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"New strategies and techniques for today's fast-paced discovery process. Today, the pressure is on for high-throughput approaches to accelerate the generation, identification, and optimization of molecules with desirable drug properties. As traditional methods of analysis become antiquated, new analytical strategies and techniques are necessary to meet sample throughput requirements and manpower constraints. Among them, mass spectrometry has grown to be a front-line tool throughout drug discovery. Integrated Strategies for Drug Discovery Using Mass Spectrometry provides a thorough review of current analytical approaches, industry practices, and strategies in drug discovery. The topics represent current industry benchmarks in specific drug discovery activities that deal with proteomics, biomarker discovery, metabonomic approaches for toxicity screening, lead identification, compound libraries, quantitative bioanalytical support, biotransformation, reactive metabolite characterization, lead optimization, pharmaceutical property profiling, sample preparation strategies, and automation. THIS BOOK: Clearly explains how drug discovery and mass spectrometry are interconnected Discusses the uses and limitations of various types of mass spectrometry in various aspects of drug discovery Prominently features analytical applications that require trace-mixture analysis Provides industry applications and real-world examples Shares historical background information on various techniques to aid in the understanding of how and why new methods are now being employed to analyze samples."

""While most of the focus in "omics" science over the past decade has been on sequencing the human genome [1] or annotating the human proteome [2], there is another equally important component of the human body that has, until recently, been largely overlooked: the human metabolome. The human metabolome can be thought of as the complete collection of small molecule metabolites found in our bodies. These small molecules include such chemical entities as peptides, amino acids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, vitamins, minerals, food additives, drugs and just about any other chemical (with a molecular weight 1500 Da) that can be used, ingested or synthesized by humans. Metabolites act as the bricks and mortar of our cells. They serve as the building blocks for all of our macromolecules including proteins, RNA, DNA, carbohydrates, membranes and all other biopolymers that give our cells their structure and integrity. Metabolites also act as the fuel for all cellular processes, the buffers to help tolerate environmental insults and the messengers for most intra- and intercellular events. Together with the genome and the proteome, the human metabolome essentially defines who and what we are."-- Provided by publisher"

"Tamoksifen merupakan obat pilihan pertama untuk terapi hormonal pada pasien kanker payudara sebagai terapi ajuvan. Efek antiestrogen dari tamoksifen sangat ditentukan oleh metabolit aktifnya, yaitu endoksifen. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis tamoksifen dan endoksifen dalam sampel dried blood spot DBS dari 40 orang pasien kanker payudara yang memperoleh regimen tamoksifen. Sampel DBS diekstraksi dengan metode ultrasound-assisted liquid extraction dan dilakukan analisis menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja ultra tinggi-tandem spektrometri massa KCKUT-SM/SM . Metode bioanalisis tamoksifen dan endoksifen serta klomifen sebagai baku dalam secara simultan dalam DBS menggunakan KCKUT-SM/SM telah divalidasi parsial dalam penelitian ini. Hasil uji akurasi dan presisi within-run dengan metode ini memperoleh nilai diff dan KV tidak lebih dari 15 dan tidak lebih dari 20 untuk konsentrasi LLOQ. Kurva kalibrasi untuk tamoksifen diperoleh pada rentang 5 ndash; 200 ng/mL dan 1 ndash; 40 ng/mL untuk endoksifen dengan nilai r > 0,99. Hasil analisis pada 40 pasien kanker payudara menunjukkan kadar tamoksifen berada pada rentang 40,28 ng/mL hingga 194,10 ng/mL dan kadar endoksifen dengan rentang 1,25 ng/mL hingga 18,02 ng/mL. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 4 pasien memperoleh terapi tamoksifen yang kurang efektif berdasarkan konsentrasi ambang batas endoksifen dalam sampel DBS yaitu 3,3 ng/mL.

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Tamoxifen is the first choice of hormonal therapy in breast cancer patients as their adjuvant therapy. The antiestrogen effect of tamoxifen is highly determined by its active metabolite, endoxifen. In this research, analysis of tamoxifen and endoxifen with clomiphene as the internal standard were performed in dried blood spot DBS samples of 40 breast cancer patients who received tamoxifen in their regiment. DBS samples were extracted by ultrasound assisted liquid extraction and analyzed using ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry UHPLC MS MS . A simultaneous quantification method of tamoxifen and endoxifen in DBS using UHPLC MS MS had been partially validated in this study. The diff and CV of within run accuracy and precision obtained in this method were no more than 15 and no more than 20 for LLOQ. The calibration curve range for tamoxifen obtained was 5 200 ng mL and 1 40 ng mL for endoxifen with r 0.99. The analysis results of 40 breast cancer patients showed tamoxifen levels were within the range of 40.28 ndash 194.10 ng mL and endoxifen within 1.25 ndash 18.02 ng mL. These results suggested that there were 4 patients received less effective tamoxifen therapy based on the endoxifen threshold in the DBS sample which was 3.3 ng mL."

"Metamfetamin atau di Indonesia dikenal dengan sabu merupakan stimulan sistem saraf pusat yang sangat kuat dari golongan amfetamin. Untuk membuktikan seseorang menyalahgunakan metamfetamin maka diperlukan uji metamfetamin dalam tubuh. Selama ini Kadar metamfetamin di dalam tubuh biasanya ditentukan di dalam darah dan urin. Saliva sebagai matriks biologis lebih sederhana dan efisien untuk uji metamfetamin dalam tubuh walaupun jarang digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode analisis metamfetamin dalam saliva mulai dari kondisi kromatografi gas tandem spektrometri massa yang optimum, metode preparasi saliva optimum, hingga validasi metode analisis. Kondisi kromatografi optimum adalah kolom kapiler DB-5 MS dengan panjang 30 m; diameter dalam 0,25 mm; fase gerak gas Helium 99,999 ; laju alir 0,8 mL/menit; deteksi MS pada nilai m/z 58,00 dan 91,00 dan efedrin HCl sebagai baku dalam. Preparasi sampel menggunakan metode mikroekstraksi cair-cair dengan pelarut sikloheksana lalu residunya dikeringkan dan direkonstitusi dengan metanol sebanyak 100 L. Hasil validasi terhadap metode analisis metamfetamin yang dilakukan memenuhi persyaratan validasi berdasarkan EMEA Bioanalytical Guideline tahun 2011. Metode yang diperoleh linear pada rentang konsentrasi 15,0 ndash; 300,0 ng/mL dengan r > 0,9999. Metode berhasil diaplikasikan terhadap sampel saliva pengguna metamfetamin dengan kadar berada dalam rentang kurva kalibrasi.

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Methamphetamine or in Indonesia known as shabu is a very strong central nervous system stimulant of the amphetamine group. To prove a person abusing methamphetamine then metamfetamin test required in the body. Methamphetamine concentration in the body are usually determined in the blood and urine. Saliva as a biological matrix is simpler and more efficient for methamphetamine tests in the body although rarely used. This study aims to develop analytical methods for methamphetamine in saliva from the conditions of gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry optimum, optimum saliva preparation methods, to the validation of analytical methods. The optimum chromatography conditions were DB MS 5 capillary columns with a length of 30 m 0.25 mm inner diameter mobile phase Helium gas 99.999 flow rate 0.8 mL min Detection of MS at m z values of 58.00 and 91.00 and ephedrine HCl as an internal standard. Sample preparation using liquid liquid microextraction with cyclohexane solvent and the residue is dried and reconstituted with about 100 L of methanol. The results of the validation of analytical methods for methamphetamine that satisfies the validation by the EMEA Guideline 2011. Bioanalytical Methods obtained linear in the concentration range from 15.0 to 300.0 ng mL with r 0.9999. The method was successfully applied to the saliva sample of methamphetamine users with levels in the range of the calibration curve."

"Etinil estradiol dan levonorgestrel merupakan salah satu kombinasi kontrasepsi oral gabungan dosis rendah yang banyak digunakan di masyarakat. Namun, obat ini memiliki konsentrasi yang rendah dalam plasma, sehingga dibutuhkan metode analisis yang tepat dan sensitif. Saat ingin mendapatkan plasma dari darah dibutuhkan adanya penambahan antikoagulan. Ketika melakukan studi in vitro untuk pengembangan metode dan validasi metode analisis, antikoagulan yang digunakan yaitu sitrat. Namun, antikoagulan yang umum digunakan untuk studi in vivo adalah EDTA dan heparin, sehingga perlu dilakukan validasi parsial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh jenis antikoagulan terhadap analisis etinil estradiol dan levonorgestrel dalam plasma menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja ultra tinggi tandem spektrometer massa. Kondisi analisis optimal diperoleh menggunakan kolom BEH C18 1,7 m; 50 x 2,1 mm fase gerak 0,1 asam formiat dalam air - asetonitril; metode elusi gradien; laju alir 0,3 mL/menit; suhu kolom 40 C volume penyuntikkan 10,0 L waktu analisis 5 menit dan prednison sebagai baku dalam. Aliquot diperoleh dengan kombinasi metode preparasi pengendapan protein dan ekstraksi cair-cair. Metode yang diperoleh mendapatkan hasil yang linear pada rentang konsentrasi 5-500 pg/mL untuk etinil estradiol dan 100-10.000 pg/ml untuk levonorgestrel. Hasil menunjukan tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan untuk parameter stabilitas dan recovery p > 0,05; ANOVA, namun peak area ratio menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan p < 0,05 Kruskal Wallis untuk sitrat, heparin, dan EDTA. Secara keseluruhan, analisis dengan plasma sitrat dan heparin memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dari plasma EDTA.

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Ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel is one of low dose oral contraception combinations that commonly used. However, this medication is known to have low concentration in plasma therefore an appropriate and sensitive analysis to identify it, should be taken into account. In order to obtain plasma from blood, an addition of anticoagulant is needed. A research about in vitro study for method development and validation method analysis used citrate as anticoagulant. But, anticoagulants that regularly used for in vivo study are EDTA and heparin, therefore partial validation is needed.

This research objective is to evaluate the different types of anticoagulant to ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel in plasma by using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Optimal analysis condition is obtained with column BEH C18 1,7 m 50 x 2,1 mm mobile phase consisting 0.1 formic acid in water ndash acetonitrile gradient elution method flow rate of 0.3 mL minute column temperature of 40 C injection volume of 10,0 L 5 minutes analysis time and prednisone as internal standard. Aliquot is resulted by combining preparation method of protein precipitation and liquid liqud extraction. There was a linear result with the range of 5 500 pg mL concentration of ethinyl estradiol and 100 10.000 pg ml concentration of levonorgestrel.

There was no significant difference for stability and recovery of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel in citrate, heparin, and EDTA plasma p 0.05 ANOVA, but it showed significant difference for peak area ratio p 0.05 Kruskal Wallis, between citrate, EDTA, and heparin plasma. In general, citrate and heparin plasma analysis had better result than EDTA plasma analysis."

"Etinil estradiol dan levonorgestrel merupakan salah satu contoh obat kontrasepsi low dose-combined oral contraceptives COCs yang bekerja sinergis dengan cara menekan gonadotropin dan penghambatan ovulasi. Etinil estradiol dan levonorgestrel termasuk obat wajib uji bioekivalensi dan memiliki kadar dosis yang sangat kecil, sehingga diperlukan metode analisis yang sensitif dan selektif, serta tervalidasi menggunakan kromatografi cair tandem spektrometri massa. Penelitian ini dikembangkan pertama kali di Indonesia dengan prednison sebagai baku dalam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh kondisi optimum dan metode analisis yang tervalidasi mengacu pada European Medicines Agency EMEA tahun 2011. Pemisahan secara kromatografi fase terbalik dilakukan dengan kolom Acquity UPLC BEH C18 2,1 50 mm; 1,7 m, dengan laju alir 0,3 mL/menit dan kondisi gradien fase gerak asam formiat 0,1 dalam air dan asetonitril selama 5 menit. Preparasi sampel menggunakan pengendapan protein yang dilanjutkan ekstraksi cair-cair dengan etil asetat : n-heksana 10:90 dan derivatisasi etinil estradiol dengan dansil klorida. Analisis kuantitatif analit dilakukan menggunakan spektrometri massa triple quadrupole dengan electrospray ionization ESI mode ion positif. Nilai transisi pada multiple reaction monitoring MRM diatur pada m/z 530,16 > 171,08 untuk etinil estradiol terderivatisasi dansil klorida; m/z 313,16 > 245,10 untuk levonorgestrel; dan m/z 359,10 > 147,04 untuk prednison. Secara keseluruhan, metode telah tervalidasi memiliki akurasi diff -9,99 hingga 4,96 dan presisi KV antar hari yaitu 6,27-14,27 yang baik, serta sensitif dengan nilai batas kuantifikasi lebih rendah LLOQ sebesar 5 pg/mL dan 100 pg/mL untuk etinil estradiol dan levonorgestrel.

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Ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel are one example of low dose combined oral contraceptives COCs contraceptive drugs that work synergistically by suppress gonadotropin and inhibition of ovulation. Ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel are include required bioequivalence test drugs and have a very small dosage levels, so a highly sensitive, selective, and validated method is needed by using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. This method was developed first time in Indonesia with prednisone as internal standard.

The purpose of this research is to get the optimum condition and the analytical method had been fully validated according to European Medicines Agency EMEA guidelines, 2011. A reverse phase chromatography separation was performed on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column 2.1 50 mm 1.7 m, eluted at a flow rate 0.3 mL min under a gradient of mobile phase of 0.1 formic acid in water and acetonitril within 5 minutes. Sample preparation were used protein precipitation followed by liquid liquid extraction with ethyl acetate n hexane 10 90 and derivatization ethinyl estradiol with dansyl chloride.

Quantification analysis was performed by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization ESI in positive ion mode. The multiple reaction monitoring MRM was set at m z 530.16 171.08 for ethinyl estradiol derivatizated by dansyl chloride m z 313.16 245.10 for levonorgestrel and m z 359.10 147.04 for prednisone. Overall, the validated method was accurate diff 9.99 to 4.96, precise between run CV 6.27 14.27 , and sensitive with the lower limit of quantification LLOQ at 5 pg mL and 100 pg mL for ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel respectively. "

"Tamoksifen merupakan obat golongan Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator SERM yang digunakan sebagai terapi adjuvan kanker payudara ER. Setelah administrasi, tamoksifen dimetabolisme menjadi dua metabolit utama: endoksifen yang dapat memberikan efek terapi, dan 4-hidroksitamoksifen yang menurut beberapa penelitian dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya kanker endometrium. Efektivitas terapi tamoksifen yang diterima pasien dapat ditinjau melalui pencapaian kadar ambang batas dari endoksifen, dimana pasien yang memiliki kadar endoksifen > 3,3 ng/mL memiliki kemungkinan kekambuhan 26 lebih rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis tamoksifen, endoksifen dan 4-hidroksitamoksifen dalam sampel dried blood spot DBS dari 14 orang pasien kanker payudara yang mendapatkan tamoksifen sebagai terapi adjuvan, sebagai bentuk aplikasi klinis metode analisis senyawa dan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas terapi tamoksifen yang diterima pasien. Sampel DBS diekstraksi dengan metode pengendapan protein dan dianalisis menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja ultra tinggi-tandem spektrometri massa KCKUT-SM/SM. Metode ini telah divalidasi parsial dan linear pada rentang 5 ndash; 200 ng/mL untuk tamoksifen, 1 ndash; 40 ng/mL untuk endoksifen dan 0,5-20 ng/mL untuk 4-hidroksitamoksifen. Pada sampel DBS dari 14 pasien kanker payudara yang dianalisis, kadar tamoksifen terukur berkisar antara 58,27 ng/mL hingga 183,53 ng/mL, kadar endoksifen terukur berkisar antara 4,55 ng/mL hingga 28,77 ng/mL, kadar 4-hidroksitamoksifen terukur berkisar antara 0,72 ng/mL hingga 8,19 ng/mL. Seluruh pasien memiliki kadar endoksifen di atas ambang batas 3,3 ng/mL.

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Tamoxifen is a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator SERM that is used as an adjuvant therapy for ER breast cancer. Upon administration, tamoxifen is metabolized to two main metabolites endoxifen which is responsible for its therapeutic effect and 4 OHT which can increase the risk of endometrial cancer according to some researches. Efficacy of tamoxifen therapy can be assessed from clinical threshold of endoxifen, in which patients with endoxifen level above 3,3 ng mL have a 26 lower recurrence rate. This research aims to analyze tamoxifen, endoxifen and 4 hydroxytamoxifen in dried blood spots from 14 breast cancer patients who received tamoxifen as an adjuvant therapy, as clinical application of developed method and to evaluate the effectivity of the therapy received by patients. DBS samples are extracted by protein precipitation method and are analyzed using UPLC MS MS. This method is partially validated and linear within range of 5 ndash 200 ng mL for tamoxifen, 1 ndash 40 ng mL for endoxifen, and 0,5 ndash 20 ng mL for 4 hydroxytamoxifen. The result on 14 breast cancer patients showed that tamoxifen levels were in the range of 58,27 ng mL to 183,53 ng mL, endoxifen 4,55 ng mL to 28,77 ng mL, and 4 hydroxytamoxifen 0,72 ng mL to 8,19 ng mL. All patients showed endoxifen level above the clinical threshold 3,3 ng mL."

"ABSTRAKSiklofosfamid merupakan obat antikanker yang umum digunakan dalam regimen kemoterapi untuk penyakit kanker payudara. Namun, penggunaan siklofosfamid dapat menyebabkan efek samping yaitu sistitis hemoragik yang dapat menyebabkan pendarahan saat berkemih dan berkembang menjadi kanker kandung kemih. Efek samping tersebut disebabkan oleh hasil samping dari metabolisme siklofosfamid yaitu akrolein. Akrolein akan diekskresikan melalui urin dalam bentuk metabolit yaitu 3-HPMA. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan pengukuran kadar 3-HPMA dalam urin pasien kanker. Sampel urin diambil 4 jam setelah pemberian siklofosfamid dan urinalisis dilakukan untuk melihat resiko terjadinya hematuria. Analisis dilakukan secara KCKUT-SM/SM fase terbalik yang dilengkapi dengan sistem deteksi spektrometri massa triple quadrupole ESI positif. Preparasi sampel dilakukan dengan pengasaman dan dilusi. Metode analisis yang digunakan linier dengan rentang analisis 40-10000 ng/mL untuk 3-HPMA. Hasil analisis kadar 3-HPMA dalam 40 pasien kanker menunjukkan hasil yang sangat bervariasi, dengan konsentrasi terukur berkisar antara 113-9495 ng/mL dan kadar ternormalisasi kreatinin berkisar antara 650-5596 ng/mg kreatinin. Pasien dengan hasil positif hematuria menunjukkan rata-rata kadar 3-HPMA yaitu 4839 ng/mg kreatinin, sementara untuk pasien dengan hasil negative hematuria menunjukkan rata-rata kadar yaitu 2419,431 ng/mg kreatinin.

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ABSTRACTCyclophosphamide is an alkylating agent commonly used in chemotherapy regimens for breast cancer, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, leukemia, and lung cancer. However, the use of cyclophosphamide can cause toxic side effects on the bladder, namely hemorrhagic cytitis which can cause hematuria and can later develop into bladder cancer. These side effects are caused by the byproduct of cyclophosphamide metabolism, acrolein. 3-HPMA is a stable metabolite of acrolein found in urine that serves as biomarker of acrolein. In this study, we developed a method to quantify 3-Hydroxy Propyl Mercapturic Acid (3-HPMA) in cancer patients urine. Urine samples were taken 4 hours after cyclophosphamide administration and urin alysis was done to observe the risk of hematuria. Analysis of 3-HPMA was performed by reversed phase UPLC-MS/MS equipped with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer positive ESI mode detection. The mobile phase used for analysis is 0,1% formic acid in water and in acetonitrile (90:10 v/v). The MRM was set at m/z 222.10>90.97 for 3-HPMA and 164.10 > 122.02 for the internal standard NAC. Sample preparation was done by acidification and simple dilution. The analytical method used is linear within the consentration range of 40-10000 ng/mL. The results showed varied levels of 3-HPMA in 40 cancer patients urine, with measured concentrations ranging from 113-9495 ng/mL and creatinine-adjusted levels ranging from 650-5596 ng/mg creatinine. Patients with positive results of hematuria showed 3-HPMA levels that were relatively high with mean level of 4839 ng/mg creatinine."