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"In the last few years, people from various age group are looking for orthodontic treatment, among them are adult. Adult patients in comparison with children or adolescent, have different condition in regard to their teeth and periodontal tissue. These differences will affect treatment plan we are making for adult patients. Orthodontic treatment for adult patients requires the use of light force, bondable tube and ligature wire. These steps are taken as an effort to overcome chief complaint and to prevent periodontal breakdown."

"Persalinan prematur definisi adalah persalinan prematur adalah persalinan masa kehamilan kurang dari 37 minggu (WHO, 1993), penelitian Rooney B & Calhoun B.C, (2003) menjelaskan bahwa prematur terjadi masa kehamilan antara 20 minggu sampai kurang 37 minggu.Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui risiko penyakit periodontal terhadap kejadian persalinan prematur berdasarkan pemeriksaan klinis, antara lain Level perlekatan klinis (Clinical Attachment Level/CAL), Periodontal poket dalam (Periodontal Pocket in Depth/PPD), Perdarahan probing (Bleeding on Probing/BOP) dan mengetahui ibu hamil menderita penyakit periodontal lebih berisiko terjadi persalinan prematur daripada tidak menderita penyakit periodontal.Penelitian observasional dengan disain kasus kontrol yang dilakukan di fasilitas kesehatan (hospital based). Penelitian dilaksanakan pada beberapa rumah sakit di Pontianak seperti RSUD dr Soedarso, RSIA Anugrah Bunda Khatulistiwa, RSIA Jeumpa dan RS Kharitas Bakti. Besar sampel minimal dalam penelitian dengan kasus 87 responden dan kontrol 98 responden, pengumpulan data dilakukan bulan agustus 2014 s/d mei 2015.Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa proporsi penyakit periodontal dengan persalinan prematur sebesar 71,40% dan pada persalinan aterm 49,00%. Sedangkan proporsi yang tidak menderita penyakit periodontal dengan persalinan prematur 28,60%, pada persalinan aterm 51,00%. Penyakit periodontal berhubungan bermakna dengan resiko 2,4 lebih besar dibandingkan tidak menderita penyakit periodontal. Sebagai konfonder berhubungan bermakna antara lain faktor resiko ANC dan Pekerjaan.Saran penelitian ini, ibu hamil dapat melakukan pemeriksaan penyakit periodontal pada tata laksana ANC baik pada pelayanan dasar maupun rujukan pada ibu hamil.

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Preterm labor is the definition of preterm labor is labor gestation less than 37 weeks (WHO, 1993), research Rooney B.C B & Calhoun (2003) explain that premature occur between 20 weeks gestation until less than 37 weeks.The study was conducted to determine the risk of periodontal disease on the incidence of preterm birth based on clinical examination, including Clinical Attachment Level (CAL), Periodontal Pocket in Depth (PPD), Bleeding on Probing (BOP) that pregnant women suffer from periodontal disease is a risk of premature delivery than not suffer from periodontal disease.Observational study with case control design conducted in health facilities (hospital based). The experiment was conducted at several hospitals in Singapore as dr Soedarso, RSIA Anugrah Mother Equator, RSIA JEUMPA and RS Kharitas Bakti. Minimum sample size in the study with the case of 87 respondents and 98 control respondents, data collection conducted in August 2014 s / d of May, 2015.The result showed that the proportion of periodontal disease and preterm labor at 71.40% and 49.00% of term deliveries. While the proportion who do not suffer from periodontal disease and preterm labor 28.60%, 51.00% in labor at term. Periodontal disease significantly associated with the risk greater than 2.4 do not suffer from periodontal disease. As confounder significant relationship between other risk factors ANC and Employment.Suggestion of this study, pregnant women can conduct examination of periodontal disease in ANC governance both at primary and referral services to pregnant women."

"Latar Belakang: Stres dapat diimplikasikan sebagai faktor risiko terhadap penyakit periodontal, yang dapat dilihat melalui kadar Interleukin-1β (IL-1 β). Tujuan: Menganalisa hubungan stres akademik terhadap status penyakit periodontal berdasarkan kadar IL-1β pada mahasiswa FKG UI program profesi. Material dan metode:Pemeriksaan Dental Environtmental Stress (DES), indeks periodontal (indeks modifikasi Russel), dan kadar IL-1β dengan ELISA assay terhadap 38 subjek. Hasil: Perbedaan bermakna pada hubungan antara status penyakit periodontal dengan kadar IL-1βmahasiswa profesi dokter gigiFKG UI. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan antara status penyakit periodontal dengan kadar IL-1β, namun hubungannya dengan stres akademik belum dapat dibuktikan.

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Introduction: Stress condition was implicated as one of risk factor to periodontal disease, that can be assesed by Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) level.

Objectives: To analyzethe relationship between academical stress to periodontal status and IL-1β.

Material and methods: 38 subjects were measuredfor perceived stress using The Dental Environment Stress (DES); periodontal condition using modified Russel periodontal index, and level of IL-1β in GCFusing ELISA assay.

Results: A significant differences was only showed in the relationship between IL-1βto periodontal status.

Conclusion: There is a relationship between IL-1β level to periodontal status, but not to academic stress."

"Latar Belakang: Hormon kortisol dalam cairan krevikular gingiva belum banyak diteliti. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan stres akademik terhadap status penyakit periodontal melalui kadar kortisol pada mahasiswa program spesialis FKG UI. Material dan metode: Pemeriksaan Graduate Dental Environtmental Stress (GDES), indeks periodontal (indeks periodontal modifikasi Russel), dan kadar kortisol dengan ELISA assay terhadap 38 subjek. Hasil: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara stres akademik dengan kadar kortisol (p=0,431), stres akademik dengan status penyakit periodontal (p=0,727), dan kadar kortisol dengan status penyakit periodontal mahasiswa spesialis FKG UI (p=0,347). Kesimpulan: Tidak ada hubungan antara stres akademik dengan status penyakit periodontal melalui kadar kortisol.

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Background: Relationship between stress and periodontitis with cortisol hormone in crevicular gingival fluid have not been studied.

Objective: Analyzed relationship between academical stress spesialist students to periodontal status in relation to level of cortisol hormone in gingival crevicular fluid.

Material and Methods: 38 subjects examined stress by Graduate Dental Environment Stress; periodontal condition by modified Russel periodontal index, levels of hormone cortisol by ELISA.

Result: Relationship between stress and periodontitis (p=0,727), stress and cortisol hormone (p=0,431), cortisol hormone and periodontitis (p=0,347) were not significant.

Conclution: No relationship between stress, periodontitis, and level of cortisol hormone."

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 32-36Stress is hypothesized as a common pathway for several related chronic diseases of man. Psychosocial stress as modified by perceptions and coping by patients can lead to physical processes. Psychoneuroimmunologic (PNI) studies have suggested that psychosocial factors can alter immune function and increase vulnerability to illnesses. The patients also have high sensitivity to periodontal disease (PD). This article described the association of stress as a physiological respons to diseases such as PD, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and inflammatory bowel disease. The psychosocial stress can lead to physiological processes through 1) the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis leading to glucocortico-steroid secretion, 2) the autonomic nervous system, resulting in the release of catecholamine; or 3) the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, resulting in the release of sex hormones. The processes may affects on chronic diseases. It can be concluded that psychosocial stress in periodontal disease patients must be considered and social supports must be provided in order to achieve an optimum periodontal therapy result.;Stress is hypothesized as a common pathway for several related chronic diseases of man. Psychosocial stress as modified by perceptions and coping by patients can lead to physical processes. Psychoneuroimmunologic (PNI) studies have suggested that psychosocial factors can alter immune function and increase vulnerability to illnesses. The patients also have high sensitivity to periodontal disease (PD). This article described the association of stress as a physiological respons to diseases such as PD, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and inflammatory bowel disease. The psychosocial stress can lead to physiological processes through 1) the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis leading to glucocortico-steroid secretion, 2) the autonomic nervous system, resulting in the release of catecholamine; or 3) the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, resulting in the release of sex hormones. The processes may affects on chronic diseases. It can be concluded that psychosocial stress in periodontal disease patients must be considered and social supports must be provided in order to achieve an optimum periodontal therapy result."

"The Zinc (Zn) concentration was determined from salivary gland of Wistar King A (WKA) rats. The salivary glands are divided in to sub-lingual, sub-mandible and parotis. The Zn concentration was determined within 15-60 minutes of restraint stress. Concentration of Zn in sub-mandible, parotis and sub-Lingual glands was significantly higher (p<0.001) than in the control group. Further more at Zinc concentration in sub-mandible gland at 30 min restraint stress was increase (p<0.001), and decrease significantly at 49 min by restraint stress. By the way, Zn concentration in parotis gland was increase significantly (p<0.0001) after 60 min restraint stress. The results suggest that Zn is linked to oral saliva under physiological stimuli, and that Zn accumulates in the salivary gland during salivary enzyme activity."

"Diabetes mellitus is a common disease describe as a systemic disease of carbohydrate metabolism caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin. This condition is characterized by hyperglycemia, glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, pruritis and weight loss. Diabetes mellitus in itself does not cause periodontal disease, however diabetics or patients with an increased blood glucose concentration (>200mg/dl) tend to have increased incidence and severity of periodontal disease. Patient with diabetics above 50 years old (3 cases) radiografically can be seen as alveolar bone loss in maxilla and mandible. Alveolar bone loss is seen larger in the posterior maxilla region. The vascular alteration in diabetics may enhance the susceptibility of periodontium to become periodontitis and serve as etiology factor in pathologic bone resorption."

"The etiology of periodontal inflammation are periodontal pathogenic bacteriae and defence immune responses, as well as others local and systemic factors. Several predisposing factors, however, play an important role and unfortunately are less appreciated either by the dentist or the patient himself. Among these is the volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), which is found to be harmfull to the cell by causing the degradation of proteoglycan and glycoprotein, and result in the increase of the cell permeability. The volatile sulphuric acid-risk exposed-workers from galvanizing or battery factories have significantly greater proportion of deep pockets than the non-risk exposed-one. Cigarette's smoke also known to contain more than 4000 toxic agents which could delay the healing process of periodontal surgery lesions. It could be concluded that the volatile chemical compounds should be appreciated to lessen the morbidity rate of periodontal diseases."

"With an emphasis on recognizing periodontal problems and suggesting appropriate treatment, Periodontology for the Dental Hygienist, 4th Edition, covers the essential information that dental hygienists need to provide effective client care. Full-color illustrations and a focus on evidence-based research help you understand and apply the latest in periodontal therapy, from initial patient evaluation to patient education. This edition includes updates on issues such as the links between oral and systemic health, dental implants, and the use of lasers. Written by Dorothy Perry, Phyllis Beemsterboer, and Gwen Essex, all experienced dental hygienists and clinical instructors, this reference also prepares you for success in classroom tests and on the National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (NBDHE)."