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"The Spanish flu pandemic of 1918-1919 was widely regarded as the deadliest in modern history, claiming more lives than World War I. Colonial Indonesia was not spared. Several scholars have estimated that around 1.5 to 4.37 million people in the colony perished, making the death rate one of the highest in Asia. In the midst of the chaos and confusion caused by the pandemic, many people in colonial Indonesia turned to traditional medicines, particularly the poorer members of society who were inexperienced in Western medicine. Herbal treatment was considered a viable option for those who frequently faced discrimination when visiting Dutch clinics or hospitals. This essay demonstrates how more than a century ago, various ethnic groups in colonial Indonesia relied on nature to develop their own “vaccine” and medication in the fight against the Spanish flu. In the context of the pandemic, Sin Po and other newspapers played an essential role in spreading information about herbal medicines as an alternative, more affordable remedy than modern Western medicine. These newspapers provided the inspiration to investigate traditional Indonesian therapies more thoroughly. An examination of this subject reveals that there is nothing new under the sun. The colonial government never had a grand design to combat or stop the spread of a pandemic. It made almost no efforts at prevention and the outcome of this lack of preparedness was clear. Unfortunately, even more than a hundred years later, when COVID-19 struck Indonesia, nothing had really changed."

"ABSTRACTThis article begins with a small reflection on the importance of oral skills in Spanish for foreigners. Next, it assesses briefly the disagreement between the written and grammatical competences with respect to the oral ones, stating that students present, both in Spanish and in other languages, deficiencies in the oral comprehension that the system should correct. Finally, the author presents an active, individualized and self-correcting methodology that she has successfully implemented in several courses and levels at the University of Osaka during the first term of the 2018-2019 academic year. This methodology will be used in the future in order to check its long-term results and the possible changes in its development."

"Penelitian dilakukan pada Februari-Desember 2012 di Kuandang, Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara. PPP Kuandang adalah pelabuhan baru yang masih membutuhkan data-data terkait sumberdaya ikan, salahsatunya adalah tenggiri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aspek penangkapan meliputi produksi, komposisi, laju tangkap dan daerah penangkapan; aspek biologi seperti frekuensi panjang, hubungan panjang berat, faktor kondisi, panjang pertama kali tertangkap, dan kebiasaan makan; aspek biologi reproduksi meliputi: Tingkat Kematangan Gonad, Index Kematangan Gonad, perbandingan jenis kelamin, musim pemijahan, panjang pertama kali matang gonad, diameter dan jumlah telur.Metode pengukuran ikan tenggiri (Scomberomorus commerson) diambil secara acak dari hasil tangkapan purse seine dan handline. Frekuensi panjang diperoleh dengan mengelompokkan ukuran ikan dengan interval kelas 6 cm. Ikan tenggiridi Teluk Kuandang melimpah pada Mei-Juli. Distribusi frekuensi panjang pada kisaran 25-138 cm denganyang didominasi ikan tenggiri yuwana 61.2%, dan ikan dewasa 38.8%.Ukuran pertama kali tertangkap dari pajeko lampu dan pancing ulur masing-masing 64.7 cm dan 71.9 cm.Hasil uji-t terhadap nilai b hubungan panjang berat diperoleh sifat pertumbuhan ikan tenggiri pada Februari-April, Juli, Agustus, Oktober adalah isometrik; Mei-Juni alometrik negatif, September alometrik positif; dan November-Desember alometrik negatif. Ikan tenggiri di Teluk Kuandang memijah pada Mei-Juli. Perbandingan kelamin rata-rata ikan jantan dan betina adalah1,3:1. Panjang pertama kali matang gonad ikan tenggiri adalah 80.4 cm, kisaran 79.3-81.6 cm. Jumlah telur ikan tenggiri berkisar 417.360-9.476.520 butir, rata-rata 3.419.663 butir pada kisaran panjang 65-103 cm. Diameter telur pada TKG IV ditemukan pada bulan Juni, Agustus, dan November.Kebiasaan makan ikan tenggiri adalah ikan layang, teri, lemuru, petek, dan cumi-cumi.

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The study was conducted in February-December 2012 at Kuandang, North Gorontalo regency. Kuandang fishing port is a new port that still require resource data related to fish, one of them is the spanish mackerel. The purpose of this study was to determine the fishing aspects include production, catch composition, catch rates and fishing ground; biological aspects such as length frequency, length weight relationship, condition factor, length at first capture, and food habits; and an aspects of reproductive biology include: gonad maturity stage, gonadosomatic index, sex ratio, spawning season, length at first maturity, diameter and number of eggs.

Methods to measurement of spanish mackerel was taken random from the catch of the purse seine and handline. Length frequencies was obtained by grouping fish by size class interval 6 cm.Spanish mackerel in the Kuandang Bay abundant in May-July. Length frequency distribution in the size range of 25-138 cm with predominantly immatureand mature 61.2% and 38.8% respectively.

The result of t-test on the b value fromlength weight relationshipwas obtained that spanish mackerel growth in February to April, July, August, October was isometric; May to June was allometric negative;September was allometric positive, and November-December was allometric negative.Relative condition factor in June was lowthey have spawned. Spanish mackerel in Kuandang Bay spanedinMay-July. The ratioof male and female was1,3:1. While length at first maturity was about 80.4 cm, size range 79.3-81.6 cm. The number of spanish mackerel eggs between417.360-9.476.520 grains, the average is 3.419.663 grain, with size range between 65-103 cm. An eggs diameter of stage IV of maturity was found in June, August, and November. Food habits of spanish mackerel are scads, anchovies, clupeids, ponyfish, and squid."

"In order to survive, books in the Philippines have had to contend with multiple forces: the humid tropical climate, typhoons, floods, fires, earthquakes, termites, wars throughout the nation’s colonial history. This fact is often raised in studies on the history of the book in the Philippines, but how and why the book survives in spite of such conditions has hardly been given attention. Such a lacuna in Philippine book history is what this study seeks to fill. It explores the survival of Philippine incunabula (books printed from 1593 to 1640), with a focus on the transformation from material object to cultural artifact that the book undergoes in the course of enduring through the centuries. This study examines the case of the Vocabulario de Iapon (Japanese vocabulary), with a particular interest in the copy in the Bernardo Mendel Collection at the Lilly Library of Indiana University. The Vocabulario de Iapon, which was printed in Manila in 1630, is both typical and unique among Philippine incunabula for the circumstances it saw from its publication to its survival. It has much to tell about publishing in the Philippines in the seventeenth century, the reception of books through the ages, and the culture of collecting in modern times."