Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Perkembangan ekonomi yang semakin mengarah kepada pasar bebas tidak dapat dihindari lagi dengan menyatunya ekonomi semua bangsa. Hal ini merupakan salah satu penyebab dari adanya persaingan antara pelaku ekonomi dalam perdagangan internasional yang semakin ketat dan mendorong terjadinya persaingan curang seperti praktik dumping, yaitu persaingan dalam bentuk harga berupa diskriminasi harga atau menjual di bawah harga normal.Dunia telah mengupayakan membentuk suatu peraturan mengenai anti dumping. Pada tahun 1947 telah dibuat kesepakatan umum mengenai tarif dan perdagangan atau General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Pengaturan mengenai anti dumping ditetapkan dalam Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994 dan merupakan salah satu Multilateral Trade Agreements yang ditandatangani bersamaan dengan Agreement Establishing The World Trade Organization (WTO). Praktik dumping yang dilarang menurut GATT adalah penjualan barang sejenis yang dibawah harga normal yang menyebabkan kerugian material di Industri dalam negeri. Pengaturan mengenai unsur kerugian kemudian menjadi perlu untuk ditelaah karena terakit pembuktian suatu negara melakukan tindakan dumping yang dilarang menurut GATT.Sebagai negara yang turut ambil bagian dalam perdagangan multilateral, Indonesia telah meratifikasi Agreement Establishing The World Trade Organization (WTO) melalui Undang-Undang No.7 Tahun 1994, sekaligus meratifikasi pula Antidumping Code 1994.Dengan adanya ratifikasi tersebut segala tindakan anti dumping baik ketika Indonesia menuduh Turki melakukan dumping dan India menuduh Indonesia melakukan dumping harus disesuaikan dengan Anti dumping Agreement.

---

The growing economic development leads to free market inevitably with economic Union of all Nations. This is one of the reasons for the existence of competition between businesses in international trade in an increasingly tough and promote unfair competition, such as dumping, namely in the form of price competition in the form of price discrimination or sell below regular prices.

The world has been trying to form a set of rules on anti dumping. The year 1947 became general on GATT agreement or the General Agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT). Regulation of anti dumping duties set out in the agreement on the application of article VI of GATT 1994 and is one of the multilateral trade agreements, signed together with the Convention articles from the world of Trade Organization (WTO).Dumping practices prohibited by the GATT is the sale of similar goods in the normal causing material losses in the national industry price. Adjustments to the Material Injury then becomes necessary to review because of evidence of a country making the discharge is forbidden by the GATT.

As a country that participates in the multilateral trade, Indonesia has ratified the Convention articles from the world of the Trade Organization (WTO) by Act No.7 of 1994 and the measures anti dumping code 1994. The ratification of the agreement obligate each member to implement the agreement in their national act. This mini thesis analyze the implementation of the agreement on the cases Indonesia Versus Turkey and India Versus Indonesia."

"Recent trends suggest that international economic law may be witnessing a renaissance of convergence – both parallel and intersectional. The adjudicative process also reveals signs of convergence. These diverse claims of convergence are of legal, empirical and normative interest. Yet, convergence discourse also warrants scepticism. This volume contributes to both the general debate on the fragmentation of international law and the narrower discourse concerning the interplay between international trade and investment, focusing on dispute settlement. It moves beyond broad observations or singular case studies to provide an informed and wide-reaching assessment by investigating multiple standards, processes, mechanisms and behaviours. Methodologically, a normative stance is largely eschewed in favour of a range of 'doctrinal,' quantitative and qualitative methods that are used to address the research questions. Furthermore, in determining the extent of convergence or divergence, it is important to recognize that there is no bright line or clear yardstick for determining its nature or degree."

"The World Trade Organization (WTO) recently celebrated twenty years of existence. The general wisdom is that its dispute settlement institutions work well and its negotiation machinery goes through a phase of prolonged crises. Assessing the World Trade Organization overcomes this myopic view and takes stock of the WTO's achievements whilst going beyond existing disciplinary narratives. With chapters written by scholars who have closely observed the development of the WTO in recent years, this book presents the state of the art in thinking about WTO performance. It also considers important issues such as the origins of the multilateral system, the accession process and the WTO's interaction with other international organisations. The contributions shed new light on untold stories, critically review and present existing scholarship, and sketch new research avenues for a future generation of trade scholars. This book will appeal to a wide audience that aims to better understand the drivers and obstacles of WTO performance."

"Conventional wisdom on the insufficiency of existing WTO disciplines on export restrictions has triggered momentum on the issue. In this book, Ilaria Espa offers a comprehensive analysis of the scope and coverage of WTO disciplines on export restrictions in light of emerging case law. She investigates whether such rules still provide a sufficient, credible and effective framework capable of preventing abuses in the use of export restrictive measures on critical minerals and metals during a period of economic crisis and change in international trade patterns. Giving a broad overview of the export restrictions applied to these materials, Espa identifies distinctive features in the proliferation of export barriers and analyses the existing WTO rules to reveal their scope, gaps and inconsistencies. She goes on to present solutions based upon her findings with the aim of bringing more coherence and equity to WTO rules on the export side."

"Kertas, sebagai salah satu komoditas ekspor unggulan Indonesia dalam sektor non-migas, sering menghadapi beberapa permasalahan yang ada di pasar internasional, seperti tuduhan dumping oleh negara tujuan ekspor. Dumping adalah suatu keadaan di mana produk yang diekspor oleh suatu negara ke negara lain dengan harga yang lebih rendah dari harga jual di dalam negerinya sendiri atau nilai normal dari produk tersebut. Dumping merupakan tindakan curang yang sering terjadi dalam perdagangan internasional yang dapat menimbulkan injury di negara tujuan ekspor. Negara dalam melindungi produksi dalam negeri dari praktik dumping oleh negara lain dapat mengenakan Bea Masuk Anti-dumping (“BMAD”). Pengenaan BMAD ini yang sering kali menjadi sengketa antara negara, di mana masing-masing negara berupaya untuk melindungi kepentingan nasionalnya. WTO mempunyai suatu forum untuk menyelesaikan sengketa antar negara, yaitu Dispute Settlement Body (“DSB”). Tercatat, hingga saat ini ada 5 sengketa produk Kertas Indonesia terkait tuduhan dumping di WTO, yaitu sengketa dengan Korea Selatan (DS 312), Afrika Selatan (DS 374), Pakistan (DS 470), Amerika Serikat (DS 491) dan Australia (DS 529). Negara-negara ini bersengketa dengan Indonesia karena adanya tuduhan dumping produk kertas Indonesia yang diduga tidak konsisten dengan Anti-dumping Agreement (“ADA”) . Dari 5 sengketa tersebut, hanya ada 3 sengketa yang berlanjut di Panel WTO, yaitu DS 312, DS 491 dan DS 529. Ketiga Putusan Panel ini, sudah sesuai dengan ketentuan dalam ADA. Untuk melindungi kepentingan nasionalnya, Indonesia dapat melakukan tindakan preventif dan represif

---

Paper, as one of Indonesia's leading export commodities in the non-oil and gas sector, often faces several problems in the international market, such as accusations of dumping by export destination countries. Dumping is a condition in which a product is exported by one country to another at a price lower than the selling price in its own country or the normal value of the product. Dumping is a fraudulent act that often occurs in international trade which can cause injury to the export destination country. Countries in protecting domestic production from dumping practices by other countries can impose Anti-dumping Duties (“BMAD”). The imposition of BMAD is often a dispute between countries, in which each country seeks to protect its national interests. The WTO has a forum for resolving disputes between countries, namely the Dispute Settlement Body (“DSB”). Currently, there have been 5 disputes regarding Indonesian Paper products related to dumping accusations at the WTO, namely disputes with South Korea (DS 312), South Africa (DS 374), Pakistan (DS 470), the United States (DS 491) and Australia (DS 529). These countries are in dispute with Indonesia because there are allegations of dumping paper Indonesian products allegedly inconsistent with the Anti-dumping Agreement (“ADA”). Of the 5 disputes, there were only 3 disputes that continued in the WTO Panel, namely DS 312, DS 491 and DS 529. These three Panel decisions were in accordance with the provisions in Agreement (“ADA”). To protect its national interests, Indonesia can take preventive and repressive measures."