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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak perdagangan internasional terhadap kesenjangan gender di sektor manufaktur di Indonesia berdasarkan teori Becker. Menurut teori ini, perdagangan internasional meningkatkan persaingan industri dan pada gilirannya menurunkan diskriminasi gender. Ini merupakan studi tingkat industri yang membandingkan efek dari perdagangan internasional pada kesenjangan upah gender dan lapangan kerja perempuan dalam industri yang kompetitif dan industri terkonsentrasi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa perdagangan internasional menurunkan ketidaksetaraan gender dalam industri terkonsentrasi karena menurunkan kesenjangan upah gender dan meningkatkan lapangan kerja perempuan. Sementara itu, ketidaksetaraan gender memburuk dalam industri kompetitif karena perdagangan meningkatkan kesenjangan upah gender dan mengurangi tenaga kerja perempuan.

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This research aims to analyze the impact of international trade on gender inequality in Indonesian manufacturing sector based on Becker's theory. According to this theory, international trade boosts industry competition and in turn lowers gender discrimination. This is an industry-level study that compares the effects of international trade on gender wage gap and female employment in competitive industries and concentrated industries.

The results of the analysis indicate international trade alleviate gender inequality in concentrated industry because it lowers gender wage gap and increases female employment. Meanwhile, gender inequality worsened in competitive industry because trade increase gender wage gap and reduce female employment."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan secara empiris atas suatu teori Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) yang membahas dampak perdagangan internasional terhadap kualitas lingkungan. Pada penelitian ini, digunakan variabel ekspor-impor sebagai pendekatan variabel perdagangan internasional serta tingkat emisi CO2 sebagai pendekatan variabel tingkat kerusakan lingkungan. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel dengan mengambil sampel negara-negara anggota APEC dengan rentang waktu penelitian pada tahun 1991-2010. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode Fixed Effect, dan menggunakan variabel exspor dan impor dari sektor emisi tinggi sebagai variabel penguji teori PHH. Meskipun berdasarkan hasil regresi, ditemukan bukti yang lemah adanya teori PHH yang berlaku di negara anggota APEC, namun berdasarkan hasil analisa data tidak ditemukan adanya teori PHH, sehingga dapat dikatakan bukti atas teori PHH pada negara-negara anggota APEC masih ambigu. Selain itu, pada penelitian juga dimasukkan faktor sistem politik, tingkat korupsi, dimana berdasarkan hasil regresi, sistem politik dan ketimpangan berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap tingkat emisi CO2, sedangkan untuk tingkat korupsi tidak terbukti berpengaruh terhadap tingkat emisi CO2 di negara anggota APEC.

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This study aims to demonstrate empirically on a theory of Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH), which discusses the impact of international trade on environmental quality. In this study, the export-import variable is used as a variable approach to international trade and the level of CO2 emissions as the variable approaches the level of environmental damage. This study uses panel data by taking a sample of APEC member countries with the study period in 1991-2010. Data were analyzed by using Fixed Effect, and uses a variable export and import of high-emissions sectors as variable theory PHH testers.

Although based on the regression results, found a weak evidence of the existence of PHH prevailing theory in APEC member countries, but based on the results of the data analysis did not reveal any PHH evidence, so it can be said the existence of PHH theory in APEC member countries are still ambiguous. In addition, the study also included the political system factors, the level of corruption, which is based on the results of the regression, the political system and inequality significantly influence the level of CO2 emissions, while the level of corruption has not been proven to affect the level of CO2 emissions in APEC countries."

"Donald Trump was elected into US presidential office in November 2016 and his protective approach on international economics blatantly differs with actions taken by politicians before him. Those policies and sentiments are always expressed via his twitter account and received various responses from citizens and governments alike. This research aimed to find out if the US diplomatic hostility towards its partners on social media will have a direct impact on their bilateral trade flows because of diplomatic retaliation. Using monthly import and export data between the US and 10 major trading partners from June 2015 until March 2018, their respective Economic Policy Uncertainty EPU Index, and tweets analysed with VADER sentiment analysis, we estimate an ARDL model of Trump rsquo s twitter sentiments and its effect on trade. We found out that tweets and trade are not causally linked, yet in most cases they are cointegrated in the short and long run. Through ARDL, we can infer that tweets took around 4 months to take effect and they are only significant in several countries.

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Donald Trump terpilih menjadi Presiden Amerika Serikat di bulan November 2016 dan kebijakannya yang protektif sangat berbeda dengan politisi-politisi sebelumnya. Kebijakan dan opini Trump selalu diutarakan melalui akun Twitternya dan mendapat berbagai tanggapan baik dari masyarakat maupun negara lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari tahu apabila ketegangan diplomatis akibat perilakunya di media social akan memiliki efek langsung pada perdagangan bilateral sebagai konsekuensi dari balasan diplomatic. Dengan menggunakan data bulanan impor dan ekspor antara AS dan 10 partner dagang dari Juni 2015 sampai Maret 2018, data Indeks Ketidakpastian Kebijakan Ekonomi EPU dari negara-negara tersebut dan twitnya yang dianalisa dengan metode analisa sentiment VADER, kami mengestimasi model ARDL untuk nilai sentiment twit Trump dan efeknya pada perdagangan. Melalui ARDL, ditemukan bahwa twit membutuhkan sekitar 4 bulan untuk memengaruhi arus perdagangan dan bahwa twit merupakan variabel yang signifikan hanya untuk beberapa negara tertentu."

"Kementerian Pariwisata melaporkan bahwa kebijakan yang diterapkan untuk pariwisata mengindikasikan bahwa penambahan jumlah kunjungan wisatawan asing di 2016 disebabkan oleh globalisasi. Studi ini menganalisis hubungan kausalitas antara sektor pariwisata, menggunakan kunjungan wisatawan asing, dan indikator ekonomi dari globalisasi, yang dianalisis melalui ekspor, impor, dan penanaman modal asing. Dengan menggunakan model ARDL, efek kausalitas jangka panjang dan jangka pendek dianalisis melalui Bounds Test untuk kointegrasi dan diikuti oleh estimasi mekanisme error correction. Hasil menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan kausalitas satu arah antara kunjungan wisatawan asing dan ekspor, hubungan kausalitas satu arah antara kunjungan wisatawan asing dan impor, tidak ada hubungan antara kunjungan wisatawan asing dan penanaman modal asing, hubungan satu arah antara ekspor dan penanaman modal asing, dan tidak ada hubungan antara impor dan penanaman modal asing, dengan hasil country- specific yang beragam. Implikasi dari penelitian ini akan membantu pemerintah dalam meningkatkan tujuan yang ditargetkan untuk memperluas pariwisata.

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The Ministry of Tourism reports that the policies implemented for tourism may indicate that the increasing number of international tourist arrivals in 2016 is caused by globalization. This study analyzes the causal relationship between tourism, using international tourist arrivals, and the economic indicators of globalization, which are analyzed through exports, imports, and foreign direct investment. Using ARDL model, the long run and short run causal effect is analyzed through Bounds Test for cointegration, followed by the estimation of error correction mechanism. The result concludes that there is unidirectional causal relationship between international tourist arrivals and exports, unidirectional causal relationship between international tourist arrivals and imports, no relationship between international tourist arrivals and foreign direct investment, unidirectional causal relationship between exports and foreign direct investment, and no relationship between imports and foreign direct investment, with a variety of country specific results. The implication of this study would help the government in improving the targeted goals for expanding tourism."

"Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, teknologi memiliki peranan penting dalam memajukan perekonomian, utamanya bagi negara berkembang dan negara terbelakang yang belum menguasai teknologi tepat guna bagi perindustrian. Untuk mengadakan akses terhadap teknologi bagi negara-negara berkembang dan negara-negara terbelakang, dilakukanlah transfer of technologi dari negara maju agar negara berkembang dan negara terbelakang dapat menguasai teknologi-teknologi yang meningkatkan daya saing mereka dalam perdagangan internasional. Namun, kerjasama transfer of technology seringkali menimbulkan sengketa, khususnya terkait hak dan kewajiban para pihak (termasuk hak kekayaan intelektual pengalih teknologi dan perbedaan kepentingan antara negara berkembang dan negara maju). Untuk itu, dalam skripsi ini penulis meninjau sengketa-sengketa terkait transfer of technology dari perspektif hukum perdagangan internasional. Penulis menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, dimana penulis menganalisis sengketa transfer of technology dari berbagai perjanjian antarnegara, peraturan perundang-undangan dan kasus-kasus. Dari penelitian tersebut, penulis menemukan bahwa sengketa transfer of technology pada umumnya mencakup pelanggaran hak kekayaan intelektual pengalih teknologi dan aspek-aspek lain dalam perdagangan internasional. Kemudian, penulis menemukan bahwa sejatinya instrumen-instrumen hukum perdagangan internasional telah mengakomodasi kepentingan negara berkembang dan negara terbelakang untuk menguasai teknologi yang dapat memajukan perekonomian serta kepentingan negara maju terkait pelindungan hak kekayaan intelektual.

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As the world advances to a new era, technology remains at the corner stone of economic development, especially for developing and the least-developed nations, which have yet to possess viable technological base for their industries. To provide access for such technology, transfer of technology from the developed to the developing and least-developed countries is necessary, as it would lead the recipients to a more competitive position in the international trade. This, however, is not without its issues. Transfer of technology often sparks dispute between the parties involved, mainly with respect to their rights and obligations (including, but not limited to, the intellectual property rights of the transferor and competing interests of developing and developed nation). For that reason, the author will thoroughly observe the legal aspects of such disputes from international trade law standpoint. In doing so, the author implements the normative-juridical method, of which the author will analyze those disputes based on treaties, laws and regulations, and case laws. From this observation, the author found that transfer of technology disputes strongly connects with intellectual property issues and other aspects of international trade. Furthermore, the author found that international trade law instruments have sufficiently accommodate the interests of developing and the least-developed nations with respect to technology dissemination, as well as developed countries interest on intellectual property rights protection."

"ABSTRAKFood security has been an issue of endless discussions given its sensitive nature of being associated with the wellbeing of individuals. Pursuant to Article 33 of the Indonesian Constitution, the Indonesian Government, in principle, have the legal capacity to utilize to the greatest extent the nations natural resources for the sake of the welfare of Indonesian citizens through regulating and issuing relevant policies. As regards food security, Indonesian policies, in general, have been more focused on programs that aim to promote self-sufficiency in food production in order to achieve food security, as stated in Law No. 18 of 2012 regarding Food. The Law provides that importing food products can only be conducted if production by local producers is insufficient for the consumption needs of Indonesian citizens. Thus, this article will discuss further the national and international implications as a result of the governments continuous perception that food security problems can be resolved with self-sufficiency in food production. The question is whether this policy has managed to reach its intended goal, namely ensuring Indonesian citizens the availability and access to nutritious food? Finally, this article will offer two solutions that are deemed to be more effective and efficient than the notion of food self-sufficiency in achieving the food security policy objective."