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"Napoleon fish (Cheilinus undulatus) is one of wrasses that has a high value in the worlds market. This paper present the existence of Napoleon fish of Maratua Island, East Borneo as one of its habitat in Indonesia and current records influencing the social-economic conditions there. The existence of Napoleon fish were detected by GPS (Global Positioning System) using Density Survey Method at six station of three different island i.e. Maratua, Kakaban, and Atol of Karang Muaras. During the observation, four Napoleon fish were found successfully in the northern coastal area of Kakaban Island. Unsustainable fishing activities such as using the potassium cyanide, fish bomb, and illegal fishing suggested as reasons of dramatic declining in the fishery production"

"Green tides are usually induced by water eutrophication. An acceleration of chemical inputs that influence algal population, especially Ulva. The increase of nitrogen and phosphorus is the main factor in green tides. Ulva is very efficient to proliferate by fragmentaion and creates such blooms, some species were documented on green tide occurrences in several regions, namely: Ulva lactuca, U. rigida, U. olivascens, U. gigantea, U. curvata, U. rotundata, U. scandinavica, U. pseudocurvata, U. armoricana, U. prolifera, U. reticulata. Generally, green tides have negative impact on marine ecosystem, human health and economic. Green tides also impact the fishing and aquaculture activities, dead alga can produce hydrogen sulfide which can cause animals and humans death"

"The japanese threadfin bream, Nemipterus japonicus is one of demersal fishes of the Family Nemipteridae which has high economy value and commonly caught by bottom trawl. The distribution is widespread throughout the Indian Ocean and West Pacific. This species is commonly found in coastal waters, on muddy or sandy bottoms from 5 to 80 meters depth. Special characteristics of N. japonicus are having 11-12 pale golden-yellow stripes along the body from behind of the head to the base of caudal fin, a prominent red-suffused yellow blotch origin of lateral line and a yellow fillament on caudal fin. This species is carnivorous and has external reproductive system. The diet consists mainly of small fishes, molluscas, crustaceans (mainly crab or shrimp), polychaetes and enchinoderms."

"Fishes are an economical and healthy source of protein for the majority of the world community. However the concentration of mercury in fish due to anthropogenic emissions pose health risks to humans. The concentration of organic mercury (methylmercury) dominates 80-90 persen total mercury concentrations in fish flesh. The Accumulation of mercury increases with the rise of water temperature, organism age, time of exposure, and the concentration of protein- bound mercury. The decline in salinity or hardness, pH, organic matter content, and the presence of Zn, Cd, or Se in solution will also increases the accumulation of mercury. The rate of accumulation of methylmercury in fish affects the toxicity, in which a low rate of accumulation associates with a higher tolerance. "

"Coral reef bleacing is a phenomenon of fading due to a variety of stress, both natural and human impact. These circumstance leads to the degeneration and loss of zooxanthellae in coral tissue The phenomenon of coral bleaching can be occurerd locally and globally. Based on the historical record, the largest coral bleching occurred in 1997-1998. Contributing factors to the coral bleaching are extreme temperature changes, metals, other pollutants (nitrates), slow water movement, light intensity and salinity. Zooxantellae (algae symbiont) is much more affected in the certain conditions, especially in the photosynthesis process. Defensive mechanisms against the pressure on zooxantellae can be defined as Npq, fluorescent pigments, oxidation enzymes and genetic variation. Changing in reproductive patterns, species composition and community structure can be happened after bleaching phenomenon. In the future, monitoring of Seawater Surface Temperature (SST), research on the types of stress and tolerant mechanisms of algae symbiont, including pigments, proteins, enzymes oxidation, genetics in both laboratory and field are needed. "

"Jumlah penemuan bahan baku obat dari sumber daya hayati laut tidak sebanyak di darat. Akhir-akhir ini penemuan bahan baku obat dari sumber daya hayati mengalami peningkatan. Artikel ini memuat beberapa bahan baku obat dari sumber daya hayati laut yang telah memasuki tahap uji klinik maupun pra-klinik. Selain itu, artikel ini juga memuat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi peningkatan penemuan bahan obat dari sumber daya hayati laut seperti perkembangan metode produksi senyawa bioaktif, kerjasama antara lembaga penelitian dengan industri, teknologi baru, penemuan senyawa bioaktif dari mikroba laut, dan manipulasi jalur biosintesis senyawa bioaktif."

"Particle bombardment is a physical method of cell transformation. This method can be used in high density cell number. It is a versatile and effective transformation method, not limited by cell type, species or genotype. There are no intrinsic vector requirements so transgenes of any size and arrangement can be introduced, and multiple gene cotransformation is straightforward. A major advantage of particle bombardment is that the delivered DNA can be manipulated to influence the quality and structure of the resultant transgene loci. Particle bombardment can be applied effectively for genetic transformation in seaweeds, such as: Ulva pertusa, Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Kapaphycus alvarezii, Porphyra yezoensis, P. tenera, P. okamurae, P. onoi, P. variegate, P. pseudolinearis, Gracilaria gracilis, and G. changii. Gene expression in the transformation of seaweed using particle bombardment can be transient and stable. Based on their gene expression status, suggesting that genetic transformation using particle bombardment technique can be applied in seaweed. "

"Pollen grains and spores are an object which studied in palynology. Pollen is produced by seed plants which include gymnosperms and angiosperms. Pollen grains are male reproductive organ of seed plants. Meanwhile, spore is produced by cryptograms which include ferns and Mosses. Cryptogram spores being a resting and dispersal phase in gametophyte. In the study of pollen grains and spores, the complexity of their structure and patterning has necessitated a specific terminology. The main characters of pollen and spores are unit, shape, aperture, and sculpture. They are an important and valuable iriformation in palynology, so their applications relates to other knowledge such as geochronology, biostratigraphy, climate change, migration, flora evolution, stratigraphy, paleoecology, paleoclimatology and archeology"