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"In 1992, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) officially recognized and called for a peaceful resolution to the South China Sea disputes. It has now been more than 30 years since it did so, but ASEAN has not resolved the disputes, resulting in economic and security problems in the region. This paper explores ASEAN’s ineffectiveness by showing the interrelationship between otherwise siloed sets of explanatory factors, such as material interests and the practice of ASEAN norms. In addition, it highlights the importance of the dynamics of trust, a rarely examined and understudied element in ASEAN diplomacy, based on documentary analysis and interviews with regional experts and officials. The paper offers a detailed empirical account of ASEAN diplomacy, and contributes to international relations literature more generally by theorizing the interrelationship between dependency, trust, and the practice of diplomatic norms. Most importantly, it provides the operationalization and application of the concept of trust in the South China Sea disputes, for the first time, to explain ASEAN's ineffectiveness. It demonstrates that social trust is an essential component of the background knowledge that constitutes ASEAN diplomats’ reflexive behaviors and practices toward conflict resolution."

"Sistem produksi yang berjalan dalam tatanan ekonomi masyarakat selalu melibatkan hubungan di antara pemodal, para pekerja serta negara. Hubungan ini sangat berarti bagi masyarakat karena turut menentukan bagaimana institusi ekonomi dalam masyarakat berfungsi dan menyumbang pada keseluruhan kehidupan masyarakat itu sendiri. Sebaliknya, dinamika hubungan di antara pemodal, pekerja dan negara juga tidak lepas dari pengaruh dinamika perkembangan institusi ekonomi yang lebih luas maupun dinamika masyarakat secara keseluruhan. Semakin menguatnya industrialisasi dalam sistem ekonomi masyarakat kontemporer membuat semakin berartinya hubungan ini baik dalam konteks sistem produksi maupun tatanan rnasyarakat yang lebih luas. Perkembangan industrialisasi yang berlangsung dalam tatanan ekonorni Indonesia juga diikuti oleh sejumlah perkembangan yang menarik, termasuk berbagai permasalahan yang mengiringinya."