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"Trade liberalization is an excellent opportunity for many firms in a country to export their products. For several years, there have been continuous discussions over what factors influence a company's decision to export. One of the essential factors that companies consider when deciding to export or not is the institutional environment, such as corruption. This study investigates the corruption's impact on firms concerning the export markets. Specifically, this study argues that corruption has a grease effect on the economy and may increase the probability of exporting directly or indirectly. The model's propositions are tested using a comprehensive dataset covering over 2,700 companies in Indonesia in 2009 and 2015 by adopting the probit and logit method. The cross-section and panel regressions confirm that firms are more likely to become exporters if they perceive higher levels of corruption in their home regions. In addition, the intensity of their exporting operations is related to business characteristics such as the firm's age, size, foreign ownership, and access to foreign technologies."

"Jepang merupakan salah satu mitra dagang utama Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh tingkat restriksi ROO terhadap kinerja ekspor dan utilisasi pada skema IJEPA dan AJCEP. Studi ini membangun ROO index sesuai Product Specific Rules (PSR), yang merupakan proxy dari ROO, pada produk HS6 digit dari untuk digunakan sebagai gambaran tingkat restriksi. Penelitian ini membuktikan tingkat restriksi ROO memiliki pengaruh negatif terhadap total ekspor maupun utilisasi skema kedua FTA. Peningkatan tarif yang berlaku juga berdampak menurunkan total ekspor, sedangkan tingkat margin tarif selaras dengan tingkat utilisasi FTA. Pengaturan PSR yang fasilitatif diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kinerja ekspor dan utilisasi skema kerjasama perdagangan internasional.

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Japan is one of main Indonesia’s trading partners. This research aims to analyse the impact of ROO’s restrictiveness on the Indonesia export performance and the utilisation of preferential schemes for both IJEPA and AJCEP. This study constructs ROO Index based on Product Specific Rules (PSR), as proxy of ROO, at 6-digit HS level to measure the restrictiveness level. This research found that the restrictiveness of ROO has a negative impact on total exports and utilisation for both FTAs. Increasing rate of applied tariff  would reduces the total export, while the rate of margin tariff positifely impacts the utilisation rate. Providing faclitative PSR would likely improve export performance and utilisation of international trade agreements.     "

"Abad kedua puluh satu memperkenalkan kita pada revolusi industri ke-4, di mana kemajuan teknologi semakin kuat dengan munculnya berbagai inovasi yang memajukan peradaban. Namun, literatur sebelumnya telah mengusulkan bahwa perubahan teknologi mungkin tidak "baik" seperti yang terlihat. Menelaah pengaruh otomasi Jepang terhadap ekspor dan penyerapan tenaga kerja Indonesia, penulis mencoba melihat apakah otomasi asing berpotensi merugikan negara berkembang. Dengan menggunakan data panel berimbang yang diperoleh dari tiga sumber berbeda (International Federation of Robots (IFR), Statistik Industri (SI), dan WIOD), studi ini mengamati dampak otomasi robot terhadap ekspor manufaktur dan lapangan kerja di Indonesia dalam 15 industri manufaktur terpilih dan dalam kurun waktu 5 tahun (2010-2014). Dengan menggunakan model 2-stage least squared (2SLS), penulis menemukan bahwa otomatisasi asing mengurangi ekspor manufaktur Indonesia. Namun, penulis juga menemukan bahwa penurunan ekspor dapat diimbangi dengan produktivitas yang disebabkan oleh otomatisasi domestik. net otomatisasi adalah positif, namun  juga harus dicatat bahwa otomatisasi domestik tumbuh pada tingkat adopsi yang lebih lamba dibandingkan dengan otomatisasi asing, meninggalkan bobot yang tidak seimbang dari dampak otomatisasi. Selain itu, dampak serupa juga dapat ditemukan dalam pekerjaan. Kami menemukan bahwa otomatisasi asing mengurangi pekerjaan baik pekerja produksi maupun non-produksi. Namun, tidak seperti dalam kasus ekspor, otomatisasi domestik ternyata juga berdampak negatif terhadap lapangan kerja. Pengurangan ini disebabkan oleh dua hal, khususnya kesenjangan keterampilan dan kesenjangan upah antara pekerja produksi dan non-produksi.

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The twenty-first century introduces us to the 4th industrial revolution, in which the advancement of technology is going strong with the arrival of numerous innovations that not only further our civilization in terms of knowledge but also allow us to improve our lives by making more difficult tasks easier. However, previous literature has proposed that technological change may not be as “good” as it seems. Examining the effect of Japan’s automation on Indonesia’s exports and employment, the author tries to see whether foreign automation potentially harms developing countries. Employing a balanced panel data obtained from three different sources ( International Federation of Robots (IFR), Statistik Industri (SI), and WIOD), this study observes the impacts of robotic automation on Indonesia’s manufacturing exports and employment within 15 selected manufacturing industries and in the span of 5 years (2010-2014). 

 Using the 2-stage least squared (2SLS) model, the author found that foreign automation reduces Indonesia’s manufacturing exports. However, the author also found that the reduction in exports can be offset by the productivity induced by domestic automation. While the net effect of automation is positive, We also have to note that domestic automation grows at a slower adoption rate leaving an unbalanced weight of the impacts of automation. Furthermore, a similar impact can also be found in employment. We found that foreign automation reduces the employment of both the production and non-production workers. However, unlike in the case of exports, domestic automation is found to also negatively impact employment. This reduction is caused by two things, in particular, the skill gap and the wage gap between the production and non-production workers. "

"Tesis ini berjudul “Peran World Halal Food Council terkait sertifikasi halal di pelbagai negara”. bertujuan untuk menganalisis terjadinya keberagaman Sertifikasi Halal di pelbagai negara serta mengidentifikasi apakah World Halal Food Council dapat melakukan uniformasi atas Sertifikasi Halal Dunia yang berkaitan dengan kerangka hukum WTO.Tesis ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan yuridis normatif. Sumber data berupa bahan hukum primer dan sekunder serta tersier. Tekhnik pengumpulan datanya dilakukan melalui penelaahan kepustakaan. Kerangka konsep yang penulis gunakan sebagai hipotesa dalam mengkaji hasil penelitian serta disisipkan juga definisi operasional untuk menyamakan persepsi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa World Halal Food Council (WHFC) merupakan kumpulan dari organisasi sertifikasi halal dunia yang mempunyai tujuan, visi, misi dan komitmen anggota yang sama yakni untuk menjaga implementasi skema Syariah, menjaga organisasi tetap bersatu dan kuat, serta mencapai standar Halal tunggal dan global. Perbedaan standar produk halal masih menjadi persoalan dalam perdagangan internasional, antara lain: Perbedaan standar yang dipakai dan sistem sertifikasi halal. Perbedaan sistem hukum. Perbedaan tanda halal dalam proses perdagangan produk halal, Perbedaan madzhab yang dianut pada tiap negara yang melakukan proses perdagangan. World Halal Food Council hadir dan ikut berpartisipasi dalam menanggulangi atau memberikan berbagai ide untuk meminimalisir permasalahan standarisasi produk makanan halal dunia yang juga perlu sejalan dengan prinsip WTO dalam Article-article-nya;

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This thesis is entitled "The Role of the World Halal Food Council in relation to halal certification in various countries". aims to analyze the diversity of Halal Certification in various countries and identify whether the World Halal Food Council can uniformize the World Halal Certification related to the WTO legal framework. This thesis uses a qualitative research type with a normative juridical approach. Sources of data in the form of primary and secondary and tertiary legal materials. The data collection technique is done through literature review. The conceptual framework that the author uses as a hypothesis in reviewing the results of the research and also inserts operational definitions to equalize perceptions. The results of this study indicate that the World Halal Food Council (WHFC) is a collection of world halal certification organizations that have the same goals, vision, mission and commitment of members, namely to maintain the implementation of the Sharia scheme, keep the organization united and strong, and achieve a single Halal standard. and globally. Differences in halal product standards are still a problem in international trade, including: Differences in standards used and the halal certification system. Different legal systems. Differences in halal signs in the process of trading halal products, differences in the schools of thought adopted in each country that carries out the trading process. The World Halal Food Council is present and participates in tackling or providing various ideas to minimize the problem of standardization of world halal food products which also needs to be in line with WTO principles in its articles;"

"Tulisan ini menitikberatkan pada permasalahan dalam penerapan quantitative restrictions yang dirumuskan dalam Pasal XI:1 GATT dalam WTO karena terdapat risiko tidak adanya kepastian hukum akibat terminologi yang digunakan tidak spesifik. Tulisan ini disusun dengan menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan yang diterapkan oleh WTO dan wajib ditaati oleh seluruh negara anggota, termasuk Indonesia. Quantitative restrictions secara umum dilarang oleh WTO, terutama jika berbentuk kuota, lisensi, ataupun “other measures” sehingga pembatasan ekspor melalui tindakan ini melanggar Pasal XI:1 GATT. Namun, beberapa justifikasi dapat digunakan untuk mengecualikan penerapan tindakan quantitative restrictions yang dirumuskan dalam Pasal XI:2(a), (b), (c), serta Pasal XX GATT sebagai general exceptions. Permasalahan muncul ketika Dispute Settlement Body di WTO menetapkan beberapa tindakan di luar terminologi Pasal XI:1 GATT sebagai “other measures”. Unsur tidak memiliki standar hukum konkret sehingga sulit menentukan tindakan apa saja yang dapat ditentukan sebagai quantitative restrictions. Pasal pengecualian dalam GATT pun tidak memiliki kekuatan yang signifikan karena unsur yang terlalu sulit bagi responden untuk penuhi akibat parameter yang sangat buram. Hal ini menyebabkan dibutuhkannya reformasi kebijakan dalam WTO beserta Indonesia terutama dalam peraturan ekspor dan impor sehingga kepastian hukum penerapan tindakan quantitative restrictions dapat dilindungi.

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This paper analyzes the quantitative restrictions complexities applied under Article XI:1 GATT at the WTO due to the legal uncertainty risk proneness from the terminologies. This paper employs normative legal research based upon the regulations obliged by the WTO for its members, including Indonesia. Quantitative restrictions are generally prohibited, particularly if implemented through export or import quotas, licenses, and “other measures”. However, several justifications have been set forth to exclude several measures from this provision by utilizing Article XI:1(a), (b), (c), and Article XX GATT as general exceptions. Perplexment arises when the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Body states several measures outside the explicit scope of Article XI:1 GATT as “other measures” with no concrete standards. These occurrences lead to difficulties in determining the ambit of Article XI:1 GATT. Justifications provided by GATT are inadequate as the parameters of each element are hardly structured straightforwardly bringing about respondent’s failures to meet the criteria. Regulatory reformations are direly necessary at the WTO and in Indonesia to ensure the assurance of legal protection for every member enacting quantitative restrictions measures."

"WTO sebagai organisasi internasional yang bergerak di bidang perdagangan seharusnya menjadi penggerak perdagangan dunia. Dengan ekonomi Tiongkok yang terus bertumbuh terlebih karena menggunakan pendekatan perdagangan internasional seharusnya mendapat keuntungan lebih apabila menjadi anggota WTO. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat dampaknya keanggotaan WTO Tiongkok terhadap perdagangannya dengan ASEAN+6 yang ditinjau melalui pendekatan model gravitasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa keanggotaan WTO bagi Tiongkok meningkatkan jumlah perdagangan Tiongkok ke ASEAN+6 yang secara signifikan dibandingkan saat Tiongkok masih belum menjadi anggota WTO. Sehngga keanggotaan WTO dapat diasumsikan meningkatkan jumlah perdagangan negara anggotanya.

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WTO as an international organization which is focused on trade should be the main engine in world trade. With China's economy ever growing especially because it uses a foreign trade approach would suggest that WTO accession would be beneficiary for China. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of China's WTO accession towards its trade with ASEAN + 6 by using a gravity model approach. The results of this study has shown that China's WTO accession has indeed increased the volume of trade between China and ASEAN + 6 by a significant margin compared to China prior WTO membership. Thus meaning that WTO membership is likely to increase a nations trade volume."

"Twenty-first-century trade agreements increasingly are a source of international law on investment and competition. With chapters contributed by leading practitioners and academics, this volume draws upon investor-state arbitration and competition/​antitrust disputes to focus on the application of economics to international trade law and specifically WTO law. Written in an accessible language suitable for a broad readership while providing concrete insights designed for the specialist, this book will be of use to those active or interested in the related fields of trade disputes, competition law, and investor-state arbitration"--"Global markets have become increasingly integrated both in terms of the size of trade and investment flows and in terms of the number of players involved. Global trade and investment flows are governed by a set of national, regional and global legal frameworks that interact at different levels. Increasingly the question arises how those frameworks fit together and how they can be made more coherent."