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"This is the fifth edition of a very successful textbook on clinical trials methodology, written by recognized leaders who have long and extensive experience in all areas of clinical trials. The three authors of the first four editions have been joined by two others who add great expertise. Most chapters have been revised considerably from the fourth edition. A chapter on regulatory issues has been included and the chapter on data monitoring has been split into two and expanded. Many contemporary clinical trial examples have been added. There is much new material on adverse events, adherence, issues in analysis, electronic data, data sharing, and international trials. This book is intended for the clinical researcher who is interested in designing a clinical trial and developing a protocol. It is also of value to researchers and practitioners who must critically evaluate the literature of published clinical trials and assess the merits of each trial and the implications for the care and treatment of patients. The authors use numerous examples of published clinical trials to illustrate the fundamentals.The text is organized sequentially from defining the question to trial closeout. One chapter is devoted to each of the critical areas to aid the clinical trial researcher. These areas include pre-specifying the scientific questions to be tested and appropriate outcome measures, determining the organizational structure, estimating an adequate sample size, specifying the randomization procedure, implementing the intervention and visit schedules for participant evaluation, establishing an interim data and safety monitoring plan, detailing the final analysis plan, and reporting the trial results according to the pre-specified objectives."

"Latar Belakang: Identifikasi manusia yang hidup dan mati sangat penting dalam odontologi forensik. Beberapa prosedur untuk estimasi usia dewasa saat kematian yang banyak digunakan adalah metode morfohistologis, yaitu Tooth Cementum Annulation (TCA) dan Root Dentin Translucency (RDT). Namun, masih sedikit penelitian yang membandingkan kedua metode tersebut dan akurasinya dalam memperkirakan usia dewasa saat kematian. Tujuan: Untuk menguji dan membandingkan akurasi antara metode TCA dan RDT. Metode: Pencarian data dilakukan melalui lima database elektronik: Pubmed, SCOPUS, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, dan Wiley, dengan mengikuti pedoman dari Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Hasil: Dari total 1178 studi, 28 studi diikutsertakan untuk analisis kualitatif dan 23 studi untuk meta-analisis. Metode RDT menghasilkan metode yang lebih akurat untuk memperkirakan usia kematian orang dewasa (WMD=1,96 tahun; 95% CI: -0,88, 4,79) pada seluruh populasi. Metode RDT memberikan akurasi yang lebih baik pada dewasa tua (WMD=1,74 tahun; 95% CI: -2,33, 5,82). Namun, pada kelompok usia dewasa muda dan menengah, akurasi lebih baik pada metode TCA. Perempuan memberikan akurasi yang lebih baik daripada laki-laki pada metode TCA. Kedua metode memberikan korelasi yang cukup kuat terhadap usia kronologis, tetapi metode TCA sedikit lebih reliabel dan berkorelasi lebih kuat dengan usia kronologis. Kesimpulan: Metode RDT lebih akurat dibandingkan dengan metode TCA pada seluruh populasi. Direkomendasikan untuk menggunakan metode TCA untuk dewasa muda dan menengah (15-44 tahun) serta metode RDT untuk dewasa tua (≥45 tahun).

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Background: Identification of the living and the dead is essential in routine forensic dental examinations. Several procedures for age-at-death estimation in adults have been introduced, including Tooth Cementum Annulation (TCA) and Root Dentin Translucency (RDT) methods that are frequently used. There are still few studies that compared both methods and their accuracy in estimating adult age at death. Aim: This study aims to test and compare the accuracy between the TCA and RDT methods. Methods: Data searches were carried out through five electronic databases: Pubmed, Scopus, Ebsco, ScienceDirect, and Wiley, following the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Results: Out of the total 1178 literature, 28 studies were recruited for qualitative analysis and 23 studies for meta-analysis. RDT produces a more accurate method to estimate age at death for adults (WMD=1.96 years; 95% CI: -0.88, 4.79) in the entire population. The RDT method gave better accuracy in older adults (WMD=1.74 years; 95% CI: -2.33, 5.82). However, in younger adults, the accuracy is better with the TCA method. Furthermore, females give a superior accuracy than males in the TCA age estimation. Both methods give a strong enough correlation to chronological age, but TCA method is slightly more reliable and correlated stronger with chronological age at death. Conclusion: The RDT age estimation is more accurate than the TCA method in the entire population. It is recommended to use the TCA method for younger adults (15-44 years) and the RDT method for the older ones (≥45 years)."

"This is a clear, concise and comprehensive reference book for the busy clinician to use in his or her daily patient encounters. It focuses less on etiology, pathophysiology, and epidemiology, and considerably more on practical clinical information. Cancer management information is presented in a reader-friendly format that offers a comprehensive review of each disease along with the most commonly used treatment regimens, including chemotherapy dosing and schedules."

"This book provides an exhaustive review of the current state of the art in the management of prostate cancer, from screening to treatment. A particular feature is the emphasis placed on the value of a multidisciplinary approach. The opening chapters address basic aspects including epidemiology, biology, and chemoprevention. The role of individual and mass screening is carefully appraised, and diagnosis, clinical work-up, and the role of active surveillance are discussed in detail. Subsequent chapters are devoted to each of the therapies that may be employed, including open and robotic laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, the various forms of radiation therapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound, cryotherapy, hormonal therapy, and targeted therapies and vaccination. Up-to-date data from clinical trials are included."

"The book aims to provide an introduction to mathematical models that describe the dynamics of tumor growth and the evolution of tumor cells. It can be used as a textbook for advanced undergraduate or graduate courses, and also serves as a reference book for researchers. The book has a strong evolutionary component and reflects the viewpoint that cancer can be understood rationally through a combination of mathematical and biological tools. It can be used both by mathematicians and biologists. Mathematically, the book starts with relatively simple ordinary differential equation models, and subsequently explores more complex stochastic and spatial models. Biologically, the book starts with explorations of the basic dynamics of tumor growth, including competitive interactions among cells, and subsequently moves on to the evolutionary dynamics of cancer cells, including scenarios of cancer initiation, progression, and treatment. The book finishes with a discussion of advanced topics, which describe how some of the mathematical concepts can be used to gain insights into a variety of questions, such as epigenetics, telomeres, gene therapy, and social interactions of cancer cells.Readership: Researchers in mathematical biology, mathematical modeling, biology, mathematical oncology."

"Cet ouvrage présente les communications du 12e Cours supérieur francophone sur le cancer du sein qui s’est déroulé du 19 au 22 Janvier 2011 au Palais des congrès de Nice. Ce cours réunit chaque année près de 200 conférenciers, experts francophones du domaine, et plus de 700 participants.L’objectif est de faire le point sur l’actualité de la prise en charge de cette pathologie de plus en plus fréquente. La première journée du cours était consacrée aux soins oncologiques de support et aux actualités en chirurgie. Trente oncologues ont présenté, à partir d’une veille bibliographique, l’état des connaissances dans toutes les disciplines couvertes : chirurgie, anatomopathologie, radiothérapie, traitements systémiques sans oublier d’aborder les prises en charge particulières des formes métastatiques, des patientes non ménopausées ou des patientes âgées."

"Latar belakang. Kanker kolorektal merupakan keganasan saluran cerna yang menjadi salah satu penyebab morbiditas dan mortalitas terkait kanker paling banyak di dunia. Perkembangan sel normal menjadi kanker melalui proses mutasi genetik yang membutuhkan waktu bertahun-tahun. Program skrining dapat menurunkan angka kematian namun partisipasinya masih rendah. Saat ini tersedia metode yang bersifat tidak invasif diantaranya dengan dasar pemeriksaan feses yang telah luas digunakan baik sebagai tes tunggal maupun kombinasi. Berbagai metode skrining terus dikembangkan untuk mendapatkan nilai diagnostik yang baik. Dengan mengkombinasikan mRNA CEA feses dan FIT diharapkan dapat menghasilkan metode skrining dengan sensitivitas dan spesifistas yang baik serta terjangkau. Tujuan. Mengevaluasi nilai diagnostik pemeriksaan kombinasi mRNA CEA feses dan FIT dalam mendeteksi lesi neoplastik kolorektal. Metode. Studi potong lintang dengan populasi terjangkau pasien dewasa yang diduga kanker kolorektal di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan November 2015 sampai Februari 2016. Analisis uji diagnostik digunakan untuk mendapatkan nilai sensitivitas, spesifisitas, NDP, NDN, RKP dan RKN kombinasi mRNA CEA feses dan FIT dalam mendeteksi lesi neoplastik kolorektal dengan pemeriksaan histopatologi jaringan yang diambil melalui kolonoskopi sebagai baku emas. Lesi neoplastik kolorektal terdiri dari lesi prakanker/adenoma dan kanker.Hasil. Sebanyak 78 subjek penelitian dengan rerata umur 55,32±12,6 tahun, 73,1% berumur 3 50 tahun dan 53,8% berjenis kelamin pria. Keluhan klinis terbanyak berupa perdarahan nyata saluran cerna 33,3%, nyeri perut 28,2%, dan perubahan pola defekasi 24,4%. Proporsi lesi neoplastik kolorektal sebesar 30,7% terdiri dari prakanker/adenoma 12,8% dan kanker 17,9%. Sensitivitas, spesifisitas, NDP, NDN, RKP dan RKN untuk mendeteksi lesi neoplastik kolorektal berturut turut 75%, 61,11%, 46,07%, 84,66%, 1,93, 0,41; adenoma berturut-turut 50,00%, 50,00%, 12,80%, 87,20%, 1,00, 1,00; dan kanker kolorektal berturut turut 92,86%, 59,37%, 33,26%, 97,44%, 2,29, 0,12. Kesimpulan. Kombinasi mRNA CEA feses dan FIT untuk mendeteksi lesi neoplastik kolorektal di Indonesia memiliki nilai NDN tinggi tetapi sensitivitas, spesifisitas, NDP, RKP dan RKN yang rendah.

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Background. Colorectal cancer is one of the gastrointestinal tract malignancy which is one of the most common causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in the world. The development of normal cells into cancer through genetic mutations process that take years. Screening programs can reduce mortality rates but low participation. Currently, non-invasive methods are available including the stool based examination which has been widely used as a single test or in combination. Various screening methods continue to be developed to obtain good diagnostic value. By combining faecal CEA and FIT mRNA, it is expected to produce a screening method with good sensitivity and specificity and is affordable. Objective. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of combination faecal mRNA CEA and FIT to detect neoplastic lesions of colorectal Methods. Cross-sectional study with with suspected colorectal cancer at Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital from November 2015 to February 2016. Diagnostic test analysis was used to obtain sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, PLR and NLR of the combination of faecal mRNA CEA and FIT in detecting neoplastic lesions of colorectal by histopathological examination of tissues taken through colonoscopy as the gold standard. Colorectal neoplastic lesions consist of precancerous/adenoma and cancerous lesions.

Results. A total of 78 subjects with a mean age of 55.32±12.6 years, 73.1% aged older than fifty and 53.8% were male. The most clinical complaints were obvious gastrointestinal bleeding 33.3%, abdominal pain 28.2%, and changes in bowel habits 24.4%. The proportion of colorectal neoplastic lesions was 33.3% consisting of 15.4% precancer/adenoma and 17.9% cancer. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, PLR and NLR for detecting colorectal neoplastic lesions was 75%, 61.11%, 46.07%, 84.66%, 1.93, 0.41 respectively; adenoma 50.00%, 50.00%, 12.80%, 87.20%, 1.00, 1.00 repectively; colorectal cancer 92.86%; 59.37%; 33.26%; 97.44%; 2.29; 0.12 respectively. Conclusion. The combination of faecal CEA mRNA and FIT in detecting colorectal neoplastic lesions has high NPV but low sensitivity, specificity, PPV, PLR and NLR."

"Discusses alternative cancer therapies that include vitamins, minerals, herbs, diets, and immune boosters."

"Blood vessels of tumors display many structural and functional abnormalities. Their unusual leakiness, potential for rapid growth and remodeling, and expression of distinctive surface molecules mediate the dissemination of tumor cells in the bloodstream and maintain the tumor microenvironment. Like normal blood vessels, they consist of endothelial cells, mural cells and their enveloping basement membrane. Common features, irrespective of their origin, size and growth pattern, are absent hierarchy, formation of large-caliber sinusoidal vessels, markedly heterogeneous density, increased permeability, decreased and abnormal pericyte-endothelial cell adhesion, irregular basement membrane structure, and the incorporation of bone-marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells in the microvasculature. A number of specific tumor endothelial markers have been identified, as well as chromosomal abnormalities. These markers may be used to deliver drugs specifically and selectively to the tumor microvasculature."

"Difference between tissue specific stem cells and embryonic stem cells is explained. The advantages of the latter are included. The application of human pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and hematopoietic stem cells in cancer therapy and tissue/organ regeneration is detailed. Role of neural cancer stem cells in brain tumors, including their role in brain tumor therapy and the role of CD133 stem cell antigen in glioma patients, is emphasized. Therapeutic role of bone marrow-derived stem cells in myocardial infarction and the role of mesenchymal stem cells in orthopedics are explained. Transplantation of umbilical cord hematopoietic stem cells and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation followed by graft-versus-host disease are presented. Role of cancer stem cells specifically in glioblastoma and medulloblastoma is included. It is also emphasized that CD133 is an appropriate stem cell marker for gliomas. Targeting of cancer cells is also explained."