses pengabutan yang baik. Pada penelitian ini proses pengabutan nya menggunakan nosel jet. Pengukuran kualitas pengabutan dan pembakaran dilakukan dengan metode fotografi dan perangkat lunak pemrosesan citra. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa rasio campuran BBN dan BBM yang terbaik adalah 40% : 60% untuk semua jenis campuran (minyak jelantah dan solar, minyak curah dan solar, minyak nyamplung dan solar serta minyak curah dan minyak tanah) dan tekanan operasi terbaik adalah 1,2 bar. Pada kondisi tersebut, campuran minyak curah dan minyak solar memiliki rerata suhu nyala yang paling tinggi (391,6oF) dan distribusi partikel aerosol terkecil yang paling tinggi (73%) meskipun masih di bawah BBM murni (100%).

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The spray atomization and combustion characteristic of vegetable oil and fosil fuel are compared to those ratio of mixtures on this paper. The spray flame was contained in an optically accessible combustor which operated at 0,2 - 1,2 bar of air pressure. Vegetable Fuel (VF) contains high viscosity that has been a, constraint in the combustion process; it needs to be mixed with Fosil Fuel (FF) in order to decrease the VF viscosity. A fine atomization process is necessary to fix the combustion. Research of atomization process was tested by using nozzle jet. The atomization and combustion quality were investigate by photographic method and image processing software was used to measure the spray droplet size. As a testing result, ratio mixture of 40% : 60% of VF and FF was good ratio mixtures ( used cooking oil diesel oil, cooking oil and diesel oil, nyamplung oil and diesel fuel, cooking oil and kerosene) compared to others ratio which operated at 1,2 bar of air pressure implying flame temperature. The flame temperatur of cooking oil and diesel oil mixture reached (391,6oF) as the highest mean temperature and distribution of aerosol particle reached (73%) although produced lower than fosil fuel (100%)."

"This book addresses modern nonlinear programming (NLP) concepts and algorithms, especially as they apply to challenging applications in chemical process engineering. The author provides a firm grounding in fundamental NLP properties and algorithms, and relates them to real-world problem classes in process optimization, thus making the material understandable and useful to chemical engineers and experts in mathematical optimization."

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ABSTRACTEnvironmental Process Analysis" takes a unique approach, applying mathematical and numerical process modeling within the context of both natural and engineered environmental systems. Readers master core principles of natural and engineering science such as chemical equilibria, reaction kinetics, ideal and non-ideal reactor theory, and mass accounting by performing practical real-world analyses. As they progress through the text, readers will have the opportunity to analyze a broad range of environmental processes and systems, including water and wastewater treatment, surface mining, agriculture, landfills, subsurface saturated and unsaturated porous media, aqueous and marine sediments, surface waters, and atmospheric moisture.The text begins with an examination of water, core definitions, and a review of important chemical principles. It then progressively builds upon this base with applications of Henry's law, acid/base equilibria, and reactions in ideal reactors. Finally, the text addresses reactions in non-ideal reactors and advanced applications of acid/base equilibria, complexation and solubility/dissolution equilibria, and oxidation/reduction equilibria. Several tools are provided to fully engage readers in mastering new concepts and then applying them in practice, including: Detailed examples that demonstrate the application of concepts and principles Problems at the end of each chapter challenging readers to apply their newfound knowledge to analyze environmental processes and systems MathCAD worksheets that provide a powerful platform for constructing process models.

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ABSTRACTEnvironmental Process Analysis" serves as a bridge between introductory environmental engineering textbooks and hands-on environmental engineering practice. By learning how to mathematically and numerically model environmental processes and systems, readers will also come to better understand the underlying connections among the various models, concepts, and systems. "

"This study is to verify the usage of DME as an alternative fuel and its production routs. As it is clear the energy, its supply and consumption is a very important concern. Countries are developing and as a result of that the energy consumption is increasing. Growing energy consumption is directly related to the depletion of fossil fuels particularly petroleum based fuels. So the world has to think of using other fuels which have at least the same performance and its production is cost-effective. One of these fuels is Dimethyl ether (DME). DME is very promising fuel and research on its characteristics and efficiencies show that it can be considered as a future fuel as it is cheap, environmental friendly and has good efficiency. Another advantage of DME production is that it has different applications and is a versatile fuel. Furthermore, similarity of its physical properties to LPG makes DME handling, storing and transportation easy however DME has low viscosity and lubricity. These mentioned disadvantages which are solvable may cause problems if enough attention is not paid to them. Typically DME is produced from natural gas as a feedstock although coal and biomass are also other possible feedstock to be utilized. To produce DME, natural gas is first converted to synthesis gas via ATR method (Auto thermal reforming) and then is converted to DME through direct method. This research aimed to be done to investigate about the possibility of using DME as a future fuel by discussing about its characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, its various production pathways has been talked about and tried to compare them in different aspects."

"Pengendalian suatu proses pada plant manapun mutlak diperlukan, hal ini disebabkan oleh kebutuhan akan batas kondisi operasi yang aman. ramah lingkungan, dan tentunya menghasilkan produk yang berkualitas tinggi. Dalam skripsi ini akan ditinjau sebuah sistem distilasi yang akan dikendalikan oleh kontroler dan metode penyetelannya. Secara umum, llYSYS digunakan untuk memodelkan sistem yang beroperasi pada kondisi steady state, dimana seluruh parameter berjalan seperti hitungan diatas kertas, dan sangat ideal. Pada skripsi ini akan ditelaah lebih lanjut suatu kondisi yang tidak ideal, yang biasa disebut sebagai mode dynamic yang akan disimulasikan pada HYSYS, dimana terdapat gangguan pada sistem seperti telah disebutkan diatas dan akan melibatkan sistem pengendalian proses didalanmya, Sistem yang ditinjau itu sendiri adalah sistem distilasi batch. Pada skripsi ini akan dibabas mengenai cara melakukan pemodelan distilasi batcb pada HYSYS dan pengaruh perubahan konstanta PID terhadap hasil running kontroler pada HYSYS 3.1, Pemodelan dilakukan dengan tiga tahap, yaitu mode steady state, mode dynamic dan install kontroler. Sedangkan running simulasi dilakukan dengan cara mengubah satah satu konstanta P1D dengan dua variabel lainnya tetap, dimana setiap konstanta memiliki pola yang unik, yaitu cepat atau lambatnya hasil running berjalan"

"Buku yang berjudul "User guide on process integration for the efficient use of energy" ini disusun oleh B. Linnhoff, D. W. Townsend, D. Boland, G. F. Hewitt, B. E. A. Thomas, A. R. Guy, dan R. H. Marsland. Buku ini merupakan sebuah buku panduan mengenai energi yang efisien."