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"The applications of the theory of Optimal Control of distributed parameters is an extremely wide field and, although a large number of questions remain open, the whole subject continues to expand very rapidly. The author does not attempt to cover the field but does discuss a number of the more interesting areas of application."

"ABSTRAKPT XYZ telah menjalankan banyak kontrol TI untuk menjaga agar proses bisnis yang dijalankan dapat terhindar dari risiko-risiko kesalahan dan kecurangan. Kontrol tersebut diuji keefektifitasannya oleh Internal Audit Group IAG . Terdapat area dan kontrol yang diujikan secara berulang setiap tahun yang dilakukan secara manual oleh auditor menggunakan metode sampling. Selain itu, IAG juga melakukan pemantauan secara berkala terhadap temuan-temuan audit yang dikeluarkan. Pemantauan audit dilakukan berdasarkan dokumen tertulis oleh setiap divisi dengan mengacu pada timeline yang disepakati dengan Auditee.Berdasarkan hasil analisis dari permasalahan pengujian kontrol dan pemantauan hasil audit, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat rancangan spesifikasi kebutuhan Sistem Pengujian Kontrol dan Pemantauan Hasil Audit yang dapat digunakan oleh IAG PT XYZ. Spesifikasi kebutuhan sistem dirancang menggunakan proses rekayasa perangkat lunak Rational Unified Process RUP pada satu iterasi fase inception dan dua iterasi fase elaboration dengan ruang lingkup business modeling workflow dan requirements workflow. Hasil dari penelitian didapatkan 18 stakeholder request STRQ , 19 NEED, 27 fitur FEAT , 33 kebutuhan spesifikasi sistem SRS dengan 10 kebutuhan fungsional UCS dan 28 kebutuhan non-fungsional SUPP . Seluruh hasil tersebut didokumentasikan pada artefak Requirement Management Plan, Stakeholder Request, Vision, Software Requirement Specification, Use Case Specification, Supplementary Specification, dan Glossary.

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ABSTRACTPT XYZ has implemented many IT controls to prevent the business process from risk of fraudulent. The effectiveness of the controls are tested by conducting audit activities performed by the Internal Audit Group IAG . There are recurring audit of controls that are performed manually by the auditor using sampling method. In addition, IAG also conducts regular monitoring of audit findings. Audit monitoring is done manually by each division based on the agreed timeline with Auditee.Based on the problem analysis of control testing and monitoring audit results, this study aims to make the requirement specification design for continuous auditing and monitoring system that can be used by IAG PT XYZ. The requirement specification is designed using the Rational Unified Process RUP software process through inception and elaboration phases with the scope of business modeling workflow and requirements, analysis and design workflow.The result of this research are 18 stakeholder request STRQ , 19 NEED, 27 features FEAT , 33 software requirement specifications SRS that consist of 10 functional requirements UCS and 28 non functional requirements SUPP . All the results are documented in Requirement Management Plan, Stakeholder Request, Vision, Software Requirement Specification, Use Case Specification, Supplementary Specification, and Glossary artifacts."

"Rollover merupakan penyebab utama adanya korban jiwa dari peristiwa ketidakstabilan kendaraan. Karenanya, inovasi pencegahan rollover pada kendaraan roda empat terus dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan keselamatan berkendara. Variabel sudut roll dan kecepatan sudut roll sangat diperlukan dalam pengendalian pencegahan rollover kendaraan, namun kedua variabel ini tidak dapat diukur secara langsung pada kendaraan roda empat karena tingginya harga sensor yang diperlukan. Metode estimasi sudut roll dan kecepatan sudut roll yang akurat dibutuhkan agar pengendalian pencegahan rollover dapat bekerja. Pada penelitian skripsi ini, didesain observer menggunakan metode extended Kalman filter (EKF) diskrit untuk mengestimasi sudut roll dan kecepatan sudut roll. Metode EKF dipilih karena dapat menghasilkan estimasi yang baik pada kondisi non-linier. Persamaan keadaan non-linier yang digunakan pada EKF diturunkan dari model gerak kendaraan pada bidang datar dan model gerak poros kendaraan. Persamaan keadaan non-linier yang dalam bentuk kontinu diaproksimasikan ke bentuk diskrit menggunakan metode Runge-Kutta orde 4. Observer yang didesain lalu diintegrasikan dengan sistem pengendali prediktif pencegahan rollover untuk menguji kinerja metode observer saat kendaraan dalam kondisi pengendalian kestabilan yang non-linier. Metode observer EKF hasil penelitian kemudian dibandingkan dengan metode Kalman filter pada simulasi menggunakan perangkat lunak Carsim dan MATLAB & Simulink.

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Rollover is the main cause of fatalities from vehicle instability. Therefore, rollover prevention innovations in four-wheeled vehicles continue to be developed to improve driving safety. Roll angle and roll rate are very necessary in vehicle rollover prevention control, but these two variables cannot be directly measured on four-wheeled vehicles because of the high price of the sensors needed. The method of high-performance roll angle and roll rate estimation is needed so that rollover prevention control can operate. In this final project, the observer is designed with discrete extended Kalman filter (EKF) method to estimate roll angle and roll rate of the vehicle. The EKF method was chosen because it can yield good estimates in nonlinear conditions. The nonlinear equations used in EKF are derived from the yaw-plane vehicle dynamics model and axis dynamics model. The nonlinear equations which are still in continuous form are approximated to discrete form using the 4th order Runge-Kutta method. The designed observer is integrated with the predictive rollover prevention control system to test the performance of EKF when the vehicles is in stability controlling, nonlinear conditions. The designed EKF observer method is then compared to the Kalman filter method in a simulation using Carsim and MATLAB & Simulink software."

"Laporan Magang ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sistem pengendalian internal PT MNK dalam proses GRPO, sebagai bagian dari tahap penerimaan barang, dalam proses pengadaan perusahaan. Penggunaan software SAP dalam proses GRPO telah terbukti membantu PT MNK dalam perbaikan kualitas sistem pengendalian internal perusahaan, sehingga dapat meminimalisir risiko-risiko yang terjadi pada proses pengadaan. Dalam menganalisis pengendalian internal PT MNK pada proses GRPO, digunakan perbandingan bagan alir terlebih dahulu untuk memastikan kejelasan alur penerimaan barang pada perusahaan. Selanjutnya, digunakan lima komponen aktivitas pengendalian untuk mengukur apakah aktivitas pengendalian internal PT MNK sudah tercapai atau belum. Sebagai hasil analisis, PT MNK diketahui telah melakukan upaya pengendalian melalui aktivitas pengendalian dan penerapan bagan alir dalam prosedur penerimaan barang. Meski demikian, terdapat upaya-upaya yang dapat dilakukan PT MNK untuk mengoptimalkan pengendalian internal perusahaannya, seperti menjelaskan bagan alir penerimaan barang dan menambah posisi baru sebagai pemeriksa dalam proses pengadaan. Selain menganalisis terkait pengendalian internal, kegiatan magang memberikan kesempatan untuk belajar mengenai software SAP dalam sistem akuntansi dan etika dalam bekerja. Pengalaman yang berharga tersebut diharapkan dapat menjadi bekal penulis yang dapat diterapkan dalam kerjaan kedepannya.

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This Internship Report aims to analyze PT MNK's internal control system in the GRPO process, as part of the goods receipt stage, in the company's procurement process. The use of SAP software in the GRPO process has been proven to assist PT MNK in improving the quality of the company's internal control system, so as to minimize the risks that occur in the procurement process. In analyzing PT MNK's internal control in the GRPO process, a flow chart comparison is used first to ensure clearness of the flow of goods received at the company. Next, five components of control activities are used to measure whether PT MNK's internal control activities have been achieved or not. As a result of the analysis, PT MNK is known to have made efforts to control through control activities and the application of flowchart in the procedure of receiving goods. However, there are efforts that can be done by PT MNK to optimize the company's internal control, such as explaining the flow of goods receipt and adding new positions as inspectors in the procurement process. In addition to analyzing internal control, internships provide opportunities to learn about SAP software in accounting systems and work ethics. This valuable experience is expected to be a provision for writers who can be applied in future work.

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"This book gives a comprehensive treatment of the fundamental necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality for finite-dimensional, deterministic, optimal control problems. The emphasis is on the geometric aspects of the theory and on illustrating how these methods can be used to solve optimal control problems. It provides tools and techniques that go well beyond standard procedures and can be used to obtain a full understanding of the global structure of solutions for the underlying problem. The text includes a large number and variety of fully worked out examples that range from the classical problem of minimum surfaces of revolution to cancer treatment for novel therapy approaches. All these examples, in one way or the other, illustrate the power of geometric techniques and methods. "