Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang perjanjian Bilateral antara Amerika Serikat dan India serta kepentingan nasional Amerika Serikat dalam pengembangan nuklir di India, perjanjian tersebut bernama India-United States Civil Nuclear Agreement. India-United States Civil Nuclear Agreement merupakan perjanjian yang memfokuskan terhadap pengembangan teknologi nuklir untuk sipil dan juga militer yang disepakati oleh India-AS pada 18 Juli 2005. Penelitian ini berpendapat bahwa Amerika menjadikan India sebagai mitra dalam kerjasama karena memiliki motif tertentu yaitu untuk menyaingi Cina dalam perekonomian dan juga menahan agresi Cina. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan data yang diperoleh dari studi pustaka. Teori yang digunakan untuk menganalisis ialah Teori Kepentingan Nasional dan Teori Kerja Sama Internasional. Hasil dari temuan penelitian ini adalah India-United States Civil Nuclear Agreement memiliki keuntungan yang didapat Amerika dan India dan perjanjian ini dinilai sebagai jalan Amerika Serikat untuk merealisasikan kepentingan nasional negaranya, perjanjian tersebut juga membuat hubungan kedua negara tersebut semakin erat dari sebelumnya.

---

This research explain Bilateral agreement between the United States and India as well as the US national interest in nuclear development in India, the agreement is called India-United States Civil Nuclear Agreement. The India-United States Civil Nuclear Agreement is an agreement focusing on the development of nuclear technology for civilians and also the military agreed by India-US in 18^th July  2005. This research argues that America makes India a partner in cooperation because it has a certain motive to rival China in economy and also withstand China aggression. This research uses qualitative method with data obtained from literature study. The theory used to analyze is the National Interest Theory and Theory of International Cooperation. The result of this research is that India-United States Civil Nuclear Agreement has the advantage of America and India and this agreement is considered as the United States road to realize the national interests of the country, the agreement also makes the relationship between the two countries more closely than ever."

"Around the turn of the nineteenth century, the northwestern littoral of India, largely comprising of Gujarat, Kathiawad, Cutch, and Sind, was battered by piratical raids. These attacks disrupted coastal trade and embarrassed the English East India Company by defying the very boundaries of law and sovereignty that the Company was trying to impose. Who were these pirates whom the Company described as small-time crooks habituated to a life of raiding and thieving? How did they perceive themselves? What did they mean when they insisted that theft was their livelihood and that it enjoyed the sanction of God? Exploring the phenomenon and politics of predation in the region, Lakshmi Subramanian teases out a material history of piracy, locating its antecedents, its social context, and its ramifications, during a crucial period of political turbulence marked by global expansion of commercial exchanges headed by the Company. She investigates the fissures within the colonial project of law and anti-piracy regulations and, through the lens of maritime politics, unravels the skeins of a distinct mode of subaltern protest. By systematically unpacking the category of piracy as it was constituted by the legal discourse of the English East India Company, she revisits the idea of legal pluralism in the Indian Ocean and considers the possibility of looking at piracy as an expression of resistance by littoral society."

"This book is an attempt towards a fresh understanding of the political economy of womens work in India and its relationship with the Indian state. The study critically analyses the concept and politics of work, worker, and women workers. The politics of the social, social welfare, and social policy is defined very close to how the public and the private are defined. There is an extension of the domestic into the public in the context of women workers in the social welfare schemes like the honorary workers. The study analyses the history and politics of work and womens work in the Indian context through a case study of honorary workers in the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme. The book examines how women figure in the states social welfare policies, making a link between the politics around womens work and social welfare policies. It contributes towards a better understanding of the broader political framework constructed by the political economy of the state within which womens work gets defined as honorary. The study examines the complexities around the weakening of social sector services with the withdrawal of state support under globalization coinciding with the need and demand for expansion of the horizon of state welfare schemes and programmes like the ICDS and its anganwadis. With more and more women especially from poor or lower-middle-class background employed in new social welfare schemes where the form of work is defined as voluntary social service, the book brings into attention the issue of further marginalization and exploitation of women workers especially from the lower or middle class by the Indian state."

"This book is an ethnographic study of the processes of agrarian change in the Malwa region of central India over the last forty years, beginning with the introduction of soyabean cultivation in the 1970s, known as the yellow revolution, and new information technology based markets in the 2000s, called the choupals. Examining the claims of prosperity and empowerment of farmers through the yellow revolution and the information revolution, this book challenges the notion that science and technology can bring unparalleled economic growth and prosperity to rural India. It argues that both techno-managerial ways of understanding and evaluating agriculture as well as those which emphasize the lenses of caste, class, and gender are inadequate in capturing the diverse processes at work in shaping the lives of rural people. Highlighting the role of the environment and technology, not in deterministic ways, but as non-human forces working upon and with human agents, it suggests that both the social and the technical must be considered together to understand the specific trajectories of agrarian change and the possibilities of rural transformation. Drawing upon science and technology studies (STS), together with critical scholarship on the political economy of development and agrarian change, this book shows how people and things have reconfigured each other in producing the world they live in, thus contributing towards new theoretical framings of agriculture and rural transformation."

"The Preamble and the Directive Principles of Indias Constitution provide for state intervention for assuring every citizens health and well-being. Yet India has wide disparities and inequalities in the standard of living, with two-thirds of the people without access to tap water and a clean toilet, a third malnourished, over a million children dying before reaching the age of five, and millions dying due to communicable diseases that are treatable at an incredibly low cost. Despite insuring schemes, every year over 60 million are impoverished due to the high cost of care. This is due to abysmal spending on health, weak governance, and poor leadership. Clearly, India has failed to forge a political system founded on the principle of a social contract where ensuring universal access to fundamental public goods-clean air, safe water, sanitation, hygiene, nutritious food and basic healthcare, and security against health-expenditure shocks-is visualized as its primary obligation, not an option. In deeply stratified societies like ours where gender, caste, religion, and residence create barriers that cannot be overcome by individual effort, the negotiating presence of a strong and assertive state becomes necessary. This book discusses the evolution of Indias health policy, followed by a comprehensive discussion on financing and governance in health, and contains two stories about Indias struggle to reverse the HIV/AIDS epidemic and revitalizing the primary healthcare system in rural areas under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). Finally, it assesses what the future focus should be. It is based on the authors understanding of the health sector acquired over two decades of engagement in various capacities."

"ABSTRAKDengan metode deskriptif, penelitian ini mengkaji permasalahan bagaimanan kebijakan luar negeri Pakistan terhadap India dalam upaya penyelesaian sengketa wilayah Kashmir. Kecuali dalam konteks pernbicaraan sejarah konflik Kashmir, penelitian ini mengambil periode mulai dari tahun 1998 sampai tahun 2003. Pembahasan politik luar negeri Pakistan di kawasan Asia Selatan pada era pasca Perang Dingin sangat berhubungan dengan konflik India-Pakistan karena konflik tersebut merupakan isu paling dominan dalam masalah kemanan regional Asia Selatan. Konstelasi/struktur kekuatan sub-kontinen Asia Selatan adalah didominasi oleh India sebagai negara Core, kemudian Pakistan sebagai negara Bargainer dan negara-negara Asia Selatan lainnya sebagai Periphery Powers. Karena dominasi atau hegemoni India di kawasan ini sangat menentukan keamanan regional Asia Selatan, maka faktor lndia menyita perhatian yang cukup besar dalam pelaksanaan politik luar negeri Pakistan. Dikaitkan dengan keamanan regional Asia Selatan dan dominasi India, Pakistan antara lain memprioritaskan dua isu dalam pelaksanaan politik luar negerinya, yaitu pertahanan yang memadai dalam menghadapi negara tetangga (India) yang relatif jauh lebih kuat dan prioritas pada peningkatan bargaining position juga terhadap India dalam masalah Kashmir. Karena itulah yang menjadi prioritas utama dalam politik luar negeri Pakistan adalah bagaimana Pakistan dapat meningkatkan kemampuan pertahanannya. Dua hal yang terkait langsung dengan masalah kcamanan ini adalah, seperti telah disebutkan diatas, masalah Kashmir, masalah program nuklir India dan ancaman yang ditimbulkan oleh peningkatan kemampuan rudal-rudal jarak menengah India yang terus dikembangkan yang tentu saja dengan mudah dapat menjangkau wilayah Pakistan. Masalah Kashmir dan program nuklir India adalah masalah yang sating berkaitan. Untuk menghadapi permasalahan tersebutbut, Pakistan menggunakan strategi akomodasi. Hal ini didasarkan pada pcrtimhangan kapabilitas militer Pakistan yang lebih inferior dibandingkan dengan India. Pakistan Lebih cenderung menggunakan upaya-upaya damai dalam menyelesaikan dua masalah tersebut meskipun Pakistan tetap berusaha mengembangkan kemampuan militernya. Hal ini dilakukan untuk menghadapi ancaman militer India dikemudian hari. Dalam masalah Kashmir, pakistan menggunakan kebijakan internasionalisasi isu Kashmir. Pakistan mengupayakan penyelesaian sengketa wilayah Kashmir melalui jalur internasional disamping upaya bilateral. Berbeda dengan kebijakan internasionalisasi isu Kashmir, maka Kebijakan luar negeri Pakistan terhadap masalah nuklir India adalah regionalisasi isu nuklir. Bagi Pakistan, program nuklir yang dijalankan india lebih terasa dampaknya terhadap keamanan regional. Salah satu usulan Pakistan dalarn menanggulangi rnasalah nuklir Asia Selatan ini adalah pembentukan Nuclear Free Zone di kawasan Asia Selatan.
"

"ABSTRAKKajian ini membahas kebijakan Countering America's Adversaries through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) yang diterapkan oleh Amerika Serikat terhadap negara-negara yang melakukan pembelanjaan militer dengan Rusia, Iran, dan Korea Utara. Kebijakan CAATSA yang berbentuk sanksi embargo ini penting untuk ditelaah melalui berbagai perspektif ilmiah karena merupakan kebijakan sanksi ekonomi pertama Amerika yang diterapkan secara kolektif. Berbeda dengan sanksi embargo sebelumnya yang diaplikasikan secara personal terhadap suatu negara dengan alasan tertentu, CAATSA ditujukan terhadap semua negara kendati pada kenyataannya terdapat pengecualian. Penelitian mengenai CAATSA masih sangat terbatas, dengan fokus pembahasan pada sudut pandang hubungan Amerika-India, hukum penegakan sanksi embargo, proses pembuatan kebijakan Amerika, dan dampak ekonomi dari adanya sanksi embargo. Dengan menggunakan sudut pandang teori pembuat keputusan luar negeri sebagai kerangka analisis, tulisan ini membingkai standar ganda kebijakan CAATSA terhadap India. Temuan utama dalam tulisan ini yakni upaya pembebasan sanksi CAATSA terhadap India meski telah melakukan pembelian senjata S-400 adalah hasil bargaining dari para pembuatan kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat untuk meredam China. Strategi India dalam Indopasifik sesuai dengan visi dan misi Amerika Serikat yakni America First yang tertuang dalam Strategi Keamanan Nasional Amerika Serikat tahun 2017. Standar ganda dengan cara membebaskan India dari sanksi CAATSA dikarenakan untuk mencegah rasa tidak aman India terhadap Amerika Serikat sebagai mitra yang dapat diandalkan, serta merusak kerja sama pertahanan dan keamanan kedua negara.ABSTRAK

---

ABSTRACTThis study discusses the policy of Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) which is applied by the United States to countries that carry out military spending with Russia, Iran and North Korea. This CAATSA policy in the form of an embargo sanction is important to be explored through various scientific perspectives because it is the first American economic sanction policy to be applied collectively. In contrast to the previous embargo sanctions that were applied personally to a country for some reason, CAATSA was aimed at all countries despite the fact that there were exceptions. Although this research on CAATSA is not much done, most of the previous studies looked at the perspective of American-Indian relations, enforcement of embargo sanctions, American policy-making processes, and the economic impact of embargo sanctions. Using the point of view of foreign decision-making theories as an analytical framework, this paper frames the liberation of CAATSA's policy towards India. The main inference in this paper is that CAATSA's sanction policy cannot be applied collectively because it will collide with other greater interests, and make the application ineffective due to the exclusion of some countries. Efforts to release CAATSA sanctions against India despite having purchased S-400 weapons is the bargaining result of the US foreign policy makers to reduce China. India's strategy in the Pacific is in line with the vision and mission of the United States, namely America First as stated in the 2017 United States National Security Strategy. The double standard by way of exempting India from CAATSA sanctions is to prevent India's insecurity towards the United States as a reliable partner, and undermining defense and security cooperation between the two countries."

"Madras on Rainy Days adalah novel yang berlatar belakang budaya India yang kental dibumbui dengan berbagai konflik dan intrik keluarga. Banyak istilah dan ungkapan yang mengandung budaya India yang memerlukan anotasi pada terjemahannya. Metode yang digunakan penerjemah adalah eksotis, pinjaman kultural, chalque, komunikasi, idiomatis, dan adaptasi. Teknik yang digunakan adalah transposisi, modulasi, deskriptif, kontekstual, anotasi, baku, dan tidak memberi padanan. Ideologi yang dipilih adalah foreigniaation agar nuansa India yang merupakan keunggulan novel ini tetap terasa. Ideologi inilah yang memegang peranan penting pads penentuan padanan terjemahan. Anotasi dibagi atas dua belas kelompok, yaitu budaya, busana, sapaan, pekerjaan, jargon, bentuk dan ukuran, kendaraan, musim, jenis bahan, alat, onomatope, serta makanan dan minuman. Terjemahan bergantung pads metode, teknik, dan ideologi yang dipilih penerjemah. Sebagian besar anotasi mengandalkan konteks kalimat. Kendala utama penerjemahan novel ini adalah masalah ideologi. Konteks tertentu mengharuskan penerjemah menggunakan domestication alih-alih foreigniation. Hal ini memberi kesan bahwa penerjemah tidak konsisten. Meskipun demikian, hal ini tetap dilakukan demi kepentingan pembaca TSa."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai kepentingan India dalam pembentukan kerjasama Mekong - Ganga Cooperation Initiative (MGCI), yang secara resmi disepakati pada 10 Nopember 2000, di Vientiane, dalam MGC Ministerial Meeting yang pertama. Dalam periode pertama pelaksanaan kerjasama MGCI, diketahui bahwa India hanya sedikit mendapat keuntungan dari seluruh sektor kerjasama formal dalam program kerja MGCI. Namun demikian pada Fifth MGC Ministerial Meeting, di Manila tahun 2007, telah disepakati perpanjangan kerjasama MGCI untuk periode kedua hingga tahun 2013. Hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan mengenai apa sebenarnya kepentingan India dalam kerjasama MGCI. Dengan meminjam penjelasan mengenai Kerjasama Regional oleh John Ravenhill ditambah dengan ventur dalam kerjasama regional, disimpulkan bahwa kepentingan India dalam kerjasama MGCI terdiri dari dua jenis kepentingan, yaitu kepentingan ekonomis berupa: a) Alih Teknologi Komunikasi dan Informatika, dan b) Pembentukan Jalur Mekong ? Asia Tenggara, serta kepentingan strategis berupa: a) Kepentingan Energi dan b) Pembendungan Terhadap Pengaruh Cina di Asia.

---

The focus of this Thesis is to study the interest of India in forming Mekong - Ganga Cooperation Initiative, later called MGCI, which launched on November 10 2000, in Vientiane. Within the first period of MGCI, it is known that India only enjoyed little benefits. But in Manila, 2007, India and the rest of the members of MGCI agreed to extend the cooperation for the second period until 2013. Within this event, question raises about what exactly the interest of India in MGCI cooperation.

Taking the approach in understanding Regional Cooperation by John Ravenhill, and the ventures of regional cooperation, it is concluded that the interest of India in MGCI initiation lies on two main forms. First, Economic Interests including the tranfer of Informations and Communication Technology (ICT) and Connectivity of India and Southeast Asia to support commerce. Second, Strategic Interests including long term Energy Supply and Containment of China's influences in Southeast Asia."

"Tulisan ini berfokus pada tatanan (order) arsitektural candi Jawa. Tulisan kontemporer kerap menelaah arsitektur candi menggunakan tatanan triparti, yang utamanya digunakan untuk membagi tampak candi ke dalam tiga bagian: badan, kepala, dan kaki. Meski umum digunakan, tatanan sederhana ini tidak merefleksikan secara akurat kompleksitas candi sehingga pembahasan arsitektural candi seringkali tidak rinci. Penulis mengusulkan sebuah sistem tatanan baru, yang penulis sebut sebagai “tatanan vāstu.” Tatanan ini direkonstruksi menggunakan metode riset arsitektural-historis yang membandingkan candi-candi Jawa serta struktur mancanegara terkait dalam lensa tipo-morfologis, didukung dengan analisis sastra arsitektural kuil India. Sampel candi meliputi 32 candi peribadatan tipe menara (prāsāda) dengan ciri Hindu dan Buddha yang berasal dari era Mataram Kuno (abad 8-11 M).Secara tatanan tapak, candi Jawa menunjukkan dua pola umum yang berkorespondensi dengan dua moda dasar perancangan maṇḍala; pola berjejer-berhadap yang banyak digunakan pada candi Hindu berkorespondensi dengan moda yantri, sementara pola konsentris yang banyak digunakan pada candi Buddha berkorespondensi dengan moda maṇḍala. Pada pola candi berjejer-berhadap, terdapat sejumlah unsur yang dapat dikaitkan dengan sejumlah aspek geografis/astronomis lokal dan konsep ruang Austronesia yang diduga bercampur dengan konsep arah India pada masa Mataram Kuno. Secara tata bangunan, semua sampel candi dapat dibagi secara visual ke dalam tujuh bagian yang dimiliki tatanan vāstu: upapÄ«á¹­ha, adhiṣṭhāna, pada, prastara, gala, śikhara, dan stÅ«pi. Namun pemeriksaan lebih mendalam menunjukkan bahwa tiap bagian memiliki elaborasi arsitektural yang cukup berbeda dengan norma Asia Selatan maupun Tenggara kontinental.Pengamatan ini memperkuat pendapat bahwa arsitektur candi Jawa menunjukkan pencampuran berbagai elemen asing menjadi gubahan tersendiri. Studi ini juga menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan sistem tatanan berbasis vāstu, alih-alih tripartit konvensional, memungkinkan penjabaran elemen arsitektur candi secara lebih rinci. Menerapkan dan menguji kesahihan tatanan vāstu pada candi mungkin dapat menghasilkan sistem tatanan arsitektur baru yang lebih bermanfaat untuk menelaah arsitektur candi Jawa serta kedudukannya dalam jaring pertukaran budaya antara India dan Asia Tenggara.

---

This paper focuses on the architectural order of ancient Javanese temples. Contemporary writings often use a tripartite order to conceptualize Javanese temple architecture, which divide the edifice into three-part consisting of head, body, and feet. However, the overgeneralized nature of the order does not accurately represent the complexities of Javanese temples and this has made architectural discussion of temples somewhat limited and undetailed. Further, the textual basis of this order is questionable. To support more nuanced discussion of Javanese temple architecture, the author proposes an alternative architecture order, dubbed the “vāstu order.” This order is reconstructed using architectural-historical research method that compares extant Javanese temples with related South and Southeast Asian structures in a typo-morphological lens, supported by analysis of historical treatise pertaining Indian temple architecture. Samples include 32 Hindu and Buddhist Javanese temples in the general shape of a tower (prāsāda) from the ancient Mataram era (8-11th century).

In terms of spatial order, Javanese temples show two general pattern that correspond to two basic design mode in architectural maṇḍala; the linear-opposing configuration commonly observed in Hindu complexes corresponds to the yantric mode, while the concentric configuration commonly observed in Buddhist complexes corresponds to the maṇḍalic mode. In the linear-opposing configuration, there are a number of elements that can be attributed to indigenous concept of space which may have intermingled with Indian-derived concept of space during the Mataram era. In terms of building order, all samples can visually divided into seven parts of the vāstu order: upapīṭha, adhiṣṭhāna, pada, prastara, gala, śikhara, and stūpi. However, further inspection shows that each part has unusual or even unprecedented architectural elaboration from the supposed Indian protype.

These observations contribute to the notion that Javanese temples shows complex amalgamation of various Indian architectural elements into a distinct creative form. This study demonstrates that a conceptual shift from the conventional tripartite order into a more refined vāstu order permitted more detailed observations in various architectural elements of Javanese temples. Applying and testing the vāstu order to other temples would perhaps yield a more robust architectural order that is useful in revealing the nature of Javanese temple architecture and its position within the web of cultural exchange between India and Southeast Asia."