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"This book presents a hierarchical framework about important theoretical issues that are present in psychological thinking. These issues concern definitions of three major theoretical concepts in theory and practice : (a) paradigms, (b) theories, and (c) models. It focuses on defining, comparing, and contrasting these three conceptual terms. This framework clarifies differences among paradigms, theories, and models, terms which have become increasingly confused in the psychological literature. Paradigms are usually confused with theories or with models while theories are confused with models. Examples of misuses of these terms suggest the need for a hierarchical structure that views paradigms as conceptual constructions overseeing a variety of psychological theories and verifiable models."

"Science is a dynamic process in which the assimilation of new phenomena, perspectives, and hypotheses into the scientific corpus takes place slowly. The apparent disunity of the sciences is the unavoidable consequence of this gradual integration process. Some thinkers label this dynamical circumstance a ?crisis?. However, a retrospective view of the practical results of the scientific enterprise and of science itself, grants us a clear view of the unity of the human knowledge seeking enterprise. This book provides many arguments, case studies and examples in favor of the unity of science. These contributions touch upon various scientific perspectives and disciplines such as physics, computer science, biology, neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and economics."

"Structural realism has rapidly gained in popularity in recent years, but it has splintered into many distinct denominations, often underpinned by diverse motivations. There is, no monolithic position known as ?structural realism,? but there is a general convergence on the idea that a central role is to be played by relational aspects over object-based aspects of ontology. What becomes of causality in a world without fundamental objects? In this book, the foremost authorities on structural realism attempt to answer this and related questions, ?what is structure?? and ?what is an object?? Also featured are the most recent advances in structural realism, including the intersection of mathematical structuralism and structural realism, and the latest treatments of laws and modality in the context of structural realism. "

"This brief is an essay at the interface of philosophy and complexity research, trying to inspire the reader with new ideas and new conceptual developments of cellular automata. Going beyond the numerical experiments of Steven Wolfram, it is argued that cellular automata must be considered complex dynamical systems in their own right, requiring appropriate analytical models in order to find precise answers and predictions in the universe of cellular automata."

"Infrastruktur teknologi digital mentransformasi modus produksi kapitalisme menciptakan kapitalisme yang mengikuti karakter masyarakat jejaring, yaitu memiliki fitur mengglobal dan menggunakan logika informasional. Penelitian ini hendak melakukan analisis konseptual tentang peralihan konsep kerja dalam modus produksi yang berkembang dalam masyarakat jejaring dengan dua fitur utama tersebut. Analisis konseptual ini dilakukan dengan menemukan distingsi informasi, ideologi, modus produksi, dan modus eksploitasi yang beroperasi sebelum dan susudah ada infrastruktur teknologi digital. Hasil dari analis itu memperlihatkan bahwa kerja dalam masyarakat jejaring adalah upaya melancarkan modus produksi post-Fordisme, baik dalam mengekspansi kapital pad alevel global atau pun memperkuat logika informasional. Kapital yang berekspansi secara global hanya menjadikan negara-negara miskin dan berkembang sebagai penyedia jasa manufaktur dengan tenaga kerja murah yang dapat diautomatisasi kapan saja. Bersamaan dengan praktik itu,  modus produksi post-Fordisme meningkatkan jumlah informasi yang memiliki muatan semantik melalui kerja konsumen yang mengumpulkan data. Data yang dihasilkan konsumen berguna untuk memprediksi kebutuhan konsumen, pasar di masa depan, inovasi komoditas, dan informasi yang harus didistribusikan. Terjadi asimetri karena konsumen tak dapat mengakses data yang dihasilkannya maupun algoritma yang menyaring dan mendistribusikan data itu. Kelas muncul dari asimetri akses antara konsumen dan penguasa data yang dkumpulkan konsumen. Asimetri akses terhadap data ini juga mempunyai konsekuensi epistemologis. Jika mengacu pada filsafat informasi semantik yang dicetuskan Luciano Floridi, bahwa informasi dapat menjadi sumber pengetahuan selama data yang menyusunnya mengandung muatan semantik (faktual, well-formed, dan bermakna), maka konsumen yang tak dapat mengakses data dan algoritma juga tak selalu mendapatkan informasi yang dapat dijadikan sumber pengetahuan. Data yang menyusun informasi yang diterima konsumen belum tentu memenuhi syarat untuk bermuatan semantik. Sementara pihak yang memiliki akses terhadap data dan algoritma menjadikan konsumen sebagai objek semantik yang terus menghasilkan data sebagai penyusun informasi yang dapat diandalkan untuk menjadi sumber pengetahuan dan basis pengambilan keputusan.

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Digital technology infrastructure has transformed the mode of production of capitalism creates capitalism to be compatible with network society features, which always tends to globally expanded and follows informational logic. This research intends to do conceptual analysis of concept of work transition in the mode of production that develops in network society with these two main features. This conceptual analysis is carried out by discovering the differences in information, ideology, mode of production, and mode of exploitation that operate before and after the invention of digital technology infrastructure. The results of the analyst show that work in a network society strengthen post-Fordism mode of production, both to expand capital at global level or extensively applies informational logic. Globally-expanded capital only makes poor and developing countries as provider of cheap labor that can be automated at any time. Besides, the post-Fordism mode of production creates a new kind of labor, customers as the semantic data collectors. Data that generated by consumers is useful to predict consumer needs, future markets, commodity innovations, and information that must be distributed. Asymmetry arise ftom the limit of access to information and algorithm that filter it. Consumers cannot access both, meanwhile, capitalist has almost unlimited access. New theory of class emerges from that kind of asymmetry. This asymmetry of access to this data also has epistemological consequences. According to the semantic philosophy of information by Luciano Floridi, where information can be a source of knowledge as long as the data that compile the informatin contain semantic contents (factual, well-formed, and meaningful). Consumers, who collect data but cannot access data and algorithm, do not always get information that can be used as a source of knowledge. Consumers might not always receive information that meet semantic contents requirements. Meanwhile, those who have access to data and algorithms, capitalists mosly, treat consumers as semantic objects who produce data as the main components of information that can be relied upon to become sources of knowledge and a basis for decision making."