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"Millions of people around the world are forced to work without pay and under threat of violence. These individuals can be found working in brothels, factories, mines, farm field, restaurants, construction sites and private homes: many have been tricked by human traffickers and lured by false promises of good jobs or education, some are forced to work at gunpoint, while others are trapped by phony debts from unscrupulous moneylenders. The SAGE Handbook of Human Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery provides a comprehensive, interdisciplinary and global look at the diverse issues surrounding human trafficking and slavery in the post-1945 environment. Covering everything from history, literature and politics to economics, international law and geography, this Handbook is essential reading for academics and researchers, as well as for policy-makers and non-governmental organisations"

"Human trafficking is widely considered to be the fastest growing branch of trafficking, having moved rapidly up the agenda of states and international organisations since the early 1990s, as its implications for security and human rights have become clearer. Provides original research findings on human trafficking, with particular reference to Europe, South East Asia and Australia, and advocates radical new approaches"

"Penelitian ini berfokus kepada bagaimana kemudian kasus human trafficking yang menimpa tenaga kerja Wanita Indonesia dalam kontruksi patriarki di Mesir. Di mana pekerja migran perempuan Indonesia menjadi rentan ketika mereka berangkat ke negara yang tidak memiliki perlindungan hukum bagi dirinya, sehingga aspek ini kemudian menjadi aspek yang peneliti teliti dengan menggunakan pendekatan teori jaringan sosial, rational choise theory dan teori new economics of migration. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan mengambil sumber melalui bukti-bukti empiris seperti wawancara dan studi literartur atau kajian Pustaka untuk memperkuat bahasan yang sedang diteliti serta pendekatan metodelogi fenomenologi.

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This study focuses on the impact on cases of human trafficking involving Indonesian women workers within patriarchal construction in Egypt. Indonesian women migrant workers are being vulnerable when they migrate to an inadequate legal protection country to protect them. Consequently of that aspect, this study employs the postcolonial theory social networking, the rational choise theory, and the new economics of migration theory to analyze this phenomenon. The research employs qualitative methods by interviews and literature studies are carried out to bolster the argument discussed and phenomenological methodology."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang perkawinan sirri dalam budaya hukum masyarakat Kalisat, Kecamatan Rembang, Kabupaten Pasuruan Jawa Timur. Perkawinan sirri diinterpretasikan, dirasionalkan dan dilegalkan oleh para kyai, yang kemudian saya temukan dan analisis dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan ideologis dan deskriptif mengenai hukum perkawinan yang benar-benar nyata berlaku di dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Informan penelitian ini terdiri dari perangkat desa, pegawai KUA, tokoh masyarakat, tokoh agama (dalam hal ini kyai), tukang ojek dan individu-individu atau pasangan yang telah atau sedang melakukan kawin sirri. Data diperoleh dan informan dengan kegiatan observasi partisipant dan indept interview.Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kekuasaan para kyai melakukan tafsiran tentang perkawinan pada hukum agama, diadopsi oleh hukum adat berdampak terhadap perkawinan sirri. Para kyai menginterpretasikan hukum agama untuk melegitimasikan perkawinan sirri daripada melakukan perbuatan yang dilarang oleh agama. Para kyai mempunyai kepentingan (sub-budaya) sosial, budaya dan politik. Selain itu ada kelompok lain seperti tukang ojek, pemasok, wanita itu sendiri dan orang tua pihak wanita juga mempunyai kepentingan ekonomi.Ada dua versi perkawinan sirri. Pertama, kawin sirri yang dilakukan oleh laki-laki Kalisat. Kedua, kawin sirri yang dilakukan oleh laki-laki dari luar desa Kalisat dan menunjukkan adanya indikasi bentuk trafficking in women di mana terdapat sebuah jaringan yang dimainkan oleh mereka yang berfungsi sebagai perantara.Perkawinan sirri yang terjadi di desa Kalisat menvebabkan hubungan kekuasaan antara laki-laki (suami) tidak setara dengan wanita (istri). Wanita (istri) menempati posisi yang tersubordinasi karena masyarakat Kalisat menganut nilai-nilai patriarkhi. Demikian juga hukum agama dan hukum negara memperlihatkan adanya integrasi (sating mendukung) dalam memposisikan wanita. Wanita menjadi tereksploitasi, tersubordinasi dan termaginalisasi."

"The research is talking about implementation of the effectiveness of Presidential Degree No. 88 Year 2002 about the action planning for erasing the women and girls trafficking in Indonesia. The point in this research are: 1) How about the effectiveness of Implementation of this policy in society, so in the reality this policy can do as the purpose, 2) How about the solution is law for the trafficker and what kind of help for all the trafficking victims and also about what the procedure and system like which government can do. So the policy in that Presidential Degree can give better solution about this matter. This research using qualitative approach with using research methods deep interview with decision maker in Depnakertrans and PJTKI illegal, she is not want to tell real identity, with informant: Primer Data from 2 informant from decision maker in Depnakertrans and 1 informant from PJTKI Regal, Secondary data getting from newspapers Kompas, Media Indonesia, Suara Pembaharuan, Sinar Harapan, Journal book, and Website. Interview had been done with Direktur Sosialisasi Penyuluhan can Pencegahan TKI Regal on Wednesday 4th Mei 2005 and on 15th June 2005, and interview with PJTKI Regal Kenanga, Mrs Roro as alone and the owners PJTKI Regal on 12th May 2005. In interview writer concerned constraint, which is: Mrs. Fifi Arianti had been meeting and bright red that interview with Mrs Widuri Andarini Kasubdit in Direktur Sosialisasi Program Pencegahan TKI Regal Average interview with Mrs Widuri impressed any closed and most not answer questions from the writer different interview with PJTKI Regal Kenanga Mrs Roro, she won?t tell real identity, but she tell all about that company.This research using 3 basic theories for analyze data from the field. These theory are: 1) The Social Control Theory from Strain, which is focus in technical and strategy for the government to control all the action of human being and take them to the Hale in society, 2) The Sociological Jurisprudence Theory from Pound and Holmes, which said that the law determining process and makes the law's effective which suitable with the needs of society, 3) The Implementation of the Policy from Anderson, which contents is about the government policies that-implication that policies have some purposes, and have the action which oriented to the purpose and the government act based on the fasten and force regulation.There are so many problems about the human trafficking especially for women and girls because two factors. The factors are consisting of economic factor in Family and the job opportunities are limited. So this matter makes some people in this country sold by like commodity, which can give a lot of profit for the trafficker that, had promised to them for a better job and better salary if they want to work in overseas. But in reality, they have nothing; all the illegal women employment had deport and pushed to back to Indonesian. This reality comes from 1) Weakness in the diplomatic and cooperation between Indonesian with place state women employment, 2) Weakness in control system for getting out or incoming the women employment which will send by PJTKI illegal as the trafficker, 3) Less understanding about the system and procedure for the TKW to take care ail their needs so they can work in overseas in legal way, 4) there is no strict regulation which can punish the trafficker and also the regulation to protect the trafficking victim's.The regulation, which is not complete, can make many chance to do the criminal thing. Because of that, the government needs to: 1) strengthen the diplomatic and cooperation between 2 (two) countries, so that the right of women employment can be protected by Law and also the government, 2) strengthen the control system for the getting out and incoming all women employment by the PJTKI illegal as the trafficker, 3) makes the strict regulation to punish the trafficker and the regulation to protect the trafficking victims, 4) give the direction to all the person in change about the system and procedure to find a job in other country in legal way for all the women employment which board to work to overseas, 5) more selection and give the women employment the various skill which appropriate with their talent and interested in."

"Penelitian ini mencoba mengkaji keterkaitan antara fenomena penjual atau pelayan minuman dengan praktek perdagangan perempuan untuk tujuan pelacuran. Mengingat bahwa fenomena penjual/pelayanan minuman ringan merupakan suatu praktek pelacuran terselubung. Fokus utama dari penelitian ini adalah perempuan penjual minuman ringan di sepanjang rel kereta api Manggarai Jatinegara, Jakarta.Hasil penelitian memperoleh temuan bahwa ada keterkaitan antara praktek pelacuran terselubung dengan modus perempuan penjual minuman ringan dengan praktek perdagangan perempuan dan ada empat perempuan penjual minuman ringan yang menjadi korban perdagangan perempuan. Artinya mereka mengalami tiga unsur penting dalam praktek perdagangan perempuan yaitu proses, cara dan tujuan. Pada kegiatan proses, korban melewati proses perekrutan dengan cara iming-iming dan janji palsu untuk tujuan eksploitasi seksual.Temuan lain dalam penelitian ini adalah adanya faktor pendorong dan penarik yang menyebabkan korban terjerat dalam praktek perdagangan. Faktor-faktor pendorong lain adalah marjinalisasi perempuan dalam ekonomi, tingkat pendidikan yang rendah, konflik dalam keluarga, pernikahan dini yang berakhir dengan perceraian, dan stigma sosial negatif terhadap perempuan yang berstatus janda, dan budaya konsumerisme masyarakat. Sedangkan faktor penarik adalah maraknya bisni seks itu sendiri yang memberikan banyak keuntungan bagi berbagai pihak kecuali perempuan penjual minuman. Temuan akhir yang saya peroleh adalah kondisi kerja anak perempuan penjual/pelayan minuman. Mereka mengalami kekerasan phisik dan psikis dari mucikari. Korban juga mengalami kekerasan phisik, psikis dan seksual dari tamu laki-laki, aparat yang sering merazia mereka. Mereka juga mendapatkan stigma yang negatif dari masyarakat sekitar dan masyarakat dari daerah korban berasal. Kondisi kerja para perempuan penjual minuman sangat memprihatinkan. Mereka harus bekerja selama 10 jam setiap hari dari jam 7 hingga 5 dini hari. Mereka juga terjebak oleh lilitan hutang yang tidak ada habisnnya.

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The main focus of this research is the phenomenon of drinks seller girls along the rail way in Jakarta. This research explores the relation between drinks seller girls with the phenomenon of human trafficking, because the drinks seller girls phenomenon is a form of hidden prostitution. Based on the finding of this research, there is a relation between drinks seller girls with human trafficking and four respondents are the victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitation. This is because there the three main things to indicate the human trafficking. There are process, methods and purpose.The next finding is there are pull and push factors in human trafficking. The pull factor is the sex business itself that can profit a lot of people who are in the network. The push factors are poverty, education, family conflicts, early marriage, social stigma, and consumerism.The last finding is the condition of drinks seller girls. They have experienced physical violence, psychology violence, and sex abuse from the pimps, customers, and the officers. They also have to work 10 hours a day. Debt bondage is a way to keep the victims working for the pimps."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas tentang pengiriman PMI ilegal melalui modus operandi umrah ke Timur Tengah tahun 2011-2018. Perdagangan orang merupakan salah satu bentuk kejahatan transnasional terorganisasi yang selalu berkembang karena kecanggihan pelaku dan salah satu perkembangan dari modus ini adalah melalui visa umrah. Dalam menganalisis modus yang dilakukan pelaku, digunakan enam poin modus operandi perdagangan orang yang diungkapkan oleh United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking dengan beberapa adaptasi, yaitu rekrutmen, penyalahgunaan dokumentasi, pengiriman, penampungan, penyaluran, dan eksploitasi. Sebagai isu kriminologi, pengiriman PMI ilegal melalui modus umrah dapat dijelaskan melalui teori paparan gaya hidup, teori pola kejahatan, serta konsep viktimisasi struktural. Penulisan ini menggunakan metode analisis isi kuantitatif dan bertumpu pada data sekunder sebanyak 77 kasus yang ditemukan di portal berita online.

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ABSTRACTThis undergraduated thesis discusses about the delivery of Indonesian illegal migrant workers through umrah modus operandi to the Middle East in 2011-2018. Human trafficking is one form of transnasional organized crime which is always developing because of the sophistication of the perpetrators and one of the developments in this modus operandi is through umrah visa. In analyzing the modus operandi carried out by the perpetrators, six points of modus operandi were used by United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking with several adaptations, namely recruitment, misuse of document, transportation, shelter, distribution, and exploitation. As an issue of criminology, delivery of Indonesian illegal migrant workers through umrah modus operandi can be explained through lifestyle exposure theory, crime pattern theory, and the concept of structural victimization. This writing uses quantitative content analysis methods and relies on secondary data as many as 77 cases found on online news portals."

"Migration, trafficking and smuggling are different issues butinter-related. Migration may take place through regular or irregularchannels and could be freely chosen or forced upon the migrant as a meansof survival. international migration is one of the responses to the changesof socio-economic conditions between countries as people attempt toimprove their standard of living. Social conflicts arising front the collapseof political systems are mostly behind the movement of people, economictensions originating front rebuilding global capitalism are alsocontributing forced labor mobility in world scale. Transnational mobility inSoutheast Asia has been made used by syndicates involved in dragtrafficking and also hunan trafficking especially women and children. Thispaper attempts to elaborate interlinks between migration, the phenomena ofundocumented labor, trafficking and politics in Southeast Asia."

"Both Australia and Indonesia have made commitments to combatting human trafficking.Through the experience of Mary Jane Veloso it can be seen that it is most often the vulnerable‘mule’ that is apprehended by law enforcement and not the powerful leaders of crime syndicates.It is unacceptable that those vulnerable individuals may face execution for acts committed underthreat of force, coercion, fraud, deception or abuse of power. For this reason it is vital that asystem of victim identification is developed, including better training for law enforcement, legalrepresentatives and members of the judiciary. This paper builds on submissions by authors forAustralian Parliamentary Inquiry into Human Trafficking, and focusses on issues arising inthe complex cross section of human trafficking, drug trafficking, and the death penalty withparticular attention on identifying victims and effective reporting mechanisms in both Australiaand Indonesia. It concludes that, in the context of human trafficking both countries could makethree main improvements to law and policy, among others, 1) enactment of laws that createclear mandatory protection for human trafficking victims; 2) enactment of criminal laws thatprovides complete defence for victim of human trafficking; 3) enactment of corporate reportingmechanisms.Australia dan Indonesia, keduanya telah membuat komitmen untuk memerangi perdaganganmanusia. Melalui pengalaman Mary Jane Veloso, dapat dilihat bahwa seringkali penyelundupyang tertangkap oleh aparat penegak hukum adalah kaum rentan, dan bukannya pemimpinsindikat kriminal yang berkuasa. Sulit untuk diterima bahwa orang-orang yang rentantersebutmungkin menghadapi eksekusi atas perbuatannya yang dilakukan di bawah ancaman,paksaan, penipuan, atau penyalahgunaan wewenang. Karena alasan itulah, penting agarsistem pengenalan korban dikembangkan, termasuk pelatihan lebih baik untuk aparat penegakhukum, pengacara, serta hakim dan jaksa. Tulisan ini disusun berdasarkan laporan para penuliskepada komisi penyelidikan Parlemen Australia terhadap isu perdagangan manusia, danberfokus pada permasalahan yang timbul dari irisan kompleks antara perdagangan manusia,perdagangan obat-obatan terlarang, dan hukuman mati, dengan perhatian khusus kepada isuidentifikasi korban dan mekanisme pelaporan yang efektif bagi Australia dan Indonesia. Tulisanini menyimpulkan bahwa dalam konteks pemberantasan perdagangan manusia, kedua negaradapat membuat tiga perbaikan dalam hukum dan kebijakannya, ketiga solusi tersebut adalah,1) penerapan hukum yang memberikan perlindungan wajib bagi korban perdagangan manusiayang jelas; 2) pembuatan hukum pidana yang yang memberikan perlindungan secara lengkapkepada korban; 3) pembuatan mekanisme pelaporan bagi perusahaan."