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Hasil Pencarian

Ditemukan 53 dokumen yang sesuai dengan query
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Fox, Michael W.
New York: The Lyons Press, 1999
575.001 FOX b
Buku Teks  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Hubel, Andreas
Abstrak :
In this volume, general aspects of biopatent law will be discussed. This involves questions of patentability, including ethical issues and issues of technicality, as well as questions of patent exhaustion in cases were reproducible subject matter, like cells or seeds, is protected. Moreover, active and passive patent strategies are addressed. Further, insight will be given into patent lifetime management and additional protective measures, like supplementary protection certificates and data exclusivity. Here, strategies are discussed how market exclusivity can be extended as long as possible, which is particularly important for biopharmaceutical drugs, which create high R&D costs.
Heidelberg : Springer, 2012
e20417776
eBooks  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Muhammad Fikri Robbani
Abstrak :

Meski Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) telah diberlakukan sejak tahun 1972, potensi ancaman dari senjata biologis masih membayangi banyak pihak. Senjata biologis yang sulit untuk dideteksi, mampu menimbulkan kepanikan massal, serta relatif murah dan mudah untuk diproduksi menjadi sesuatu yang menarik perhatian pihak-pihak yang tertarik pada senjata nonkonvensional. Penggunaan senjata biologis dapat ditujukan dalam serangan langsung kepada manusia ataupun secara tidak langsung dengan menyerang tumbuhan, hewan, makanan, atau minuman. Tinjauan pustaka ini bertujuan untuk memetakan perkembangan literatur yang membahas isu penggunaan senjata biologis melalui metode taksonomi. Selain itu, tinjauan pustaka ini juga menganalisis perdebatan dan konsensus akademik dalam membahas isu penggunaan senjata biologis. Dari 49 literatur yang terkumpul, tinjauan pustaka ini memetakan tiga kategori pembahasan, yakni (1) karakter ancaman senjata biologis, (2) biological warfare and strategy, dan (3) regulasi penggunaan senjata biologis. Tinjauan pustaka ini melihat bahwa karakter ancaman senjata biologis berangkat dari adanya perkembangan dan penggunaan ganda bioteknologi. Ancaman senjata biologis menjadi semakin besar karena terjadi proliferasi kepada aktor negara dan non-negara. Aktor-aktor tersebut memiliki opsi strategi penggunaan senjata biologis sebagai pengganti senjata konvensional dalam perang, sebagai strategic deterrent, atau sebagai senjata dalam perang asimetris. Tinjauan pustaka ini melihat regulasi penggunaan senjata biologis yang ada tidak berfungsi secara efektif karena permasalahan kompleks. Kemudian, berkaca dari literatur yang ada, tinjauan pustaka ini merekomendasikan adanya agenda penulisan lanjutan yang membahas bagaimana upaya-upaya yang dapat dilakukan dalam konteks biodefense dan analisis terkait potensi strategi penggunaan senjata biologis sesuai dengan perkembangan terkini.


Although Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) has been imposed since 1972, the potential threats of biological weapons still overshadow many parties. Biological weapons succuessfully attract parties that interested in unconventional weapons because of its characters that hard to detect, capable to trigger mass panic, and relatively cheap and easy to produce. The use of biological weapons can be devoted directly to people or indirectly by attacking crops, animals, food, or drink. This literature review aims to map literatures that discusses the issue of biological weapons through taxonomy method. Futhermore, this literature review also analyzes the academic debates and consensus in discussing the issue of biological weapon. Based on 49 literatures that were reviewed, this literature review map three categories, (1) biological weapons’s nature of threats, (2) biological warfare and strategy, and (3) regulation of the use of biological weapons. This literature review observes that the biological weapons’s nature of threats departed from the development and dual-use of biotechnology. The threats becomes a big problem because of proliferation to state actors and non-state actors. The actors has options to use biological weapons as a subtitute for conventional weapons in war, as a strategic deterrent, or as a weapon in asymmetric war. This literature review observes that the BWC does not function effectively because of complex problems. Based on the literatures that were reviewed, this literature review recommends some further research agendas that addresses efforts that can be done in the context of biodefense and analysis related to potential strategy of the use of biological weapons in accordance with the current development.

Depok: Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia , 2020
TA-Pdf
UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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