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"Fenomena penyakit gugur daun Pestalotiopsis (PGDP) pada perkebunan karet yang disebabkan oleh Pestalotiopsis sp. menyebabkan penurunan area tutupan kanopi sebesar 75—90% diikuti penurunan produksi lateks hingga 45%. Patogen tersebut telah menginfeksi 383.000 ha perkebunan karet di Indonesia dan berdasarkan hasil lapangan, tidak teramati klon yang resistan terhadap PGDP. Pengendalian PGDP dengan fungisida memerlukan biaya yang besar sehingga diusulkan perakitan klon resistan untuk mengurangi dampak patogen terhadap produktivitas perkebunan karet. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan studi mengenai gen ketahanan pada tanaman karet. Gen HbPAL (Hevea brasiliensis phenylalanine ammonia lyase) diyakini dapat menjadi kandidat gen yang potensial sebagai kriteria seleksi terhadap ketahanan penyakit. Enzim PAL merupakan prekursor dalam sintesis asam salisilat yang berperan dalam aktivasi systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat ekspresi gen HbPAL yang diduga merupakan salah satu gen ketahanan yang berperan dalam respons tanaman terhadap PGDP. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengukur tingkat ekspresi gen HbPAL pada klon moderat (IRR 112) dan rentan (GT 1) dengan terlebih dahulu mempreparasi sampel daun sehat, perlukaan, dan perlukaan + infeksi. Sampel daun yang sudah dipreparasi diekstraksi RNAnya kemudian disintesis menjadi cDNA untuk selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Penelitian ini mengindikasikan adanya perbedaan ekspresi gen HbPAL antara daun sehat, perlukaan dan perlukaan + infeksi Pestalotiopsis sp. Hasil penelitian sesuai dengan hasil pengamatan lapangan yang menunjukkan keunggulan klon moderat IRR112 dibandingkan klon rentan GT 1. Meskipun demikian, diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengkonfirmasi validitas hasil penelitian, hal ini diakibatkan oleh adanya kelemahan dalam proses penelitian sehingga belum dapat disimpulkan adanya korelasi antara infeksi Pestalotiopsis sp. terhadap peningkatan ekspresi gen ketahanan HbPAL.

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The phenomenon of Pestalotiopsis Leaf Fall Disease (PLFD) in rubber plantations caused by Pestalotiopsis sp. results in a reduction of the canopy coverage by 75—90%, followed by a decline in latex production of up to 45%. This pathogen has infected 383,000 hectares of rubber plantations in Indonesia, and field observations have not identified any clones resistant to PLFD. Controlling PLFD with fungicides involves a large cost, hence the proposal for the assembly of resistant clones to reduce the pathogen's impact on the productivity of rubber plantations. Therefore, studies on resistance genes in rubber plants are needed. The HbPAL gene (Hevea brasiliensis phenylalanine ammonia lyase) is believed to be a potential candidate gene as a selection criterion for disease resistance. The PAL enzyme is a precursor in the synthesis of salicylic acid, which plays a role in the activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). This research aims to determine the level of HbPAL gene expression, suspected to be one of the resistance genes that play a role in the plant's response to PLFD. The research was conducted by measuring the level of HbPAL gene expression in moderate (IRR 112) and susceptible (GT 1) clones by first preparing samples of healthy leaves, wounded leaves, and wounded + infected leaves. The prepared leaf samples were extracted for their RNA, then synthesized into cDNA, and subsequently analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). This study indicates a difference in the expression of the HbPAL gene between healthy leaves, wounded leaves, and wounded + infected leaves with Pestalotiopsis sp. The results are consistent with field observations indicating the superiority of the moderate clone IRR112 over the susceptible clone GT 1. However, further research is needed to validate the findings of this research due to gaps in the research method thus it is not possible to determine the correlation between Pestalotiopsis sp. infection and the increase in the expression of the HbPAL resistance gene."

"Ballast is one of the main structures for the railway tracks. It can resist the lateral movement under dynamic loading transferred by the passing trains with repeatedly. Under some circumstances, ballast can suffer degradation or breakdown due to the repeated loading and maintenance. Ballast is easily exposed to the weather because it is laid on the track. Acid rain affects the performance of the railway track near the industrial and urban area. As a result, it starts to foul and the small chips from ballast filled the void, as well as reduce the shear strength of ballast particles. This situation can contribute into the increasing of maintenance frequency and costing. This paper examines the potential of rubber inclusions in increasing the shear resistance of rubber-ballast composites in simulated water and acid soaked conditions with several configuration. This lab-based exploratory work is only static load simulation in conventional shear box setup measuring 60 mm × 60 mm. The aggregates size is 10 times smaller than actual size of ballast. In order to identify the shear resistance deterioration of rubber-aggregates mixture under poor drainage conditions by soaked a batch of aggregates in water and acid solution for 2 weeks to simulate accelerated weathering effects. The shear resistance did not rise dramatically with the rubber reinforcement. This susceptible shear strain plots indicate ductile behaviour on the aggregates-rubber composites. This is evident by the linear rise of shear stress with strain up to approximately 10% for the control samples (CS) until it reaches a constant value. Note that all the specimens including CS are in a loose state during the testing because there were no tamping been applied on the samples. Overall the circular patch (CP) specimen was the most favourable than the other configurations. Both mechanisms contributed to the reduced overall subsistence, accompanied by an increase in the shear resistance. The inclusion of rubber elements apparently prevented the dilation of the granular material when approaching the shear failure and the reducing the settlement."

"Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of a carbonaceous solid by heat in the absence of oxygen. The feedstocks, such as biomass or solid wastes, are heated to a temperature between 400 and 600°C. The reaction produces three products: gas, pyro-fuel oil, and char. Pyrolyzing solid wastes to make pyro-oil and bio-char provides a renewable, low cost way to produce liquid fuel. The pyro-oil could be mixed with diesel fuel and the fuel properties suitable for a diesel engine generator could be investigated. This work uses a controlled microwave heating technique to pyrolyze used rubber tires into pyro-oil. The thermal treatment of received used rubber tires was done in a modified domestic microwave with a controlled heated stirred bed system. In earlier work, it was found that rubber tires are a poor absorber of microwaves. An appropriate microwave-absorbing material, such as activated char, was added to initiate the pyrolysis process, thus producing pyro-oil. The characteristics of this pyro-oil and the effect of the microwave absorber on the yield of pyro-oil are presented in the paper. Particular attention was paid to the temperature profile during microwave heating of the used rubber tires. The benefit of this application is the conversion of the waste tires into renewable and high calorific pyro-oil. In addition, properties of tire pyrolysis oil have been determined and compared with the results of commercial diesel fuel."

"Dalam studi ini, campuran Chlorinated Rubber (CR), Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) dan Grafena Oksida (GO) diteliti secara sistematis untuk diusulkan sebagai aditif anti-fouling dalam poliuretan (PU). Peningkatan kekuatan tarik diperoleh dengan penambahan campuran CR dan PDMS:GO. Spektrum Forier Transform Infra-red menunjukkan penurunan intensitas regangan ikatan rangkap C=C dan memunculkan ikatan Si pada senyawa kimia PU. Untuk mengetahui peran fungsi anti-fouling, sampel direndam di laut selama dua bulan. Selanjutnya sampel yang direndam di laut dikarakterisasi menggunakan mikroskop optik dan pengujian mekanik. Pengamatan mikroskop optik diperoleh bahwa penambahan CR mengurangi pertumbuhan teritip mikro dan penambahan PDMS:GO menurunkan pertumbuhan alga mikro. Untuk penelitian lebih lanjut, pengukuran Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) dikembangkan untuk mengetahui spektrum impedansi sampel sebelum dan sesudah perendaman dalam air distilasi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa impedansi total berubah dengan perendaman. Elemen rangkaian ekivalen dari spektrum impedansi dimodelkan untuk mengekstrak resistansi seri, resistansi paralel, dan kapasitansi. Menariknya, resistansi seri, resistansi paralel dan kapasitansi berubah secara konsisten yang menunjukkan kemungkinan pelepasan elemen anti-fouling selama perendaman untuk setiap sampel. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji pelapukan di bawah sinar ultraviolet (UV) selama 500 jam untuk mengetahui kerusakan sifat mekanik. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa pada awal paparan sinar UV hingga 80 jam kuat tarik meningkat signifikan.

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In this study, a mixed chlorinated rubber (CR), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and graphene oxide (GO) was systematically investigated to propose as anti-fouling additives in polyurethane (PU). The increasing of tensile strength were observed by the addition of the mixture of CR and PDMS:GO. The Fourier transform infra-red spectra showed the decreasing of a C=C strain group and increasing Si bond of chemical compounds of PU, respectively. In order to investigate the role of the anti-fouling function, the samples were immersed in the sea for two months. Further the immersed samples in the sea were characterized using optical microscope and mechanical testing. The optical microscope observation obtained the addition of CR reduced the growth of micro barnacle and the addition of PDMS:GO decreased the growth of micro algae. To more elaboration, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement was developed to investigate the impedance spectra of the samples before and after immersion in distilled water. It showed that the total impedance changed by the immersed samples. The equivalent circuit element from the impedance spectra was modelled to extract the series resistance, parallel resistance and capacitance. Interestingly, the series resistance, parallel resistance and capacitance were changed consistently which indicated the probably of the anti-fouling element release during the immersion for each sample. Furthermore, the ageing test under ultraviolet (UV) light was performed for 500 hours to investigate the decay of the mechanical properties. It was observed that the UV light ageing initially increased the tensile strength until of 80 hours exposure."

"Industri farmasi harus memiliki pengawasan mutu dalam proses pembuatan obat. Produk biologi dalam bentuk parenteral dilindungi dengan kemasan primer untuk melindungi terhadap faktor lingkungan, termasuk potensi kontaminasi mikroba selama masa simpan. Penting bagi suatu industri farmasi untuk melakukan pengambilan sampel dan pengujian untuk memastikan bahwa bahan awal untuk kemasan primer yang akan digunakan memenuhi persyaratan.Pengawasan mutu rubber stopper pre-filled syringe dalam rangka uji pelolosan untuk proses produksi ini dilakukan berdasarkan metode analisis yang telah ditetapkan oleh PT Kalbio Global Medika yakni termasuk uji identifikasi FTIR, uji kadar abu, uji dimensi fisik, uji absorbansi, uji tampilan larutan, uji asiditas atau alkalinitas, uji kandungan amonium, uji extractable zinc, uji batas logam berat, dan uji residu evaporasi.Kedua sampel rubber stopperPFS yang diuji telah memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan PT Kalbio Global Medika. Kedua sampel rubber stopper PFS dapat diteruskan ke Laboratorium Mikrobiologi untuk dilakukan uji endotoksin.Perlu dilakukan pengujian pengganti untuk metode analisis volatile sulfide yang tidak dapat dijalankan karena keterbatasan teknis.

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The pharmaceutical industry must have quality control in the drug manufacturing process. Biological products in parenteral form are protected with primary packaging to protect against environmental factors, including potentialmicrobial contamination during shelf life. It is important for a pharmaceutical industry to carry out sampling andtesting to ensure that the starting materials for primary packaging that will be used meet the requirements. Quality control of rubber stopper pre-filled syringes in the context of escape tests for the production process is carried out based on analytical methods that have been determined by PT Kalbio Global Medika includes FTIR identification test, ash content test, physical dimension test, absorbance test, solution appearance test, acidity or alkalinity test, ammonium content test, extractable zinc test, heavy metal limit test, and evaporation residue test. Both rubber samples The PFS stopper tested has met the requirements set by PT Kalbio Global Medika. The two PFS rubber stopper samples can beforwarded to the Microbiology Laboratory for endotoxin testing. It is necessary to carry out replacement testing for thevolatile sulfide analysis method which cannot be carried out due to technical limitations."

"Program konversi dari minyak tanah ke LPG sebagai bahan bakar kompor menimbulkan banyak masalah di Indonesia. Salah satu dari masalah tersebut adalah terjadinya ledakan yang terjadi pada tabung gas LPG. Ledakan ini terjadi karena terjadinya kebocoran disalah satu komponen penunjang seperti karet pengaman, selang dan regulator. Pemerintah mencurigai karet pengaman sebagai salah satu sumber kebocoran pada sambungan katup-regulator. Untuk membuktikan pernyataan tersebut, sebuah kajian experimental dengan pendekatan analisis dilakukan. Kajian eksperimental ini menggunakan berbagai macam tipe dari katup dan karet pengaman untuk mengetahui tingkat kebocoran yang terjadi pada masing-masing katup dan karet pengaman. Parameter dari kajian eksperimental ini adalah massa, tekanan, dan waktu. Sebuah pendekatan analisis dilakukan pada parameter tersebut untuk memprediksi tingkat kebocoran berdasarkan waktu. Tingkat kebocoran tersebut dibandingkan antar kedua seal pengaman dalam setiap jenis katup yang diujicobakan.

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Conversion program from kerosin to LPG as stove fuel creating many problems in Indonesia. One of them is the explosion which is happened in the LPG cylinder. The explosion is happened because a leakage occurs in one of support component such as rubber seal, tube, and regulator. The government suspects rubber seal as the source of leakage in the valve-regulator connection. Proving that statement, an experimental study with analytical approach has been done.

This experimental study used various types of valve and rubber seal to know the leakage rate on each valve and rubber seal. The parameter from this experimental study is mass, pressure and time. An analytical approach has been made on those parameter to know the prediction of leakage rate in base of time. The prediction of leakage is compared each other between two types of rubber seal in every tested-valve."

"Provinsi Sumatera Selatan merupakan daerah produksi karet terbesar di Indonesia pada tahun 2021 yaitu sebanyak 870.966 ton. Pusat Penelitian Karet Sembawa merupakan lembaga penelitian yang dapat menghasilkan lateks yang mana tanaman karet (Hevea brasiliensis) merupakan komoditas utama yang diteliti. Umur tegakan merupakan salah satu variabel penting karena dapat memprediksi produktivitas lateks. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memetakan distribusi umur tegakan karet menggunakan data nilai spektral band dan indeks vegetasi serta hubungannya terhadap produktivitas lateks. Penginderaan jauh menggunakan citra optik multispektral Sentinel-2 dapat digunakan untuk mengestimasi umur tegakan karena memberikan informasi dengan efisiensi waktu yang lebih baik serta kemudahan mendapatkan data pada area yang susah untuk dijangkau. Nilai spektral band yang kemudian digabungkan menjadi indeks vegetasi diasumsikan dapat mempresentasikan umur tegakan karena kerapatan atau kehijauan kanopi tegakan karet memiliki variasi nilai yang berbeda antara tegakan yang berumur muda dan tegakan yang berumur tua. Indeks vegetasi yang digunakan adalah Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Yellowness Index (NDYI), serta Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). Pemodelan ini dapat dibentuk melalui pendekatan model statistik yang berupa metode regresi linear berganda karena dengan menggunakan lebih banyak variabel, model yang dihasilkan akan lebih akurat dan presisi. Hasil dari pemodelan yang menggunakan pendekatan model statistik berbasis data citra Sentinel-2 memiliki tingkat akurasi lebih baik (RMSE = 4,767 tahun dan R2 = 0,308) dari beberapa penelitian terdahulu.

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South Sumatra Province is the largest rubber-producing region in Indonesia in 2021, with a total production of 870,966 tons. Sembawa Rubber Research Center is a research institution that focuses on studying the main commodity, rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). The rubber trees in the research area have different age groups and conditions. Estimation of rubber stand age an important variable as it can predict latex productivity. The objective of this research is to map the distribution of rubber tree ages using spectral band values and vegetation indices data, and to examine their correlation with latex productivity. Remote sensing, using multispectral optical images from Sentinel-2, can be used to estimate the age of rubber trees, as it provides information more efficiently and allows for data acquisition in hard-to-reach areas. The combined spectral band values, assumed to represent rubber tree age, can vary between young and old rubber tree canopies in terms of density or greenness. The vegetation indices used in this study are the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Yellowness Index (NDYI), and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). Statistical model approach with multiple linear regression is employed, as using more variables can result in a more accurate and precise model. The results indicate that the statistical model using Sentinel-2 image data has better accuracy (RMSE = 4.767 years and R2 = 0,308) compared to previous research."

"Lansia mengalami penuaan yang menyebabkan penurunan fungsi sistem tubuh. Fungsi sistem tubuh lansia yang menurun salah satunya adalah sistem muskuloskeletal. Penurunan fungsi sistem muskuloskeletal tersebut menyebabkan lansia rentan mengalami gangguan dalam mobilitas fisik. Gangguan mobilitas fisik yang paling jelas terlihat pada sistem muskuloskeletal salah satunya adalah penurunan kekuatan otot. Selain akibat penurunan sistem fungsi muskuloskeletal, disebabkan juga karena penyakit stroke. Penurunan kekuatan otot terjadi karena kelemahan yang dialami oleh pasien stroke. Masalah mobilitas yang terjadi pada lansia dapat diatasi dengan pemberian intervensi berupa latihan range of motion (ROM) dan genggam bola karet. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh penerapan intervensi latihan ROM dan menggenggam bola karet dalam meningkatkan kekuatan otot pada lansia yang mengalami gangguan mobilitas fisik. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah Manual Muscle Test (MMT) dengan responden berjumlah 3 orang lansia. Hasil dari intervensi yang berlangsung selama 16 kali pada ROM terjadi peningkatan kekuatan otot senilai 1 pada ekstremitas atas dan bawah serta peningkatan kekuatan otot senilai 1 untuk intervensi terapi genggam bola karet pada ekstremitas atas di pergelangan tangan senilai 1 dan pada jari-jari mengalami peningkatan 1 selama 12 kali latihan genggam bola karet. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian latihan ROM dan menggenggam bola karet khususnya bola karet bergerigi dapat meningkatkan kekuatan otot pada lansia. Latihan ini perlu dilakukan secara rutin untuk mencapai hasil yang diinginkan dalam peningkatan kekuatan motorik.

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The elderly experience aging which causes a decrease in body system function. One of the declining functions of the elderly body system is the musculoskeletal system. The decline in the function of the musculoskeletal system makes the elderly vulnerable to physical mobility disorders. One of the most obvious physical mobility disorders in the musculoskeletal system is decreased muscle strength. Apart from the decline in the musculoskeletal function system, it is also caused by stroke. Decreased muscle strength occurs due to weakness experienced by stroke patients. Mobility problems that occur in the elderly can be overcome by providing interventions in the form of range of motion (ROM) exercises and rubber ball grips. This study aims to identify the effect of applying ROM exercise interventions and grasping rubber balls in increasing muscle strength in the elderly who experience physical mobility disorders. The instrument used is the Manual Muscle Test (MMT) with 3 elderly respondents. The results of the intervention which lasted for 16 times in ROM there was an increase in muscle strength worth 1 in the upper and lower extremities and an increase in muscle strength worth 1 for the intervention of rubber ball grasping therapy in the upper extremities in the wrist worth 1 and in the fingers increased 1 for 12 times of rubber ball grasping training. This shows that giving ROM exercises and grasping rubber balls, especially serrated rubber balls, can increase muscle strength in the elderly. This exercise needs to be performed regularly to achieve the desired results in improving motor strength. "

"Indonesia merupakan negara dengan produksi karet terbesar kedua didunia. Bahan baku karet paling banyak digunakan umumnya pada industri otomotif khususnya aplikasi ban kendaraan. Ban diharuskan memiliki sifat mekanik yang tinggi pada aplikasinya. Penambahan pengisi umum dipakai untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik pada aplikasi kompon ban. Pengisi yang umum dipakai ialah karbon hitam dan silika namun terkendala pada biaya yang mahal pada material tersebut. Serat Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit(TKKS) berpotensi menjadi salah satu pengisi alternatif. Namun, Sifat permukaan serat TKKS yang sangat polar menjadi kendala dalam kompatibilitasnya terhadap karet alam yang non polar sehingga diperlukan coupling agent dalam aplikasinya. Hibrida karet alam-selulosa dapat menjadi agen pengikat antara karet alam dengan serat TKKS. Akan tetapi dalam pemrosesan karet setiap zat yang ditambahkan akan mempengaruhi proses vulkanisasi. Investigasi perilaku alir dari proses vulkanisasi dan kompatibilitas karet alam-serat TKKS yang ditambahkan coupling agent karet alam selulosa telah dilakukan. Hasil menunjukan penambahan coupling agent meningkatkan absorpsi ikatan hidrogen O-H serta menurunkan fiber pull-out dan meningkatkan distribusi dan dispersi serat. Perilaku alir menunjukan peningkatan torsi maksimum serta penurunan waktu scorch dan waktu optimal pematangan serta didapatkan optimum pada pemakaian suhu vulkanisasi 150°C dan coupling agent karet alam-selulosa sebesar 2 phr. Nilai konstanta laju reaksi menunjukkan kenaikan serta energi aktivasi mengalami penurunan terhadap temperatur dan komposisi coupling agent karet alam-selulosa.

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Indonesia is the second largest natural rubber producer in the world. Raw material of natural rubber found most of its application in automotive industries espesially the main material of vehicle tires. The tires require good mechanical properties in its application. Addition of filler is a common method to enhance the mechanical strength in rubber mostly utilizing carbon black and silica. Another alternative is by using oil palm empty fruit bunch(OPEFB) as the filler. However, OPEFB has a polar characteristic on its surface, thus reducing its compatibilty with natural rubber significantly. Natural rubber-cellulose hybrid shows possibility to be utilized. However, in processing rubber, each added substance will affect the vulcanization process. Investigation of flow behavior of the vulcanization process and compatibility of natural rubber-fiber OPEFB which was added to the narutral rubber grafted cellulose coupling agent was carried out. The results show that the addition of coupling agents increases the absorption of O-H hydrogen bonds and lowers fiber pull-out and increases fiber dispersion. Flow behavior showed an increase in maximum torque and a decrease in scorch time and optimal maturation time and was obtained optimum at the use of 150°C vulcanization temperature and latex-cellulose coupling agent of 2 phr. The value of the reaction rate constant increase and the activation energy decreases with temperature and the composition of the latex-cellulose coupling agent."

"Cerobong adalah struktur yang tinggi yang terdiri dari Inner Flue dan Windshield. Mekanisme penahan gempa struktur ini dapat diraih dengan memasang bantalan karet elastomer. Riset ini memperlihatkan bahwa semakin besar kapasitas leleh karet elastomer, semakin serupa responya dengan struktur berperletakkan sendi. Kapasitas leleh dan kekakuan geser yang rendah menghasilkan gaya geser dasar yang sangat rendah. Bantalan karet elastomer dapat mereduksi simpangan struktur sebesar 67.4%, Gaya geser dasar sebesar 72.16%, Tegangan elemen tulangan S22 dan S11 sebesar 75.6% dan 73.7%, tegangan elemen beton S22 dan S11 sebesar 55.7% dan 74.6%, Dengan ini tulangan baja pada struktur terhindar dari kelelehan dan mereduksi tegangan akibat gempa yang terkonsentrasi pada daerah bawah dan 1/3 dari ketinggian struktur.

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Chimney is a tall tubular structure consisting inner flue and windshield. Its earthquake resistance mechanism can be achieved by installing rubber isolator, such as, the elastomeric rubber bearing. This research shows the higher the yield capacity of the rubber isolator the more resemblance its response with pin supported structure. Lower yield capacity and shear stiffness produces the lowest base shear. Elastomeric rubber bearing can reduce structure drift up to 67.4%, base shear up to 72.16%, bar element S22 and S11 stresses up to 75.6% and 73.7%, concrete element S22 and S11 stresses up to 55.7% and 74.6% respectively. Thus, preventing reinforcing bar from yielding and reduces the overall earthquake induced stresses that is concentrated around the bottom and 1/3 of its elevation. "