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"Rumah sakit melaksanakan berbagai kegiatan yang multi kompleks juga memproduksi berbagai jenis limbah. Salah satu jenis limbah yang diproduksinya adalah limbah klinis yang mengandung bahan-bahan infeksius, beracun dan radioaktif. Bahan-bahan ini mempunyai risiko bagi kesehatan manusia di sekitarnya serta sumber pencemaran bagi lingkungannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui manajemen limbah cair di Pavilyun Kartika RSPAD Gatot Soebroto. Penelitian ini lebih difokuskan pada kualitas limbah cair sebelum dan setelah pengolahan untuk dibandingkan dengan baku mutu limbah cair yang berlaku. Hasil analisis efluen air buangan bila dibandingkan baku mutu hanya untuk parameter pH dan suhu menunjukkan kadar di bawah baku mutu. Sedangkan untuk BOD, COD, TSS, NH3 babas, P04, E.coli dan Coliform di atas baku mutu yang ditetapkan dengan Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup No. 58 tahun 1995 yang akan dibertakukan mulai tahun 2000. Hipotesis yang diuji adalah bahwa kualitas limbah cair akan menjadi lebih baik setelah diolah oleh IPAL. Uji t terhadap kadar limbah cair sebelum dan sesudah pengolahan menunjukkan penurunan yang bermakna (p < 0,05) untuk parameter BOD, COD, pH dan E.coli. Sedangkan untuk parameter TSS, NH3, P04 dan suhu secara statistik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna. Pengawasan terhadap kualitas efluen berjalan baik yaitu dilakukan analisis kadar efluen secara teratur setiap tiga bulan. Kinerja IPAL juga masih baik yaitu mampu menurunkan kadar BOD, COD, E.coli pada kisaran 70% - 98 %. Manajemen pengolahan limbah cair di Pavilyun Kartika RSPAD Gatot Soebroto masih belum memadai. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari : peralatan IPAL seperti sump pit pump, collection pump, comminutor, air blower dan chlorine pump yang telah mengalami kerusakan lebih dari 6 bulan. Tenaga operator dan pemeliharaan mempunyai tugas pokok pada bagian teknik dan belum pemah mendapat pelatihan khusus di bidang pengolahan limbah cair. Untuk itu maka perlu dilakukan suatu terobosan yaitu dengan menyusun suatu perencanaan yang baik untuk menerapkan sistem manajemen lingkungan rumah sakit (SMLRS) dan program pencegahan pencemaran rumah sakit (P2RS) di Pavilyun Kartika RSPAD Gatot Soebroto.

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Wastewater Treatment Management in Kartika Pavilion of RSPAD Gatot SoebrotoHospital runs various multicomplex activities and also products various sewage things. One of them which was producted by Hospital is clinical sewage which contain infected, poisonous and radioactive materials. These materials have a big risk for human healthy and also as pollution sources for its environment.

This research has a purpose for knowing wastewater management in Pavilyun Kartika RSPAD Gatot Soebroto. More focused on quality of wastewater before and after treatment, this research compare with regulated quality standard of wastewater.

Analitical results of wastewater, compared with quality standard of wastewater only on parameters pH and temperature show a value under quality standard value.

Meanwhile for free of BOD, COD, TSS, NH3, P041 E.coli and Coliform above quality standard which has been stated by Environment Govenrmental Minister jugdment No. 58 year 1995 attachment B which will be regulated on 2000. Tested Hyphotism is wastewater quality will became better after treated by IPAL (Sewage Treatment Plant) Test t on wastewater portion before and after treatment show significant decrement (p < 0.05) on parameters : BOD, COD, pH and E.coli. But for TSS, NH3, PO4 and temperature statistically not show significant differences.

Supervising on effluent quality run well, at least once in three months effluent portion analitic is done. IPAL performance also still in prime condition, has ability to decrease BOD, COD, E.coli portion on the range 70% - 98 %.

Wastewater treatment Management in Pavilyun Kartika RSPAD Gatot Soebroto hasnot been optimized yet. This mater can show on IPAL installation such as Sump pit pump, collection pump, comminutor, air blower and chlorine pump which has been gotten break more than 6 months. Operator and maintenance power has main duty on technical section and hasnot ever gotten special training on wastewater treatment. It is important to be done an intervention with arrange good plan to implement Hospital Environment Management System (SMLRS) and Prevention of Pollution of Hospital (P2RS) in Pavilyun Kartika RSPAD Gatot Soebroto."

"Pelayanan instalasi gawat darurat pada suatu Rumah Sakit merupakan tolok ukur kualitas pelayanan Rumah Sakit pada umumnya, karena instalasi gawat darurat merupakan ujung tombak Rumah Sakit yang memberi pelayanan khusus kepada penderita gawat darurat secara terus menerus berlangsung selama 24 jam setiap harinya. Karena itu pelayanan di instalasi gawat darurat harus diupayakan seoptimal mungkin sesuai dengan standar yang telah ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah. Kenyataan di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa sampai pada saat ini masih banyak Rumah Sakit di daerah belum dapat memberikan pelayanan optimal sesuai dengan standar yang telah ditentukan oleh Pemerintah. Termasuk juga dalam hal ini Rumah Sakit Umum Boyolali. Hasil pengkajian yang dilakukan oleh tim akreditasi di Rumah Sakit Umum Boyolali antara keadaan saat ini dengan standar yang ditetapkan baru mencapai 40 %. Dengan demikian terjadi kesenjangan (gap) antara kenyataan dengan yang diharapkan.Terjadinya kesenjangan tersebut tentunya banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi antara lain faktor internal antara lain manajemen, sarana dan prasarana, personil dan faktor eksternal misalnya keadaan ekonomi, politik, sosial budaya, teknologi dan kondisi lingkungan. Inilah yang menjadi latar belakang masalah dalam penelitian, dan inilah yang menantang perlunya diadakan penelitian.Berdasar pada latar belakang masalah tersebut, secara umum permasalahan yang akan dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana upaya mengatasi kesenjangan yang terjadi antara pelayanan gawat darurat yang saat ini berjalan dengan pelayanan optimal sesuai dengan standar. Pembahasan dibatasi pada pengaruh lingkungan eksternal maupun internal terhadap pelayanan di instalasi gawat darurat, dan upaya perencanaan yang strategis untuk mencapai optimal gawat darurat sesuai standar. Kecuali itu obyek penelitian juga dibatasi di Instalasi Gawat Darurat Rumah Sakit Umum Boyolali.Penelitian ini bersifat krosseksional, analisis deskriptif, dan analisis strategi dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui empat fokus group. Tahapan-tahapan yang ditempuh meliputi: (1) tahap masukan (input) dengan menggunakan Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix (IFEM) dan External Factors Evalution Matrix (EFEM); (2) tahap macthing dengan menggunakan Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat (SWOT) analisis sehingga dapat diketemukan issue strategi serta alternatif strateginya; (3) tahap decision dengan menggunakan Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) sehingga ditentukan prioritas pilihan alternatif strategi. Pada tahap yang ketiga ditemukan pilihan strateginya sebagai berikut: (a) strategi peningkatan mutu pelayanan instalasi gawat darurat dengan cara mengadakan pelatihan PPGD untuk petugas dan awam, komputerisasi, kontrak kerja; (b) strategi pertumbuhan dengan cara product development, market penetration, dan backward integration, dan (c) strategi generik dengan cara costleadership.Dengan menggunakan metode analisis diskriptif dan analisis strategi sebagaimana dikemukakan di atas, maka hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut :1. Proses pembuatan perencanaan yang strategis lebih penting dari pada hasil dokumen strateginya, karena proses pembuatannya melibatkan semua pihak yang terkait langsung dengan pelayanan di instalasi gawat darurat. Mereka lebih aktif, kreatif dan inovatif dalam membuat perencanaan sehingga terjalin pengertian dan komitmen di antara mereka. Mereka mendukung sepenuhnya misi, tujuan dan strategi yang ditempuh.2. Strategi yang dipilih adalah meningkatkan mutu pelayanan instalasi gawat darurat, strategi pertumbuhan dengan melalui product development, market penetration, dan backward integration. Sedangkan strategi generik melalui cost leadership.Berdasarkan hasil temuan tersebut disarankan agar dalam membuat perencanaan untuk menuju pelayanan optimal sesuai standar melibatkan semua pihak yang terkait dengan menggunakan metode analisis strategi. Perlu peningkatan kategori instalasi gawat darurat menjadi kelas lebuh tinggi dari kelas Rumah Sakitnya dan perlu memantapkan menjadi pusat rujukan kesehatan untuk Kabupaten Boyolali dan sekitarnyaDaftar Pustaka 29 (1980-1996)

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Strategic Planning on Emergency Treatment Installation in Boyolali Public HospitalGenerally, an emergency service installation in a hospital becomes a standard of measuring the quality of hospital's service, for the emergency service installation is the front point of a hospital in giving specific services to critical patients continuously 24 hours a day. That is why the service in an emergency room should be optimized as the standard determined by the government. In facts, there are many local hospitals - included Boyolali Public Hospital - have not given optimum service as standardized by the government. A study research done by an accreditation team of Boyolali Public Hospital about the present condition compared with the determined standard is 40 percent. Thus, there is a gap between the present condition and the standard that is hoped.

There are many factors that influence the gap, either internal factors such as management, means and infrastructure, personnel, or external factors such as economy, politics, social culture, technology, and environment. These are the background of the problems and they becomes a challenge to do such a research on them.

Based on those, the research tries to solve the gap and the study limits its analysis on the influence between external and internal conditions concerning the emergency treatment installation and a strategic planning to get an optimum standard. The object of the research is in the emergency unit in Boyolali Public Hospital.

Characteristics of the research are cross-sectional, descriptive analysis, and strategic analysis with qualitative approach. The data collected in four focus groups. The steps are: (1) input, used Internal Factor Evaluation Matrix and External Factors Evaluation Matrix; (2) matching, used SWOT (Strength Weaknesses Opportunity Threat) analysis so that can be found a strategic issue and alternative strategy; (3) decision, used Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix to determine the priority choices of strategic alternatives. In this step, it is found that the strategic choices are as follows: (a) increasing strategy for improving the service quality in emergency installation through PPGD training for the staff, public, computerization, and working agreement; (b) growing strategy through product development, market penetration, and backward integration; and (c) generic strategy through cost leadership.

The results of this research can be summarized below:

1. Making a strategic planning is more essential than the result of strategic document, for the making process will include all who gives their services in the emergency unit. They are more active, creative, and innovative in making the planning that creates an understanding and commitment among them. Moreover they support fully the mission, aim, and strategy which have been decided.

3. The chosen strategy is to increase the quality of emergency service, growing strategy through product development, market penetration, and backward integration. While generic strategy through cost leadership.

Based on the results, it should be better to gather all sides in making a planning to optimally the services as standardized through strategic analytical method. Increasing the category of emergency installation is needed to achieve a higher level than its hospital and making it stable to be a recommendation of health center for around Boyolali Regency.

Bibliography 29 (1980-1996)"

"Menurut WHO (World Health Organization) sepertiga penduduk dunia telah terinfeksi dengan tuberkulosis (TB). Sekitar 2 juta orang meninggal akibat penyakit ini setiap tahunnya dan akan muncul lebih dari 8 juta penderita TB baru setiap tahunnya. Selain itu, kembali menurut WHO (2000), jumlah kematian akibat tuberkulosis akan menjadi 35 juta orang pada tahun 2000-2020. Sebagian besar pasien tuberkulosis di dunia masih tetap diobati dengan beberapa obat-obat tunggal, atau mungkin dengan obat TB kombinasi dosis tetap (KDT) yang berisi 2 obat. Untuk meningkatkan mutu hasil pengobatan maka WHO merekomendasikan penggunaan obat TB dalam bentuk TB kombinasi dosis tetap (KDT) yang berisi 2 dan 3 obat dalam strategi DOTS. Sejak 1999, KDT yang berisi 4 obat telah dimasukkan pula dalam “WHO Model List of Essential Drugs”. Dewasa ini KDT merupakan alat penting untuk makin meningkatkan mutu pelayanan pada pasien TB, dalam akselerasi program DOTS untuk segera mencapai target global. Obat TB dalam bentuk kombinasi dosis tetap (KDT) dapat menyederhanakan cara pengobatan dan juga manajemen pengelolaan / distribusi obat TB serta mampu mencegah timbulnya resistensi. KDT menyederhanakan cara pengobatan karena jumlah tablet yang harus ditelan pasien akan berkurang, ddari 15 – 16 buah menjadi 3 – 4 buah saja, dan juga menurunkan kesalahan penulisan resep. Juga jauh lebih mudah untuk menerangkan kepada pasien bahwa ia harus makan 4 tablet yang sejenis, daripada harus makan berbagai tablet dalam berbagai bentuk dan warna yang berbeda. Kemungkinan tidak memakan semua obat yang diharuskan juga dapat dicegah karena satu obat KDT sudah merupakan campuran dari beberapa obat sekalligus. KDT juga akan memudahkan para dokter dan petugas kesehatan karena hanya harus mengingat satu macam obat, lebih sederhana dan tidak membingungkan. Akhirnya, seluruh aspek distribusi obat (pembelian, pengapalan, penggudangan) juga jauh lebih sederhana dalam bentuk KDT ini.Efek samping obat tidaklah akan bertambah bila kita menggunakan KDT. Bila terjadi juga efek samping maka mungkin diperlukan obat dalam bentuk tunggal. Kualitas, keamanan dan efektivitas KDT ditentukan oleh proses pembuatannya, artinya seberapa jauh produsen mematuhi kaidah “good manufacturing practices (GMP)” dan spesifikasi farmakopea. Pengelola program TB nasional harus membuat sistem jaga mutu (“QA system”). Dalam hal ini WHO telah membangun jaringan laboratorium untuk menilai KDT yang ada sesuai dengan permintaan pihak industri farmasi. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 114-9)

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According to the World Health Organization, a third of the world’s population is infected with tuberculosis. The disease is responsible for nearly 2 million deaths each year and over 8 million were developing active diseases. Moreover, according to WHO (2000), tuberculosis deaths are estimated to increase to 35 million between 2000-2020. The majority of tuberculosis patients worldwide are still treated with single drugs, or with 2-drug fixed-dose combinations (FDCs). To improve tuberculosis treatment, 2- and 3-drug FDCs were recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as part of the DOTS strategy. Since 1999 a 4-drug FDC was included on the WHO Model List of Essential Drugs. Today, FDCs are important tools to further improve the quality of care for people with TB, and accelerate DOTS expansion to reach the global TB control targets. Fixed dose combination TB drugs could simplifies both treatment and management of drug supply, and may prevent the emergence of drug resistance .Prevention of drug resistance is just one of the potential benefits of the use of FDCs. FDCs simplify administration of drugs by reducing the number of pills a patient takes each day and decreasing the risk of incorrect prescriptions. Most tuberculosis patients need only take 3–4 FDCs tablets per day during the intensive phase of treatment, instead of the 15–16 tablets per day that is common with single-drug formulations It is much simpler to explain to patients that they need to take four tablets of the same type and colour, rather than a mixture of tablets of different shapes, colours and sizes. Also, the chance of taking an incomplete combination of drugs is eliminated, since the four essential drugs are combined into one tablet. FDCs are also simpler for care-givers as they minimize the risk of confusion. Finally, drug procurement, in all its components (stock management, shipping, distribution), is simplified by FDCs. Adverse reactions to drugs are not more common if FDCs are used. Nevertheless, whenever side-effects to one or more components in a FDC are suspected, there will be a need to switch to single-drug formulations. Quality, safety and efficacy of FDC drugs are determined by the manufacturing process i.e. by compliance of the manufacturer with the requirements of good manufacturing practices (GMP) and pharmacopoeial specifications. National TB programmes must establish a QA system WHO established a laboratory network that tests the quality of FDCs in the marketplace and registers products upon request from the pharmaceutical industry. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 114-9)"

"Religious beliefs about mental illness represent one potential influence on the choice to utilize or avoid professional help. For example, believing that devout spirituality assures mental health and/or that mental illness indicates spiritual failure may discourage religious individuals from seeking help. Such beliefs have traditionally been attributed to Pentecostals, but no research has assessed this assumption. This study examined Pentecostal perspectives on depression's causes and treatments. Contrary to the Pentecostal theological literature, participants endorsed a variety of causal factors. Regarding cures, however, faith was endorsed as the most effective option. Implications are provided and recommendations are offered to practitioners working with Pentecostals, including consultation and collaboration with clergy and religiously sensitive psychoeducational programs."

"ABSTRAKTesis ini adalah tentang Penanganan Pos Polisi Pulomas terhadap para pengemis di persimpangan Coca Cola. Yang menjadi fokus adalah penanganan petugas Pos Polisi Pulomas untuk melibatkan para pengemis dalam membantu tugas-tugas Kepolisian.Metode penelitian dalam tesis ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan tehnik pengumpulan data berupa pengamatan, pengamatan terlibat, pedoman wawancara, serta kajian dokumen untuk memahami dan mendalami bentuk penanganan yang dilakukan dalam membantu tugas-tugas kepolisian memelihara keamanan dan ketertiban umum.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penanganan pengemis oleh Pos Polisi Pulomas dilakukan dengan cara mengkoordinir keberadaan mereka, sehingga terjadi hubungan simbiosis mutualisme antara polisi dengan pengemis melalui hubungan interaksi patron Mien. Hubungan patron Mien yang terjadi antara petugas dengan para pengemis -bersifat temporer artinya-secara sosiologis-hubungan-tersebut digambarkan terjadi antara petugas dengan para pengemis. Sebenarnya hubungan seperti ini tidak diatur dalam pelaksanaan tugas kepolisian, namun dalam kenyataan bahwa pengemis membantu petugas dalam mewujudkan keamanan di lokasi tersebut. Selain patron Mien, Pos Polisi Pulomas juga menerapkan sistem pemolisian komuniti. Hal ini dilakukan oleh petugas dalam sebagai upaya agar masyarakat mau bekerjasama dengan polisi dalam mencegah terjadinya kejahatan.Implikasi teoritis dari bahasan tesis ini adalah : pertama, perlunya optimalisasi pemolisian komuniti untuk membangun kemitraan polisi dengan masyarakat. Kedua, perlu pelatihan pemolisian komuniti pads unsur pimpinan kepolisian, sehingga dapat mengetahui faktor-faktor keinginan dan harapan masyarakat. Ketiga, perlu diberikan materi pemolisian komuniti pada setiap lembaga pendidikan kepolisian termasuk pendidikan tingkat dasar. Keempat, perlu dukungan anggaran operasional Pos Polisi agar idealisme dan motivasi anggota tidak hilang dalam menjalankan program pemolisian komuniti. Kelima, perlu dibuat kesepakatan kerjasama melalui MoU antar instansi pemerintah seperti Suku Dimas Ketentraman dan Ketertiban, Suku Dinas Pembinaan Mentas dan Kesejahteraan Sosial, Panti Sosial yang menangani masalah pengemis. Keenam, pemerintah perlu memberi subsidi pendidikan terutama bagi anak-anak yang berasal dari keluarga yang kurang mampu. Ketujuh, pemerintah perlu segera mengambil langkah untuk menyelesaikan sengketa tanah antara PT. Pulomas Jaya dengan warga agar permasalahan tidak berlarut-larut. Kedelapan, penerapan sanksi hukum bagi para pengemis sebaiknya tetap mengaeu pads Pemerintah Pemerintah maupun Peraturan Daerah, narnun apabila wibawa hukum dirasakan mulai menurun maka pasal 504 KUHP dapat kembali diterapkan.

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ABSTRACT

This Thesis is concerning handling all beggars by Pulomas Police Station in Coca Cola intersection. Becoming focus is handling by officer of Pulomas Police Station to entangle all beggars in assisting Police duties.

Method Research in this thesis use qualitative approach with collecting data technically in the form of perception, involve observation, interview guidance, and also document study to comprehend and deepen handling performed within assisting police duties to look after security and orderliness of public.

The result of research indicate that handling of beggars by Pulomas Police Station conducted by coordinating existence of them, so that happened mutualism symbiosis between police and beggars through the relation of patron client. The character relation of patron client between the officers with all beggars happened is temporary, it means in sociological that the relation is depicted happen between officers with all beggars. This relation is not arranged in police duties, but in fact that beggars assist the officers in realizing security in that location. Besides the patron client relation, Pulomas Police Station using the Community Policing. This matter is conducted by officer as effort so that the society is willing to work along with police in preventing the crimes.

Theoretical implication of this thesis discussion is: The first, the Community Policing is important to be developed to build partnership between police and society. The second, it needs to give Community Policing training for the leader police element, so they know the desire factors and society expectation. The third require to be given Community Policing items in all institute education of police including in elementary education level. The fourth, it needs to support operational budget op Police Station so that motivation and idealism of the officers do not lose in running the program Community Policing. The fifth require to be made agreement of cooperation through memorandum of understanding between governmental institution like Sub-Service of Tranquility and Orderliness, Sub-Service of Mental and Social Prosperity Construction, Social Home in handling the problem of beggars. The sixth, the government requires to subsidize the education especially for children coming from family which was indigent. The seventh, the government needs immediately to take the action to finish the dispute land between PT. Pulomas Jaya with citizen, so that the problem do not long draw out. The eight, applying the of sanction punishment to all beggars better remain to relate the Government Regulation, but if the law enforcement felt to start downhill, the hence section of 504 in Criminal Code is earn to be applied."

"Corporate charitable giving is growing up in Indonesia. It can be classified into 3 (three) motives which are first a strategy to raise profits, second as a compliance because they are forced to do so, and third as beyond compliance as the company is part of the community. Those three motives do reflecting the income tax treatment on charitable giving. PT X as one of the company also does charity. The charitable giving done by PT X becomes unique since PT X is a Contract of Work (CoW) holder. But practically, the CoW results in law uncertainty. The tax auditor adjusted the charitable giving by PT X which were fund contribution and donation to Aceh and Sumatera Utara.The researcher focuses on charitable giving by PT X with qualitative approach. The researcher would like to identify how PT X does the charitable giving and the law certainty of income tax treatment on those charitable giving. With regards to that, the researcher uses a study-case. The researcher obtains the data from interview, field research and library research.Based on the field and library research, there are situations of charitable giving generally in Indonesia and specifically in PT X. On those charitable giving, there are income tax treatment in income taxation law and the regulations underneath. Spesifically, the researcher observes the income tax treatment of charitable giving done by PT X, which can be gathered from the tax audit cases of OT X.From the situations above, it can be analyzed that the charitable giving done by PT X is divided into 3 (two) kinds which are philanthropy and charity. Besides that, there are three motives of charitable giving, as previously mentioned, practiced by PT X, which are related to the income tax treatment. And the focus of this research is the law certainty of income tax treatment on charitable giving of PT X."