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"Ekonom terkemuka dunia seperti Adam Smith dan Acemoglu serta Prof. Dr. Boediono, Guru Besar Universitas Gadjah Mada sekaligus Wakil Presiden RI tahun 2009 – 2014 menekankan pentingnya peranan kelembagaan dalam pertumbuhan dan kestabilan ekonomi. Dalam hal ini, kelas menengah diharapkan dapat berperan sebagai kelas reformis dan penentu terciptanya kelembagaan politik dan ekonomi melalui dukungan terhadap demokrasi sebagai bentuk kelembagaan yang mengusung inklusivitas diantara keberagaman yang ada di Indonesia. Dalam penelitian ini, dukungan tersebut diamati melalui perilaku politik yang mencakup partisipasi memilih dan pilihan partai politik. Data makro menunjukkan bahwa secara nasional, proporsi kelas menengah tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap angka partisipasi memilih di suatu wilayah. Begitupun dengan evaluasi dampak terhadap individu yang mengungkapkan bahwa peningkatan status ekonomi seseorang dari miskin ke kelas menengah tidak berpengaruh nyata pada perilaku memilih. Namun, berdasarkan wilayah, secara umum kelas menengah di daerah perdesaan dan luar Jawa lebih aktif dibanding di perkotaan ataupun Jawa. Dari sisi pilihan politik, terdapat hubungan non-linier (kurva U terbalik) antara proporsi kelas menengah dengan pilihan partai politik Islam. Semakin besar proporsi kelas menengah politik identitas semakin menguat, namun pada proporsi tertentu (sekitar 30%) politik identitas ini semakin melemah. Dengan demikian, masih tersisa harapan bahwa kelas menengah di Indonesia dapat mendukung kemajuan bangsa melalui kontribusinya dalam menguatkan kelembagaan politik dan ekonomi apabila proses pemilihan berlangsung sesuai dengan aturan menghasilkan outcome yang tercermin dalam tata kelola pemerintahan yang berkinerja baik dan terpercaya.

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World-renowned economists such as Adam Smith and Acemoglu as well as Prof. Dr. Boediono, Professor at Gadjah Mada University and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia in 2009 – 2014 emphasize the importance of the role of institutions in economic growth and stability. In these terms, the middle class is expected to represent the reformist class and determine the achievement of political and economic institutions through support for democracy as an institutional form that promotes inclusivity among the diversity that exists in Indonesia. In this study, this support is observed through political behavior which includes voting participation and choice of political parties. Macro data shows that nationally, the proportion of the middle class has no significant effect on the voter turnout rate in a region. Likewise, the evaluation of the impact on individuals revealed that increasing a person's economic status from poor to middle class had no significant effect on voting behavior. However, based on region, in general, the middle class in rural areas and outside Java is more active than in urban areas or Java. In terms of political choice, there is a non-linear relationship (inverted U curve) between the proportion of the middle class and the choice of Islamic political parties. The larger the proportion of the middle class, the stronger the identity politics, but at a certain proportion (about 30%) this identity politics is getting weaker. Thus, there is still hope that the middle class in Indonesia can support the progress of the nation through its contribution to strengthening political and economic institutions if the election process takes place by statutory regulations, producing outcomes that are reflected in governance that performs well and is trusted."

"Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan merupakan kota satelit pertama di selatan Jakarta dan merupakan wilayah yang terencana. Akan tetapi sejak sepuluh tahun terakhir terjadi perubahan pesat dengan kemunculan komersial, kafe dan restoran hampir di setiap jalan lingkungan dan kolektor yang berada dan menggantikan fungsi hunian. Kemunculan secara cepat "ruang publik" komersil yang eksklusif, atau ruang publik semu berupa kafe dan restoran merupakan salah satu penanda terdapatnya gentrifikasi pada suatu kawasan. Consumer class lifestyle mengubah kondisi wilayah yang tergentrifikasi dan berkontribusi terhadap kenaikan harga lahan sehingga warga yang sejak dulu tinggal di situ tak mampu lagi dan akhirnya pindah ke tempat lain. Bila dilihat sekilas, hal ini mirip dengan apa yang terjadi di Kebayoran Baru. Akan tetapi wilayah tersebut sejak awal sudah menjadi lingkungan kaum menengah ke atas sehingga yang terjadi di wilayah tersebut merupakan gentrifikasi gelombang ke dua. Melalui penelusuran arsip dan pengamatan lapangan secara spasial, kajian ini akan mencoba memahami transformasi spasial tersebut dan kaitannya dengan social production of public space yang demokratis.Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan is the first satellite city in the southern part of Jakarta and is a planned area. In the last ten years, there has been a rapid transformation within the area due to the land use change from what is predominantly residential to commercial; cafes and restaurants in almost every street. The rapid growth of these commercial and exclusive “public space” or quasi-public space in the form of cafes and restaurants is one of the signs of gentrification. Consumer class life-style changes the condition of the gentrified neighbourhood and contributes to the increase of the land value, making it unaffordable for the residents and causing them to seek housing areas with lower cost. This is similar to what has been happening in Kebayoran Baru. However, the area has always been a relatively middle-class neighbourhood from the beginning. This indicates that what is currently happening in Kebayoran Baru is actually second wave gentrification. Through archival studies and spatial on-site observation, this research aims to understand the spatial transformation and its relation to social production of public space that considers democracy."

"Reengineering India explores Indias post-liberalization transformation through the lens of the software industry. It is an anthropological study of work, capital, and class in the software industry, viewed as a key site where novel forms of work and worker-subjects, dispositions, and social identities are being fashioned, and new aspirations and social imaginaries are introduced, worked out, contested, and often transformed. It traces the multiple genealogies of software capital and its modes of value generation and explores the production, shaping, and circulation of Indian information technology (IT) labour. Drawing on ethnographic research in Bangalores software companies, the book examines the organizational practices of these companies to unravel the conjunctions of work, power, culture, and subjectivity in these global workspaces. It also maps the interconnections between IT labour and capital, social mobility, and the reconstitution of the middle class, and explores the diverse lives of Indian culture and middle class identity as mobile IT professionals pursue their projects of self-fashioning and social mobility within a transnational social field. Highlighting the agency of IT workers, organizations, and entrepreneurs in Indias post-liberalization reconfiguration, the author argues that the forms and modalities of capital, work, identity, sociality, and subjectivity that have been forged in IT workspaces are not just by-products of globalization, but have been deeply shaped by the social and historical conditions of their making. Although the software industry has been central to the fashioning of a new India, it remains deeply embedded in older structures of inequality and modes of accumulation."

"Masalah penelitian ini adalah semangat kebebasan Charlie Parker sebagai inspirasi dalam pembangkangan budaya beatniks terhadap kelas menengah Amerika dalam rentang tahun 1944-1967. Landasan teori tesis ini mengacu kepada beberapa sumber kepustakaan. Tulisan-tulisan dan penelitian terdahulu mencakup subjek-subjek yang meliputi kelas menengah Amerika di dasawarsa-dasawarsa pasca Perang Dunia II, pembangkangan beatniks terhadap kelas menengah Amerika, dan kehidupan beserta karya musik Charlie Parker.Metode penelitian yang dipilih adalah metode penelitian kwalitatif berdasarkan kajian kepustakaan. Data yang diperoleh Bari beragam sumber kepustakaan tersebut disusun untuk kemudian dianalisis dalam rangka pembuktian hipotesis.Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah membuktikan hipotesis penelitian bahwa semangat kebebasan Charlie Parker merupakan inspirasi dalam pembangkangan budaya beatniks terhadap kelas menengah Amerika. Inspirasi yang diperoleh beatniks dari Charlie Parker berada dalam satu rangkaian counterculture yang menghubungkan kelompok-kelompok avant-garde di wilayah-wilayah bohemia di Amerika Serikat.

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The research problem is Charlie Parker's spirit of freedom as inspiration in beatniks counterculture against America's middle-class in 1944-1967. The theoretical basis of this thesis refer to some literature or previous research. These writings and research include subjects such as the America's middle-class in postwar America, the beatniks rebellion towards the middle class, and the life and works of Charlie Parker.

The method of research selected is qualitative research based on previous literature and research. The data collected from various sources are compiled and arranged to be analyzed in the course of proving research hypothesis.

The result of this research is a proven hypothesis that Charlie Parker's spirit of freedom was an inspiration in beatniks counterculture against America's middle-class. The inspiration lies in one strand of countercultures that connect avant-garde groups in America's bohemia."

"[Evaluasi pemilih terhadap kinerja pemimpin politik menjadi pondasi bagi demokrasi, sehingga demokrasi dapat menghasilkan pemimpin politik dengan kinerja baik. Selain itu pemilihan umum juga menjadi sarana bagi masyarakat untuk menentukan kebijakan mana yang tepat untuk diaplikasikan, berdasar kepada janji kampanye calon presiden. Kajian ini berusaha menangkap pengaruh faktor-faktor sosial ekonomi di tingkat desa terhadap keterpilihan Jokowi dalam pemilihan presiden 2014. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa tingkat kemiskinan, tingkat akses ekonomi dan kondisi infrastruktur desa serta kelas menengah berperan besar dalam kemenangan Jokowi. Temuan lain adalah bahwa paparan media, baik televisi maupun internet sangat berpengaruh dalam proses penentuan suara oleh masyarakat.

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..Voter evaluation of the political leader’s performance is the foundation for democracy, therefore democracy can produce a political leader with good performance. Elections are also a mean for the public to determine which policies are appropriate to be applied, based on the campaign. This study tried to capture the influence of socio-economic factors at the village level to the winning of Jokowi in 2014 election. The study found that poverty, economic access and infrastructure as well as the middle class plays a major role in the Jokowi’s victory. This study also found that media is influential to the vote decision.;Voter evaluation of the political leader’s performance is the foundation for democracy, therefore democracy can produce a political leader with good performance. Elections are also a mean for the public to determine which policies are appropriate to be applied, based on the campaign. This study tried to capture the influence of socio-economic factors at the village level to the winning of Jokowi in 2014 election. The study found that poverty, economic access and infrastructure as well as the middle class plays a major role in the Jokowi’s victory. This study also found that media is influential to the vote decision.;Voter evaluation of the political leader’s performance is the foundation for democracy, therefore democracy can produce a political leader with good performance. Elections are also a mean for the public to determine which policies are appropriate to be applied, based on the campaign. This study tried to capture the influence of socio-economic factors at the village level to the winning of Jokowi in 2014 election. The study found that poverty, economic access and infrastructure as well as the middle class plays a major role in the Jokowi’s victory. This study also found that media is influential to the vote decision.;Voter evaluation of the political leader’s performance is the foundation for democracy, therefore democracy can produce a political leader with good performance. Elections are also a mean for the public to determine which policies are appropriate to be applied, based on the campaign. This study tried to capture the influence of socio-economic factors at the village level to the winning of Jokowi in 2014 election. The study found that poverty, economic access and infrastructure as well as the middle class plays a major role in the Jokowi’s victory. This study also found that media is influential to the vote decision., Voter evaluation of the political leader’s performance is the foundation for democracy, therefore democracy can produce a political leader with good performance. Elections are also a mean for the public to determine which policies are appropriate to be applied, based on the campaign. This study tried to capture the influence of socio-economic factors at the village level to the winning of Jokowi in 2014 election. The study found that poverty, economic access and infrastructure as well as the middle class plays a major role in the Jokowi’s victory. This study also found that media is influential to the vote decision.]"

"Penelitian kualitatif ini menjelaskan bagaimana komunitas lari kelas menengah berperan sebagai cultural intermediaries yang mempopulerkan olahraga lari sebagai gaya hidup berdasarkan analisis dimensi framing, expertise serta impact. Komunitas IndoRunners menjadi komunitas lari kelas menengah urban yang pertama kali melakukan framing yang meredefinisi olahraga lari dari sekedar olahraga mudah dan murah untuk menjaga kesehatan menjadi olahraga yang mempunyai nilai lebih yang relevan dengan karakter kelas menengah urban. Para pendiri komunitas lari memiliki keahlian (expertise) personal dan profesional yang berperan dalam kesuksesan mereka membentuk dan mengkomunikasikan framing, mereka juga mengakumulasi cultural capital yang menghasilkan legitimasi sebagai ahli di dunia lari rekreasi. Dampaknya (impact), olahraga lari sebagai gaya hidup mampu menampilkan karakter masyarakat urban modern yang menegaskan keanggotaan kelas menengah bahkan dijadikan identitas sosial oleh para penghobi lari sehingga keterikatan dengan olahraga lari menjadi semakin kuat. Komunitas lari kelas menengah urban ini berperan sebagai cultural intermediaries dalam konteks perkembangan media sosial karena praktek produksi dan konsumsi visual di media sosial sangat berperan dalam redefinisi olahraga lari sebagai gaya hidup.

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This qualitative research explains how middle-class running communities act as cultural intermediaries who popularize running as lifestyles based on the analysis of three dimensions: framing, expertise and impact. The IndoRunners has become the first urban middle class running community to do framing that redefines running from an easy and inexpensive sport to maintain health to a sport that has added values which is relevant to the character of the urban middle class. The founders of the community have the personal and professional expertise which play a role in their success in forming and communicating their framing. They also accumulate cultural capital that results in the legitimacy as an expert in the world of recreational running. The impact is, running as a lifestyle is able to display the character of modern urban society which confirms the middle class membership. It is even used as social identity by running enthusiasts so that their attachment to running becomes stronger. These urban middle class running communities act as cultural intermediaries in the context of the development of social media because the practice of visual production and consumption on social media plays a major role in the redefinition of running as a lifestyle."

"Disertasi ini bertujuan menggali modus melankoli dalam representasi ruang urban Jakarta dan asmara dalam komik Zaldy Armendaris pada periode 1965-1980 serta berupaya menunjukkan signifikansi kultural dari modus melankoli itu dalam konteks historis perubahan wacana ruang urban pada masa awal Orde Baru. Dengan menggunakan konsep-konsep teoretis yang mencakup representasi dalam Kajian Budaya, asmara sebagai praktik kultural, melankoli sebagai mood yang terkonstruksi secara kultural, dan praktik spasial dalam ruang urban, dan dengan pembacaan kritis atas data, disertasi ini mengajukan kesimpulan bahwa asmara dalam komik-komik Zaldy merupakan praktik kultural yang bertegangan dengan lembaga perkawinan dan keluarga kelas menengah serta dengan praktik perselingkuhan dan batas kondisi kemiskinan. Dalam tegangan itu, melankoli menjadi taktik pemurnian asmara dengan menempatkan memori melankoli ke dalam ruang urban Jakarta sehingga utopia kemajuan dalam wacana modernitas Orde Baru terus-menerus terganggu oleh tarikan melankoli.

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This dissertation tries to explore the modes of melancholy in the representation of Jakarta urban space and romance in romance comic books of Zaldy Armendaris from 1965-1980 and to explain the cultural signific ance of that modes relating to the historical context of discursive change of urban space in the beginning of New Order. Using the theoretical concepts of representation in Cultural Studies, romance as a cultural practice, melancholy as a mood, and spatial practic, and doing critical reading on the researched data, this dissertation concludes that romance in Zaldy's comic books are cultural practices having tension to marriage and family institution of middle class as well as to infidelity practice and the limit of poverty. In that situation, melancholy becomes a tactic of romance purification through placing melancholic memories to the urban space of Jakarta in the way that utopia of progress in the discourse of New Order's modernity keeps on unstable."

"ABSTRAKSebagai bagian dari Jakarta dan sekitarnya, masyarakat menengah memiliki kebutuhan terhadap hunian dan prestise. Pengembang berusaha mengakomodasi kebutuhan tersebut dengan menawarkan efficiency apartment yang sesuai daya beli masyarakat menengah dan terlihat prestisius melalui desainnya. Dalam desain, apartemen tersusun atas elemen-elemen estetika yaitu: garis dan bidang, bentuk dan massa, tekstur dan pola, serta warna. Elemen estetika tersebut dikomposisikan dengan memperhatikan keseimbangan dan keselarasan. Dari penelusuran kasus apartemen Grand Pakubuwono Terrace melalui studi literatur, pengumpulan dokumen, dan kuesioner terhadap 30 orang responden didapatkan kesimpulan bahwa karakter, makna, dan komposisi elemen estetika yang sesuai dengan tren desain masa kini menjadi faktor internal dalam membentuk kesan prestisius pada apartemen. Adapun faktor eksternal hadir ketika desain apartemen direspon oleh masyarakat menengah sebagai sesuatu yang indah dan dapat menjadi simbol status. Oleh karena itu, keindahan dan kesan prestisius pada apartemen dapat memicu masyarakat untuk melakukan pembelian.

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ABSTRACT

As a part of Jakarta and surrounding cities, middle-class society has the need of dwelling place and prestige. The real estate developers try to accomodate the need by offering efficiency apartments that meet society's purchase power and look prestigious through its design. In design, the apartment consists of aesthetic elements such as: line and plane, shape and mass, texture and pattern, and also color. Those aesthetic elements are composed by considering balance and harmony. From the case search of Grand Pakubuwono Terrace apartment through literature review, document collection, and 30-respondents questionnaire, it can be concluded that the character, meaning, and composition of aesthetic elements that suits the current design trend are the internal factors in making prestigious image of apartment. Meanwhile, the external factors occur when the apartment's design is responded by middle-class society as something beautiful that could be considered as status symbol. Therefore, the beauty and prestigious image of apartment could trigger society to purchase."

"Penelitian ini membahas mengenai pencitraan gaya hidup kelas menengah melalui representasi ruang yang diproduksi sesuai dengan konteks spasial dan sosial yang ada. Representasi ruang ditinjau merujuk pada konsep produksi ruang oleh Henri Lefebvre yaitu dengan cara merasakan, memahami, dan mengalami ruang yang ada perceived-conceived-lived. Sementara konteks sosial yang dititikberatkan untuk mengangkat fenomena gaya hidup adalah kelas sosial. Penelitian dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan melakukan observasi lapangan pada beberapa mal kelas menengah di daerah Jakarta Selatan dan ditulis secara deskriptif.Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa ruang direpresentasikan conceived dengan menyesuaikan target kelas pengunjung mal. Namun adanya adaptasi atau penyesuaian terhadap suatu konteks dalam jangka waktu tertentu dapat membuat representasi suatu ruang lived menjadi berbeda, sehingga citra gaya hidup yang sudah melekat pada suatu konteks dapat pula berubah. Dengan kata lain, ruang dapat mencitrakan gaya hidup selama representasi terhadap ruang dilihat dalam jangka waktu dan konteks tertentu.

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This thesis discusses about image of middle class lifestyle through the representation of space that produced corresponding to the existing of spatial and social context at the moment. Space representation here referred from Henri Lefebvres Production of Space which consist of the activities of perceived, conceived, and lived. The social context that will be discussed is about the social class in society. This research will be done by doing field observation in middle class mall in South Jakarta Area and analyzing the case studies by qualitative method.

The results show that representation of space will suit itself to the targeted visitors of the mall. On the long period, adaptation and dressage in a context spatially and socially will define the space of representation we lived in. In other words, space could be seen as an image of a life style as long as the space representation seen in the period of tim."