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"Sungai adalah salah satu bagian terpenting dalam mendukung kehidupan masyarakat baik secara ekonomi dan sosial. Berbagai pemanfaatan sungai sebagai bentuk pemanfaatan sumber daya alam telah dilakukan contohnya penambangan pasir illegal sebagai salah satu nilai ekonomi bagi masyarakat sekitar. Penambangan pasir secara illegal dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan lingkungan yang cukup parah diantaranya kerusakan sungai akibat para penambang modern maupun manual. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kondisi air lokasi penambangan pasir di Sungai Progo Desa Gulurejo, Kecamatan Lendah, Kabupaten Kulon Progo, menganalisis persepsi masyarakat terhadap penambangan pasir di Sungai Progo Desa Gulurejo, Kecamatan Lendah, Kabupaten Kulon Progo, dan mengusulkan pemanfaatan alternatif berkelanjutan dari kawasan bekas penambangan pasir illegal. Metode yang digunakan dalam riset ini adalah metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder, data primer persepsi masyarakat, wawancara dengan stakeholder. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif-kuantitatif dan analisis SWOT untuk menentukan kriteria pemilihan alternatif pemanfaatan lahan berkelanjutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kondisi air di sungai Progo, Desa Gulurejo berstatus buruk berdasarkan metode IKA-NSF akibat dari penambangan pasir ilegal dan persepsi masyarakat terkait penambangan pasir illegal dinilai menguntungkan secara ekonomi. Sedangkan, untuk pemanfaatan lahan pasca tambang pasir, masyarakat setuju untuk dimanfaatkan untuk menggantikan kegiatan penambangan pasir illegal. Pemanfaatan alternatif yang berkelanjutan sebagai budidaya udang kurang tepat karena kondisi air sungai yang tidak bisa dimanfaatkan karena statusnya yang buruk sehingga dapat dialihkan menjadi pemanfaatan lahan lainnya yang disesuaikan dengan aspek lingkungan, ekonomi, dan sosial. Air sungai Progo di desa Gulurejo termasuk dalam kategori tingkat II sehingga pemanfaatannya dapat untuk mencuci atau mendukung aktivitas pemanfaatan lahan alternatif yang sesuai dengan aspek keberlanjutan.

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The river is one of the most important parts in supporting people's lives both economically and socially. Various uses of the river as a form of utilization of natural resources have been carried out for example illegal mining of sand as one of the economic values for the surrounding community. Illegal sand mining can cause severe environmental damage including river damage due to modern and manual miners.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the water conditions of sand mining locations in the Progo River Gulurejo Village, Lendah District, Kulon Progo Regency, analyze people's perceptions of sand mining in Progo River Gulurejo Village, Lendah District, Kulon Progo Regency, and propose the use of sustainable alternatives from the former area illegal sand mining.

The method used in this research is quantitative and qualitative methods using secondary data, primary data on public perception, interviews with stakeholders. The analysis used is descriptive-quantitative analysis and SWOT analysis to determine alternative selection criteria for sustainable land use.

The results showed that the water conditions in the Progo river, Gulurejo Village were of poor status based on the IKA-NF method as a result of illegal sand mining and people's perceptions regarding illegal sand mining were considered to be economically beneficial. Meanwhile, for the use of land after mining sand, the community agreed to be used to replace illegal sand mining activities.

The use of sustainable alternatives as shrimp culture is not appropriate because of the condition of river water that cannot be utilized because of its poor status so that it can be transferred to other land uses that are adapted to environmental, economic, and social aspects. Progo river water in Gulurejo village is included in the level II category so that its use can be used for washing or supporting alternative land use activities that are relevant to the sustainability aspect."

"Ceramic magnets with the chemical composition of barium hexaferrite (BaFe12O19) were obtained through the synthesis of magnetite powder from iron sand taken from the Southern Coast of Yogyakarta in Indonesia. The iron sand was dissolved and then synthesized to produce magnetite powder. Subsequently, the magnetite powder was oxidized at temperatures of 700, 900, and 1100°C for five hours to produce hematite. The un-oxidized magnetite and the magnetite which was oxidized at the different temperatures were each mixed with barium carbonate, respectively. The mixtures were then calcined at 1100°C for two hours. The calcined products were compacted and then sintered at 1100°C for one hour to produce sintered ceramic magnets. X-ray diffraction (XRD), a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS), and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the ceramic magnets. The results showed the magnetite that was directly calcined, compacted, and sintered had a BaFe12O19 phase and also had the presence of a Fe2O3 phase with a BH(max) of 0.26 MGOe, Hc of 1.27 kOe, and Ms of 31.421 emu/g. The sintered ceramic magnet which was initially oxidized at a temperature of 900°C had a BaFe12O19 phase with a BH(max) of 0.78 MGOe, Hc of 1.95 kOe, and Ms of 46.970 emu/g. These results indicate satisfactory results as a permanent magnet. Thus, the iron sand from the Southern Coast of Yogyakarta in Indonesia has potential for the production of ceramic permanent magnets."

"A series of cyclic triaxial tests at very low frequency was carried out on unsaturated clean sand in order to quantitatively investigate the influence of the degree of saturation on dynamic response. The conventional triaxial testing apparatus, which is usually used on saturated soil, was employed to test the unsaturated soil with the additional pore air pressure controller. During the series of tests, four different degrees of saturation level (Sr = 55%, 70%, 85%, 98%) were applied to the soil specimen based on a single value of effective confining pressure (?’3). The results revealed that the application of cyclic loading at a very low frequency occurring continuously triggered the decrease of soil resistance. For degree saturation, Sr = 55% revealed that the resistance of soil was stronger in comparison to another level. Furthermore, the experimental results confirmed that applied cyclic loading induced a change in saturation level before and after testing. In addition, at a certain level of saturation, a phenomenon of settlements was likely to occur and the soil specimen then underwent liquefaction."

"In this study, a fuzzy-based expert system called the Pain Intensity Prediction Expert System (PIPES) was developed to predict pain severity risk (PSR) in shoveling-related tasks. The primary objective was to develop a non-changing rating risk assessment ergonomics tool that both efficient and comparable with those obtained from human ergonomics experts in the field of application. PIPES used fuzzy set theory (FST) to make decisions about the level of pain associated with a selected worker base on the measured task variables, namely scooping rate, scooping time, shovel load, and throw distance as input and PSR as the result. Values obtained from variable measurements from a sand shoveling task were run with PIPES, and the results were compared with the workers’ self-reported pain (WSRP) intensity using a numeric rating scale (NRS) tool. The result of validation showed that there was a strong positive relationship between WSRP NRS and PIPES NRS, with a correlation coefficient of 0.70. The independent sample t-test for mean difference showed that WSRP had a statistically significantly lower level of NRS (4.35 ± 2.1) compared to PIPES (4.75 ± 2.2), t (38) = - 0.591, p = 0.558. With a significance level of 0.001 at 95% confidence, the groups’ means were not significantly different. The study developed an expert system, PIPES, which can be used as a computerized representation of ergonomics experts, who are scarce. PIPES can be applied to construction industries, sand mine locations, and any workplace where materials are manually moved using a shovel."

"Doping yttrium ions, Y3+ into ZrO2 produced Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia, YSZ. Various amount of yttrium ions could provide different ionic conductivity. This research investigated electrical conductivity of various YSZ composition, i.e., 4.5; 8.0 and 10% mol yttrium in ZrO2. The ZrO2 powder used was synthesized from zircon sand, a side product of tin mining plant, Bangka Island, Indonesia. Structural investigation on the prepared YSZ found that yttrium ion doping has changed the crystal structure of ZrO2 from monoclinic to cubic, even though the monoclinic and tetragonal are also still exist. The Y3+ doping changed the cell parameter of ZrO2 crystal. It indicates that the Y3+ entered into the ZrO2 structure and produced vacancy sites. The highest ionic conductivity is provided by 8% mol Yttrium doping or 8YSZ, i.e., 2.74×10-4 S.cm-1 at 700oC with an activation energy of 0.741 eV."

"We carried out silicon extraction from the natural resources of Tanjung Tiram Asahan, Batu Bara Regency, North Sumatra through variation of heating temperatures and magnesiothermic reduction. Prior to the extraction, the sand from the natural resource was refined until the solid white silica powder was separated. The reaction conditions were performed at various heating temperatures in a furnace, as follows: at 750 (2 hours), 800 (3 hours), 850 (3 hours), 900 (3 hours), and 950 (3 hours). Optimization of the extraction reaction conditions was then performed using magnesiothermic reduction at several silica and magnesium ratios, i.e. 1:1.125, 1:1.50, 1:1.75, 1:1.20, and 1:1.25. The refined silica, together with all of the silicon products from the extraction, was characterized using XRD and analyzed. The morphology of the reaction product was characterized using an electron microscope. The results showed that changes to the silicon products after extraction varied, depending on temperature. Optimization of silicon extraction from silica was obtained at 800°C for 3 hours, with a silica and magnesium ratio of 1:1.75."

"Berdasarkan data di lapangan minyak, ditemukan bahwa energi potensial yang dapat dihasilkan adalah berupa tambahan Produksi Minyak Mentah dari hasil yang dihasilkan ke permukaan. Kondisi sumur dangkal di lapangan ini yang berada pada kisaran 300 ft – 500 ft menyebabkan tekanan lapisan penutup yang rendah sehingga karakter sumur di lapangan Batang sangat berpasir. Pasir dari sumur akan terbawa saat dipompa ke stasiun pengumpulan dan selama pekerjaan sand bailing. Hal ini mengakibatkan limbah B3 dari pasir terbawa dan bercampur minyak dalam jumlah yang sangat besar mencapai 500 ton per tahun atau 357 m³. Potensi minyak mentah yang terbawa dalam pasir diperkirakan mencapai 50% dari 357 m³ yang dapat diolah kembali menjadi minyak mentah menggunakan separator yang dirancang khusus sesuai dengan karakteristik pasir yang dihasilkan. Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan tambahan produksi sekitar 1500 barel minyak per tahun dan pengurangan pembuangan limbah B3 sehingga dapat mengefisienkan biaya penanganan limbah karena jumlah pasir yang terkontaminasi jauh berkurang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk merancang alat khusus melakukan ekstraksi Minyak dari pasir minyak, mengetahui jumlah peningkatan produksi Crude oil yang bias dihasilkan, mengetahui hasil perhitungan tekno ekonomi penggunaan sand extraction equipment.

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Based on the data in the oil field, it was found that the potential energy that can be generated is in the form of additional Crude Oil Production from the results produced to the surface. The condition of shallow wells in this field which is in the range of 300 ft - 500 ft causes low overburden pressure so that the character of the well in the Batang field is very sandy. Sand from the well will be carried away as it is pumped to the collection station and during sand bailing work. This results in B3 waste from sand carried and mixed with oil in very large quantities reaching 500 tons per year or 357 m³. The potential for crude oil carried in the sand is estimated to reach 50% of the 357 m³ which can be reprocessed into crude oil using a separator especially designed according to the characteristics of the resulting sand. This can result in additional production of about 1500 barrels of oil per year and a reduction in the disposal of B3 waste so that it can make waste handling costs efficient because the amount of contaminated sand is much reduced.

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