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"In this book, the author leads the reader, step by step and without any advanced mathematics, to a clear understanding of the foundations of modern elementary particle physics and cosmology. He also addresses current and controversial questions on topics such as string theory. The book contains gentle introductions to the theories of special and general relativity, and also classical and quantum field theory. The essential aspects of these concepts are understood with the help of simple calculations; for example, the force of gravity as a consequence of the curvature of the space-time.Also treated are the Big Bang, dark matter and dark energy, as well as the presently known interactions of elementary particles: electrodynamics, the strong and the weak interactions including the Higgs boson. Finally, the book sketches as yet speculative theories, Grand Unification theories, supersymmetry, string theory and the idea of additional dimensions of space-time. Since no higher mathematical or physics expertise is required,"

"The book starts by establishing the mathematical background (differential geometry, hypersurfaces embedded in space-time, foliation of space-time by a family of space-like hypersurfaces), and then turns to the 3+1 decomposition of the Einstein equations, giving rise to the Cauchy problem with constraints, which constitutes the core of 3+1 formalism. The ADM Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity is also introduced at this stage. Finally, the decomposition of the matter and electromagnetic field equations is presented, focusing on the astrophysically relevant cases of a perfect fluid and a perfect conductor (ideal magnetohydrodynamics). The second part of the book introduces more advanced topics: the conformal transformation of the 3-metric on each hypersurface and the corresponding rewriting of the 3+1 Einstein equations, the Isenberg-Wilson-Mathews approximation to general relativity, global quantities associated with asymptotic flatness (ADM mass, linear and angular momentum) and with symmetries (Komar mass and angular momentum). In the last part, the initial data problem is studied, the choice of spacetime coordinates within the 3+1 framework is discussed and various schemes for the time integration of the 3+1 Einstein equations are reviewed. "

"ABSTRAKMasjid memiliki arti penting dalam kebudayaan dan peradaban Islam di Indonesia. Masjid Mantingan Jepara merupakan salah satu masjid yang dibangun pada akhir abad XV pada masa kesultanan Demak. Masjid ini memiliki keterkaitan dengan perkembangan kebudayaan Jawa, yang pada masanya dibangun saat masyarakat Jawa masih dominan menganut agama Hindu. Sehingga ketika Islam masuk ke Pulau Jawa, beberapa adaptasi dan perubahan terjadi pada penerapan budaya Jawa dan tercermin dalam arsitektur masjid dan makam. Masjid Mantingan dibangun dengan dilengkapi Kompleks Makam Mantingan dan mengadopsi bentuk, orientasi kosmologi, dan arsitektur Jawa. Tujuan penulisan naskah ini adalah untuk menganalisis elemen-elemen arsitektur Kompleks Masjid dan Makam Mantingan dan memahami hubungan arsitektur Kompleks Masjid dan Makam Mantingan dengan arsitektur budaya Jawa menurut sistem kosmologi dan kepercayaan Jawa. Naskah ini menemukan bahwa adanya kosmologi pada tiap-tiap elemen arsitektur masjid maupun makam saling membentuk sumbu yang menggambarkan aplikasi dari konsep dualitas pada kosmologi secara utuh, sehingga memberikan gambaran adanya suatu proses menerus dalam arsitektur Kompleks Masjid dan Makam Mantingan, Jepara.

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ABSTRACTMosque plays a significant role in Islamic culture and civilization in Indonesia, on the Island of Java. The Mantingan Mosque in Jepara, Central Java, is one of the early mosques build at the end of the fifteenth century during the Demak sultanate. This mosque has a close relationship with the development of Islam in Java because during the mosque was built when Javanese people were still dominated with Hinduism. Hence, when Islam come to Java, some adaptation and changes happened to the application of Javanese culture for built environment, and those adaptations were reflected in the architecture of the mosque and the cemetery complex in Mantingan. The mosque was built next to the cemetery complex of Mantingan and adopted forms, cosmological orientation and architecture of Javanese people. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze architectural elements of Mantingan Mosque and Cemetery Complex in order to understand the connection of the architecture of Mantingan Mosque and Cemetery Complex with Javanese cosmology. The finding iof this thesis is that Javanese cosmology plays an important role in the formation of the mosque and cemetery complex through the creation of an axis. Moreover, the axis also relates to the duality concept in Javanese cosmology that shows balance and unity including in the architecture and the development of Mantingan Mosque and Cemetery Complex. "

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Konsep kosmologi yang populer saat ini didominasi oleh penjelasan ilmiah teori fisika dan astronomi. Dalam sejarahnya, pembahasan mengenai kosmologi banyak dikaji dalam lingkup filsafat dan teologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap konsep kosmologi Jawa yang terkandung dalam naskah Serat Jangkanipun ing tanah Jawi. Teks naskah Serat Jangkanipun ing Tanah Jawi merupakan jenis primbon yang berisi ramalan periodisasi waktu di tanah Jawa dari awal pembentukan hingga berakhirnya semesta (kiamat). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian filologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsep kosmologi Jawa memandang dunia sebagai suatu kesatuan ketetapan yang terdiri atas kosmos-kosmos yang saling berhubungan dan mempengaruhi satu sama lain. Pandangan kosmologi Jawa sangat dipengaruhi oleh religi yang dianut masyarakatnya.

 

 

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The concept of cosmology that is popular today is dominated by the scientific explanation of the theoretical physics and astronomy. In its history, the discussion of cosmology has been studied in the scope of philosophy and theology. This study aims to reveal the Javanese cosmological concept contained in the manuscript Serat Jangkanipun ing Tanah Jawi. The text of the Serat Jangkanipun ing Tanah Jawi manuscript is a kind of primbon that contains a prediction of the periodization of time in Java from the beginning of its formation to the end of the universe (the end of the world). This study uses a philological research method. The result of the research shows that the Javanese cosmological concept views the world as a unity of provisions consisting of interconnected cosmos and influences one another. The Javanese cosmological view is very much influenced by the religion adopted by its society.

 

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"Authors Mazure and Le Brun present the inventory of matter, baryonic and exotic, and investigating the nature and fate of matter's twin, anti-matter. They show how technological progress has been a result of basic research, in tandem with the evolution of new ideas, and how the combined effect of these advances might help lift the cosmic veil."

"This book explores the subject in the context of quantum gravity. A novel approach to uncover the dark faces of the standard model of cosmology. The possibility that dark energy and dark matter are manifestations of the inhomogeneous geometry of our universe. On the history of cosmological model building and the general architecture of cosmological modes. Illustrations on the large scale structure of the universe. A new perspective on the classical static Einstein cosmos. Global properties of world models including their topology. The arrow of time in a universe with a positive cosmological constant. Exploring the consequences of a fundamental cosmological constant for our universe. Exploring why the current observed acceleration of the universe may not be its final destiny. Demonstrating that nature forbids the existence of a pure cosmological constant. Our current understanding of the long term (in time scales that greatly exceed the current age of the universe) future of the universe. And the long term fate and eventual destruction of the astrophysical objects that populate the universe, including clusters, galaxies, stars, planets, and black holes."