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"Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti/menyelidiki faktor yang berkaitan dengan Perceived Managerial Discretion (PMD) dalam hubungannya dengan Risk Taking Behavior (RTB) dan kinerja organisasi pemerintah. Desain/metodologi/pendekatan: Penelitian ini menggunakan kombinasi metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Metode kualitatif dilakukan dengan menggunakan diskusi kelompok terfokus (FGD) untuk memilih variabel kunci yang mempengaruhi PMD dan memvalidasi temuan penelitian. Metode kuantitatif dilakukan menggunakan Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) untuk menguji delapan hipotesis yang dikembangkan melalui FGD dan studi literatur. Dari 340 kuesioner yang disebarkan, sebanyak 260 yang dikembalikan dan dianggap valid untuk analisis SEM, yang mencerminkan suatu tingkat respon yang memuaskan dari 76%.Temuan: Enam faktor PMD yang teridentifikasi adalah quasi legal constraint (QLC), Powerful Outside Forces (POF), Inertial Forces (IF), Powerful Inside Forces (PIF), Power Base (PB), dan Political Acumen (PA). Analisis SEM menyatakan QLC, PIF, PB, dan PA meningkatkan PMD sementara IF cenderung menghambat PMD. Dengan sistem insentif yang ada saat ini dan PMD yang biasa saja, responden cenderung menampilkan perilaku risk averse, sementara sebagaimana diperlihatkan dalam studi ini, RTB yang lebih tinggi dibutuhkan untuk meningkatkan kinerja organisasi. Beberapa temuan penelitian ini mendukung penelitian sebelumnya tetapi beberapa lainnya tidak.Penelitian Implikasi/Keterbatasan: Keterbatasan utama dari penelitian ini adalah validitas eksternal, yaitu temuan hanya berlaku untuk organisasi yang memiliki karakteristik serupa dengan organisasi pemerintah yang digunakan sebagai studi kasus. Oleh karena itu, temuan ini harus digunakan dengan hati-hati untuk jenis organisasi publik yang berbeda.Implikasi praktis: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, maka perlu dilakukan: (1) mengenalkan sistem reward-punishment yang lebih baik dengan target yang lebih tegas bagi pengambil keputusan untuk bekerja yang yang terbaik, (2) mengkaji dan menghapus peraturan yang kurang tegas yang membatasi PMD, (3) merampingkan birokrasi, (4) menetapkan peraturan yang memungkinkan lebih banyak ruang untuk inovasi dan kebijakan, (5) menjelaskan tugas dan tanggung jawab para pengambil keputusan, dan (6) mengurangi perubahan-perubahan kebijakan sesaat dengan mendorong pengawasan dan pemberitahuan yang tepat.

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Purpose: This study investigates pertinent factors in perceived managerial discretion (PMD) in association with risk-taking behavior (RTB) and organizational performance within government organizations.Design/methodology/approach: This study used a mix of qualitative methods?using focus group discussions (FGDs) to select key variables affecting PMD and to validate the research findings?and quantitative methods?using structural equation modeling (SEM) to test eight hypotheses developed from FGDs and from a literature review. Out of 340 questionnaires sent out to potential participants, 260 were returned and deemed valid for SEM analysis, reflecting an impressive response rate of 76%.Findings: A total of six factors affecting PMD were identified: quasi-legal constraint (QLC), powerful outside forces (POFs), inertial forces (IFs), powerful inside forces (PIFs), power base (PB), and political acumen (PA). The SEM analysis indicated that QLC, PIF, PB, and PA enhance PMD, while IFs tend to inhibit PMD. Given the existing incentive system and a mediocre PMD level, respondents tend to exhibit risk averse behavior while, as demonstrated by this study, a greater RTB would be necessary to improve organizational performance. All the presented findings are partially consistent with prior findings, with some notable contradictions.Research implications/limitations: The primary limitation of this study was its limited external validity, as these findings can only be extended to organizations with similar characteristics of those of the government institution used as the case study. These findings must be used with care for different types of public organizations.Practical implications: These findings support taking the following steps:(1) introduce improved reward-punishment systems with more assertive targets for decision makers to work toward excellence, (2) review and remove equivocal regulations that could restrain PMD, (3) streamline bureaucracy, (4) establish regulations that allow more space for innovation and discretion, (5) delineate the tasks and responsibilities of decision makers, and (6) discourage abrupt policy changes, promoting proper scrutiny and notice."

"ABSTRAK Paradigma pelayanan kefarmasian dari orientasi produk menjadi orientasi pasien harus direalisasikan dan diimplementasikan oleh apoteker yang bekerja di rumah sakit sehingga adanya Praktek Kerja Profesi Apoteker dapat memberikan calon apoteker pengetahuan dan pengalaman bagaimana peran dan tugas apoteker di rumah sakit berbasis orientasi keselamatan pasien Praktek kerja profesi ini bertujuan untuk memahami peran tugas dan tanggung jawab apoteker di rumah sakit sesuai dengan ketentuan dan etika pelayanan farmasi khususnya dan pelayanan kesehatan umumnya memiliki wawasan pengetahuan keterampilan dan pengalaman praktis untuk melakukan praktik kefarmasian di rumah sakit dan memiliki gambaran nyata tentang permasalahan praktek kefarmasian serta mempelajari strategi dan kegiatan kegiatan yang dapat dilakukan dalam rangka pengembangan praktek kefarmasian di rumah sakit Praktek kerja profesi dilakukan selama 2 bulan dan kegiatan yang dilakukan antara lain mempelajari aspek manajerial dan klinis serta mengunjungi bagian rekam medik instalasi sentral sterilisasi dan binatu dan bagian kesehatan lingkungan serta keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja Rumah Sakit Kanker ldquo Dharmais rdquo sudah memenuhi persyaratan sesuai peraturan yang berlaku dimulai dari aspek sarana dan prasarana sampai aspek manajerial dan klinis yang harus dilakukan oleh apoteker berbasis standar pelayanan kefarmasian di rumah sakit Calon apoteker sudah memahami peran tugas dan tanggung jawab apoteker di rumah sakit yaitu mengelola perbekalan farmasi dan melakukan pelayanan farmasi klinik serta mendapatkan pengalaman praktis dan gambaran nyata menjadi seorang apoteker di rumah sakit ABSTRACT Pharmaceutical care paradigm from product oriented to become patient oriented must be implemented and applied by pharmacist who works in hospital therefore pharmacy student who attends profession internship will get knowledge and experiences about pharmacist rsquo s roles and responsibilities in hospital based on patient safety orientation This profession internship is aimed to understand general and specific pharmacist rsquo s roles and responsibilities in hospital such as giving health care and pharmaceutical care based on ethics and rules consecutively to have knowledge skills and practical experiences to do pharmaceutical care in hospital and to have real pharmacist rsquo s problem solving act experiences with corrective actions in order to develop pharmaceutical care in hospital This profession internship lasted approximately 2 months and learnt about aspects of managerial and clinical also visited medical record division central sterile supply department environmental health division and occupational health and safety division Rumah Sakit Kanker ldquo Dharmais rdquo has applied pharmaceutical care standards in hospital including all aspects from facilities and infrastructures to managerial and clinical aspects which have to be done by a pharmacist After attending the profession internship pharmacy student who will become a pharmacist has learnt about pharmacist rsquo s roles and responsibilities in hospital such as pharmaceutical supplies management how to apply clinical pharmaceutical care and got real practical experiences in hospital ;Pharmaceutical care paradigm from product oriented to become patient oriented must be implemented and applied by pharmacist who works in hospital therefore pharmacy student who attends profession internship will get knowledge and experiences about pharmacist rsquo s roles and responsibilities in hospital based on patient safety orientation This profession internship is aimed to understand general and specific pharmacist rsquo s roles and responsibilities in hospital such as giving health care and pharmaceutical care based on ethics and rules consecutively to have knowledge skills and practical experiences to do pharmaceutical care in hospital and to have real pharmacist rsquo s problem solving act experiences with corrective actions in order to develop pharmaceutical care in hospital This profession internship lasted approximately 2 months and learnt about aspects of managerial and clinical also visited medical record division central sterile supply department environmental health division and occupational health and safety division Rumah Sakit Kanker ldquo Dharmais rdquo has applied pharmaceutical care standards in hospital including all aspects from facilities and infrastructures to managerial and clinical aspects which have to be done by a pharmacist After attending the profession internship pharmacy student who will become a pharmacist has learnt about pharmacist rsquo s roles and responsibilities in hospital such as pharmaceutical supplies management how to apply clinical pharmaceutical care and got real practical experiences in hospital "