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"Latar Belakang: Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) merupakan salah satu tanaman obat unggul Indonesia yang memiliki potensi untuk menghambat pembentukan biofilm C. albicans. Faktor virulensi yang dapat menyebabkan C. albicans menjadi fungi patogen diantaranya adalah pembentukan biofilm dan sekresi enzim hidrolitik. Fosfolipase merupakan salah satu enzim hidrolitik yang dapat merusak membran sel inang. Tujuan: Menganalisis aktivitas fosfolipase pada biofilm C. albicans ATCC 10231 fase awal, menengah, dan maturasi yang terhambat ekstrak etanol temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.). Metode: Nilai Kadar Hambat Biofilm Minimal (KHBM50) C. albicans ditentukan dengan uji MTT-assay. Ekstrak etanol temulawak dengan konsentrasi sesuai KHBM50 dipaparkan pada biofilm fase awal, menengah, dan maturase. Kontrol negative tidak dipaparkan apapun, kontrol positif dipaparkan Nystatin 100.000 IU. Aktivitas fosfolipase biofilm C. albicans dianalisis dengan mengukur proporsi antara diameterzona presipitasi dengan diameter koloni C. albicans pada medium Egg Yolk Agar (EYA). Hasil: Nilai KHBM50 ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap biofilm C. albicans ATCC 10231 pada fase awal, fase menengah, dan fase maturasi berturut-turut adalah 25%, 30%, dan 35%. Pada kontrol positif, aktivitas fosfolipase biofilm C. albicans fase awal, fase menengah, dan fase maturasi bernilai 1. Aktivitas fosfolipase biofilm C. albicansfase awal, fase menengah, dan fase maturasi yang terhambat ekstrak etanol temulawak berturut-turut 0.84, 0.80, dan 0.83. Pada kontrol negatif, aktivitas enzim fosfolipase biofilm C. albicans fase awal, fase menengah, dan fase maturasi berturut-turut 0.59, 0.57, dan 0.57. Kesimpulan: Terdapat kecenderungan penurunan aktivitas enzim fosfolipase pada biofilm C. albicans yang terhambat > 50% ekstrak etanol temulawak.

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Background: Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is one of medical plant from Indonesia that has potency to inhibit biofilm formation of C. albicans. Biofilm formation and hydrolyticenzymes are two among manyvirulence factors of C. albicans. Phospholipaseisone of hydrolyticenzymesthat could degrade the hostcell membrane.

Objective: To observe the activities ofphospholipase in early phase, intermediate phase, and maturation phase of biofilm C. albicans ATCC 10231 that has been inhibited by Javanese turmeric ethanolic extract.

Method: MTT-assay wasused to measure the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC50) of C. albicans ATCC 10231in three phases of C. albicans biofilm. Those concentrations were used to observe phospholipase activities of biofilm in the relevant phases. The negative control were not exposed to anything, while the positive control were exposed to Nystatin 100.000 IU. Phospholipase activities were determined bymeasuring the proportion of precipitation zone diameter and C. albicans colony diameter onan egg yolk-agar medium.

Results: The MBIC50of Javanese turmeric ethanolic extract towards formation of C. albicans biofilm ATCC 10231 in early phase, intermediate phase, and maturation phase were 25%, 30%, and 35%, respectively. Phospholipase activities value in early phase, intermediate phase, and maturation phase of C. albicans biofilm exposed by Nystatin were 1. Phospholipase activities value in early phase, intermediate phase, and maturation phase of C. albicans biofilms exposed by Javanese turmeric ethanolic extract were 0.84, 0.80, and 0.83, respectively. Phospholipase activities value in early phase, intermediate phase, and maturation phase of unexposed C. albicans biofilm were 0.59, 0.57, and 0.57, respectively.

Conclusion: There istendency of decreased phospholipase activity in early phase, intermediate phase, and maturation phase of biofilm C. albicans that has been inhibited by Javanese turmericethanolic extract."

"Pendahuluan: Salah satu faktor virulensi utama yang mempengaruhi perubahan Candida albicans(C. albicans) dari flora komensal menjadi patogen adalah pembentukan biofilm. Pada biofilm fase maturasi, C. albicansmenjadi lebih resisten terhadap agen antifungal. Telah dibuktikan efek inhibisi ekstrak etanol temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) terhadap pertumbuhan biofilm C. albicans. Tujuan: Menganalisis gambaran TEM sel C. albicans ATCC 10231pada biofilm fase maturasi yang terinhibisi ekstrak etanol temulawak (EET). Metode: Penelitian ini dibagi dua kelompok yaitu kelompok perlakuan dan tanpa perlakuan. Sebanyak 100μL suspensi C. albicans ATCC 10231dalam 96-well-plate diinkubasi selama 1.5 jam pada 370C,kemudian diaspirasi dan dibilas menggunakan PBS. Pada kelompok perlakuan dipapar 100μLEET dengan konsentrasi KHBM50(35%), sedangkan kelompok tanpa perlakuan tidak dipapar EET. Kedua kelompok di inkubasi kembali hingga 48 jam, kemudian dipindahkan ke Eppendorf tube untuk difiksasi dalam 2.5% glutaraldehyde dan dilakukan pemeriksaan TEM. Kontrol positif dipapar nystatin oral suspension. Hasil: Pemeriksaan TEM pada kelompok perlakuan, sel C. albicansATCC 10231 pada biofilm fase maturasi yang terpapar ekstrak etanol temulawak terlihat perubahan gambaran ultrastruktur yang berupa perubahan bentuk sel, penebalan dinding sel, pembesaran vakuola, dan iregularitas sitoplasma berikut organel-organel di dalamnya seperti disorganisasi pada nukleus, mitokondria, dan retikulum endoplasma. Sedangkan pada kelompok tanpa perlakuan menunjukan gambaran sel C. albicans ATCC 10231 normal. Kesimpulan: Pemeriksaan TEM dapat menunjukkan perubahan sel C. albicans ATCC 10231 pada biofilm fase maturasi yang terinhibisi ekstrak etanol temulawak.

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Introduction: One of main virulence factor that influence the alteration of Candida albicans (C. albicans) from commensal flora into pathogenic flora is biofilm formation. At the maturation phase, C. albicans ismore resistant to antifungal agent. It has been proven that there is an inhibition effect of Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) on the growth of C. albicans biofilm.

Objective: To analyze the TEM image of C. albicans cell on the maturation phase of biofilm inhibit by Javanese turmeric ethanol extract.

Method: This research divided into two groups, there were treated group and untreated group. A 100μLC. albicans ATCC 10231 suspension on a 96-well-plate incubated for 1.5 hour at 370C, and then aspirated and washed by phosphate buffer saline (PBS). The treated group was exposed to 100μL Javanese turmeric ethanol extract as MBIC50 concentration (35%), while the untreated group was not exposed to Javanese turmeric ethanol extract. Both groups were incubated until 48 h, and then moved into the Eppendorf tube and fixed with glutaraldehyde 2.5% to examine using TEM. The positive control was exposed to nystatin oral suspension.

Result: Compared to the negative control, C. albicans cell on biofilm maturation phase treated by Javanese turmeric extract ethanol extract shows the alteration on the its ultra structure. The alteration showed in shape, the thickness of cell wall, the enlargement of vacuole, and irregularity of cytoplasm include the organelles in it such as disorganization on nucleus, cytoplasm, and endoplasmic reticulum.

Conclusion: TEM examination showed the alteration of C. albicans ATCC 10231 cell on maturation phase biofilm inhibited by Javanese turmeric ethanol extract."

"Latar Belakang: Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) merupakan tanaman obat asli Indonesia yang mengandung zat antijamur. Faktor virulensi berperan penting dalam proses infeksi Candida albicans, salah satunya adalah sekresi enzim fosfolipase yang dapat merusak membran sel inang. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh penghambatan dan pemberantasan aktivitas enzim fosfolipase pada fase awal, intermediet, dan pematangan biofilm C. albicans ATCC 10231. Metode: Efek penghambatan ekstrak etanol temulawak diamati dengan menginkubasi C. albicans selama 1,5 jam, kemudian dipapar ekstrak KHBM50. etanol temulawak kemudian diinkubasi selama 6, 24, dan 48 jam untuk mencapai fase awal, intermediet, dan pematangan biofilm C. albicans. Efek eradikasi diamati dengan menginkubasi C. albicans selama 6, 24, dan 48 jam, kemudian dipapar KEBM50 EET dan diinkubasi pada suhu 37ºC selama 24 jam. KHBM50 dan KEBM50 EET (kelompok perlakuan), nistatin 100.000 IU (kontrol positif), dan SDB (kontrol negatif). Aktivitas enzim fosfolipase dianalisis berdasarkan luas zona pengendapan yang terbentuk pada agar kuning telur. Hasil: KHBM50 EET pada fase awal 15%, intermediate 15%, dan pematangan 25%. Nilai KEBM50 EET untuk ketiga fase biofilm C. albicans adalah 35%. Pada kontrol positif baik inhibisi maupun eradikasi, tidak terlihat adanya zona presipitasi pada ketiga fase biofilm C. albicans. Sementara itu, kelompok penghambatan dan pemberantasan menunjukkan ukuran zona pengendapan yang lebih kecil jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol negatif pada ketiga fase biofilm C. albicans. Kesimpulan: Aktivitas enzim fosfolipase cenderung menurun pada fase awal, menengah, dan pematangan biofilm C. albicans setelah penghambatan dan eradikasi ekstrak etanol temulawak.Background: Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is a medicinal plant native to Indonesia that contains antifungal substances. Virulence factors play an important role in the process of Candida albicans infection, one of which is the secretion of phospholipase enzymes that can damage host cell membranes. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of inhibition and eradication of phospholipase enzyme activity in the early, intermediate, and maturation phases of C. albicans ATCC 10231 biofilm. Methods: The inhibitory effect of temulawak ethanol extract was observed by incubating C. albicans for 1.5 hours, then exposed to KHBM50 extract. Temulawak ethanol was then incubated for 6, 24, and 48 hours to reach the initial, intermediate, and maturation phases of the C. albicans biofilm. The eradication effect was observed by incubating C. albicans for 6, 24, and 48 hours, then exposed to KEBM50 EET and incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours. KHBM50 and KEBM50 EET (treatment group), nystatin 100,000 IU (positive control), and SDB (negative control). The activity of the phospholipase enzyme was analyzed based on the area of ​​the deposition zone formed on egg yolk agar. Results: KHBM50 EET in early phase 15%, intermediate 15%, and maturation 25%. The KEBM50 EET value for the three phases of the C. albicans biofilm was 35%. In the positive control, both inhibition and eradication, no precipitation zones were seen in the three phases of the C. albicans biofilm. Meanwhile, the inhibition and eradication groups showed a smaller deposition zone size when compared to the negative control group in all three phases of the C. albicans biofilm. Conclusion: The activity of the phospholipase enzyme tends to decrease in the early, intermediate, and maturation phases of C. albicans biofilm after inhibition and eradication of ethanol extract of temulawak."

"Pendahuluan: Perubahan sistem pertahanan pejamu atau kondisi rongga mulut dapat menyebabkan infeksi Candida albicans (C. albicans) yang disebut kandidiasis oral. Xanthorrhizol adalah komponen aktif Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) yang memiliki efek antijamur. Gambar Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) sel C. albicans yang terpapar xanthorrhizol menunjukkan penonjolan sitoplasma dan adhesi antar sel. Tidak diketahui bagaimana perubahan ultrastruktural pada sel C. albicans. Tujuan: Menggunakan TEM untuk menganalisis perubahan ultrastruktur sel C. albicans pada biofilm fase pematangan pasca-inhibisi dengan Ekstrak Etanol Temulawak (EET). Metode: Biofilm C. albicans ATCC 10231 yang ditumbuhkan pada kawat selama 1,5 jam dihambat dengan 25% EET selama 48 jam. Kelompok kontrol positif tidak diberi nistatin sedangkan kelompok kontrol negatif tidak diberi apa-apa. Sampel difiksasi dengan 2,5% glutaraldehid, didehidrasi dengan etanol, dan dibenamkan dalam resin spurr sebelum diamati dengan TEM. Hasil: Terlihat distorsi dinding sel, membran plasma, dan organel serta invaginasi membran plasma. Kesimpulan: Penghambatan biofilm C. albicans ATCC 10231 oleh 25% EET menyebabkan kerusakan pada ultrastruktur sel C. albicans ATCC 10231.

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Changes of hosts defense system or oral condition causing infection of Candida albicans (C. albicans) is called oral candidiasis. Xanthorrhizol is an active component of javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) which has antifungal effect. C. albicans cells Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image exposed to xanthorrhizol showed cytoplasm protrusion and clumping. The ultrastructure changes inside the C. albicans cell is not known yet. Objective: Using TEM to analyse the ultrastructure image of C. albicans ATCC 10231 cells in maturation phase of biofilm inhibited by 25% EET. Methods: C. albicans ATCC 10231 biofilm which had been cultured on wire for 1.5 hours was inhibited by 25% EET. Group of positive control was exposed by nystatin whereas group of negative control was exposed to nothing. Sampel was being fixated with glutaraldehyde 2.5%, dehydrathed by ethanol, and embedded inside spurrs resin before being observed with TEM. Results: Cell wall, plasma membrane, and organelles distortion, along with plasma membrane invagination. Conclusion: C. albicans ATCC 10231 biofilm inhibition with 25% EET caused damages in C. albicans ATCC 10231 cells ultrastructure."

"Latar Belakang: Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) merupakan tanaman berkhasiat obat asli Indonesia yang telah dilaporkan mampu menginhibisi dan mengeradikasi setiap fase biofilm Candida albicans. Faktor virulensi dari Candida albicans adalah pembentukan biofilm dan sekresi enzim proteinase. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek inhibisi dan eradikasi ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap setiap fase biofilm Candida albicans berdasarkan aktivitas enzim proteinase. Metode: Membuat biofilm yang akan diinhibisi dengan menginkubasi Candida albicans selama 90 menit kemudian dipaparkan ekstrak etanol temulawak dan diinkubasi sesuai dengan fase pembentukan biofilm (6 jam, 24 jam, dan 48 jam). Membuat biofilm yang akan dieradikasi dengan menginkubasi Candida albicans sesuai dengan fase pembentukan biofilm (6 jam, 24 jam, dan 48 jam) kemudian dipaparkan ekstrak etanol temulawak selama 24 jam. Setelah dipaparkan oleh ekstrak etanol temulawak Candida albicans dipindahkan pada media uji aktivitas enzim proteinase berupa BSAA. Menganalisis aktivitas enzim proteinase dengan cara mengukur zona proteolysisyang terbentuk disekitar koloni. Hasil: Pada setiap fase biofilm Candida albicans yang terinhibisi maupun tereradikasi oleh EET memiliki nilai Prz yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif dan terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik. Kesimpulan: Adanya penurunan aktivitas enzim pada setiap fase biofilm yang terinhibisi maupun tereradikasi oleh EET dan teruji secara statistik.

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Background: Java Tumeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) is an medicinal plant from Indonesia that has been reported having inhibition and eradication effect to every phase biofilm formation of Candida albicans. Virulence factor of Candida albicans are biofilm formation and proteinase enzyme secretion. Objective: Knowing inhibition and eradication effect by Java Tumeric Ethanol Extract to every phase biofilm formation of Candida

albicans based on proteinase enzyme activity. Method: Biofilm that will be inhibited, incubating Candida albicans for 90 minutes then expose with Java Tumeric Ethanol Extract and further incubation to reach phase of biofilm formation (6 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours). Biofilm that will be eradicated, incubation Candida albicans according to phase of biofilm

formation (6 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours) then exposed with Java Tumeric Ethanol Extract and further incubation for 24 hours. After that, biofilm of Candida albicans moved to BSAA medium for proteinase enzyme activity assay. Analysing proteinase enzyme activity by measuring proteolysis zone seen around the colony of Candida albicans. Result: Every phase biofilm of Candida albicans that had been inhibited and eradicated by Java Tumeric Ethanol Extract has higher Prz score than negative control and statistically meaningful. Conclusion: There are reduction of proteinase enzyme activity on every phase biofilm of Candida albicans that had been inhibited and eradicated by Java Tumeric Ethanol Extract and statistically tested."

"Latar Belakang: Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) adalah tanaman berkhasiat obat asli Indonesia dan merupakan tanaman obat unggulan untuk dikembangkan menjadi obat herbal terstandar. Pada beberapa penelitian, ekstrak etanol temulawak (EET) telah terbukti berkhasiat sebagai antimikroba, namun belum diketahui keamanannya terhadap jaringan mukosa mulut. Tujuan: Mengetahui sitotoksisitas ekstrak etanol temulawak (EET) terhadap sel fibroblas gingiva manusia (in vitro). Metoda: Model sel fibroblas gingiva diperoleh dari kultur primer jaringan gingiva manusia. Ekstrak etanol temulawak (1%, 2,5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%) dipaparkan pada sel fibroblas gingiva dengan durasi paparan 1 jam, 3 jam, dan 24 jam. Viabilitas sel pasca paparan EET dianalisis dengan uji MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) dan sitotoksisitas ditetapkan berdasarkan Inhibition Concentration 50% (IC50). Sedangkan, jumlah sel pasca paparan EET dievaluasi dengan metoda exclusion dye/trypan blue. Hasil: Model sel fibroblas gingiva dapat diperoleh dari kultur primer jaringan gingiva dan secara morfologi teridentifikasi sebagai sel fibroblas. Berdasarkan nilai IC50, EET pada konsentrasi >20% pasca paparan 1 dan 3 jam dan konsentrasi ≥10% pasca paparan 24 jam sitotoksik terhadap sel fibroblas gingiva. Jumlah sel fibroblas gingiva menurun sesuai dengan peningkatan konsentrasi pada durasi paparan 24 jam. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol temulawak memiliki efek sitotoksik terhadap sel fibroblas gingiva. Sitotoksisitas ekstrak etanol temulawak dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi dan durasi paparan.

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Background: Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) is a herbal plant native to Indonesia and is a superior herbal plant to be developed into a standardized herbal medicine. In some studies, Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract (CXEE) had been reported to have antimicrobial effect. However, its safety has not been evaluated for oral mucosal tissue. Objective: To evaluate the cytotoxicity of Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract to human primary gingival fibroblast cells (in vitro). Method: Gingival fibroblast cells model were cultured from human primary gingival tissues. CXEE (1%, 2,5%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%) was added into gingival fibroblast culture for 1 h, 3 hrs, and 24 hrs. Cells viability after treatment of EET was analized with the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and determined by Inhibition Concentration 50% (IC50). Meanwhile, cell density of treated cells was determined by exclusion dye/Trypan Blue. Result: Primary culture of human gingival tissue was able to produce gingival fibroblast cells model that was morphologically identified. Based on IC50, CXEE was cytotoxic againts gingival fibroblast cells at >20% of final concentration after 1 hr and 3 hrs treatment and at ≥10% of final concentration after 24 hrs treatment. Cell density of gingival fibroblast cells showed reduction as the increase of extract concentration in 24 hrs treatment. Conclusions: Curcuma xanthorrhiza ethanolic extract shows cytotoxic effect againts gingival fibroblast cells and is affected by concentration and duration of treatment."

"Latar Belakang: Ilmu pedagogi didefinisikan sebagai metode dan pendekatan dalam pembelajaran. Game dengan tujuan pedagogi untuk pendidikan dan pelatihan disebut sebagai serious games (SG). SG telah digunakan dalam berbagai intervensi pendidikan kesehatan dan berperan sebagai sarana pembelajaran aktif yang dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan, keterampilan, serta motivasi. Histologi rongga mulut adalah studi tentang struktur mikroskopis sel dan jaringan rongga mulut. Namun, pembelajaran histologi dideskripsikan sebagai salah satu topik yang kurang menarik dan sulit dipahami. Penggunaan SG berpotensi meningkatkan motivasi mahasiswa yang akan berdampak pada peningkatan performa akademik. Namun, penelitian mengenai efektifitas penggunaan serious games sebagai metode pembelajaran komplementer dalam bidang kedokteran gigi masih belum banyak dipahami. Tujuan: Mengevaluasi efektivitas serious games sebagai metode pembelajaran komplementer praktikum histologi jaringan rongga mulut. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan desain studi randomized controlled-crossover pada mahasiswa FKG UI preklinik tahun pertama. Responden penelitian terdiri dari 74 mahasiswa dan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok. Kelompok A diberikan pembelajaran dengan serious games terlebih dahulu dan dilanjutkan dengan pembelajaran dengan panduan praktikum (handout). Sedangkan kelompok B diberikan handout dan dilanjutkan serious games. Hasil: Berdasarkan uji analisis statistik, penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik (p < 0,05) pada hasil nilai pre-test, post-test 1 (3 hari pasca intervensi), dan post-test 2 (7 hari pasca intervensi). Uji kuesioner juga menunjukkan motivasi, persepsi, engagement dan pengalaman yang positif setelah belajar menggunakan serious games. Kesimpulan: Pembelajaran serious games efektif meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif serta meningkatkan motivasi mahasiswa dalam mempelajari histologi rongga mulut. Pendekatan inovatif ini dapat direkomendasikan sebagai strategi pembelajaran komplementer praktikum histologi rongga mulut

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Background: Pedagogy is defined as methods and approaches in learning. Games with pedagogical goals for education and training are called serious games (SG). SG has been used in various health education and acts as an active learning that can increase cognitive, skills, and motivation. Oral histology is microscopic study of cells and tissues structure of the oral cavity. However, histology has been described as one of the less interesting and difficult materials to understand. The use of SG has the potential to increase student motivation which will have an impact on improving academic performance. Nevertheless, studies and research on the effectiveness of serious games as a complementary learning method in dentistry is still not widely understood. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of serious games as a complementary learning method for oral practicum histology. Methods: The study was conducted using a randomized controlled-crossover design in the UI first year preclinical dental students. The research respondents consisted of 74 students and they were divided into two groups. Group A was given learning with serious games first, then continued with learning with practicum guides (handout). Meanwhile, group B was given handouts and continued with serious games. Results: Based on statistical analysis tests, the study showed that there were statistically significant differences (p <0.05) in the results of students' pre-test, post-test 1 (3 days post-intervention), and post-test 2 (7 days post-intervention) scores. The questionnaire test also showed positive motivation, perception, engagement and experience after using serious games. Conclusion: Learning with serious games is effective in increasing cognitive skills and student motivation in studying oral histology. This innovative approach can be recommended as a complementary learning strategy for oral practicum histology."

"Latar Belakang : Stunting merupakan salah satu manifestasi dari malnutrisi kronis yang ditandai dengan tinggi badan yang lebih rendah dari standar tinggi badan untuk usia individu tersebut. Salah satu faktor penyebab stunting adalah kurangnya asupan nutrisi. Kurangnya asupan nutrisi dapat menyebabkan berkurangnya kadar Hb dan IGF-1. Berkurangnya asupan nutrisi juga dapat mengganggu proses pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi yang dapat mempengaruhi watu erupsi gigi. Perlu dilakukan analisis untuk melihat hubungan antara stunting dengan kadar Hb, IGF-1, dan erupsi gigi. Tujuan : Menganalisis hubungan antara kadar Hb, IGF-1, dan erupsi gigi dengan kondisi stunting. Metode : Penelusuran literatur dilakukan dengan menggunakan pedoman Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) pada tiga electronic database, yaitu : PubMed, EBSCO, dan SCOPUS. Kualitas dari literatur dinilai menggunakan QUADAS-2 tool. Hasil : Terdapat 27 artikel yang terpilih berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditetapkan. 19 artikel menyatakan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara kadar Hb dengan stunting, dimana anak dengan kondisi stunting lebih memungkinkan untuk memiliki kadar Hb yang rendah (anemia). 4 artikel menyatakan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara kadar IGF-1 dengan stunting, dimana anak dengan kondisi stunting memiliki kadar IGF-1 yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan anak non-stunting. 3 artikel menyatakan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara stunting dengan erupsi gigi, dimana anak dengan kondisi stunting mengalami keterlambatan erupsi gigi. 1 artikel menyatakan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara stunting dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi. Kesimpulan : Terdapat korelasi positif antara stunting dengan kadar Hb dan IGF-1. Korelasi antara stunting dengan erupsi gigi belum dapat ditentukan dengan pasti

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Background : Stunting is a manifestation of chronic malnutrition which is characterized by a lower height than the individual's age standard. One of the primary cause of stunting is the lack of nutritional intake. Lack of nutritional intake can cause reduced Hb and IGF-1 levels. Lack of nutritional intake can also interfere with the process of growth and development of the teeth which can affect the timing of tooth eruption. An analysis is needed to see the relationship between stunting and levels of Hb, IGF-1, and the timing of tooth eruption. Objective : To analyze the relationship between Hb levels, IGF-1 levels, and the timing of tooth eruption with stunting. Method : Literature research was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines on three electronic databases, namely: PubMed, EBSCO, and SCOPUS. The quality of the literature was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Results : There are 27 articles that were selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. 19 articles state that there is a relationship between Hb levels and stunting, where stunted children are more likely to have low Hb levels (anemia). 4 article states that there is a relationship between IGF-1 levels and stunting, where stunted children have lower IGF-1 levels compared to non-stunted children. 3 The article states that there is a relationship between stunting and tooth eruption, where stunted children experience delays in tooth eruption. 1 article states that there is no relationship between stunting and dental growth and development Conclusion : There is a positive correlation between stunting and Hb and IGF-1 levels. The correlation between stunting and tooth eruption cannot be determined with certainty."

"Latar belakang: Stunting adalah gangguan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan pada anak-anak yang muncul dari akumulasi nutrisi buruk dan paparan infeksi berulang dalam 1000 hari pertama kehidupan. Stunting dicirikan dengan tinggi badan anak di bawah rata-rata dan ditemukan menyebabkan kelainan email karena berkurangnya massa jaringan email (hipoplasia) atau berkurangnya konten mineral di dalam email (hipomineralisasi). Kadar hemoglobin rendah masih menjadi kontroversi apakah ciri dari stunting karena faktor etiologinya yang serupa sering dijumpai pada kasus stunting. Tujuan: Menganalisis potensi kelainan email dan kadar hemoglobin sebagai prediktor kondisi stunting. Metode: Sampel penelitian adalah data pemeriksaan tahun 2019 pada siswa/i sekolah dasar (SD) kelas 1-2 Kecamatan Nangpanda, Ende, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Hasil: Kelainan email dan kadar hemoglobin secara statistik tidak mampu menjadi prediktor kondisi stunting (p>0,05). Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada frekuensi kelainan email dan kadar hemoglobin antara anak normal dan anak dengan stunting (p>0,05). Korelasi antara frekuensi kelainan email dengan kadar hemoglobin secara statistik memiliki korelasi sedang negatif (p<0,05; r =-0,403). Tidak terdapat korelasi secara statistik antara variabel stunting dengan frekuensi kelainan email dan kadar hemoglobin (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Pada anak 6-8 tahun, kelainan email dan kadar hemoglobin tidak mampu menjadi prediktor stunting, meskipun terdapat hubungan antara kelainan email dengan kadar hemoglobin.

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Background: Stunting is an impaired growth and development in children arises from the accumulation of poor nutrition and repeated infections in the first 1000 days of a child's life. Characterized by height below their age peer’s average height and been reported caused defect on enamel structure, due to lack of tissue mass (hypoplasia) or lack of mineral content (hypomineralization). Meanwhile, low haemoglobin levels as for now is still a controversy as to whether the characteristic of stunting or not. Objective: To analyse the potency of enamel defects and haemoglobin levels as predictors of stunting. Methods: Examination data in 2019 from elementary school students of grades 1-2 (6-8 years old) at Nangpanda District, Ende, East Nusa Tenggara. Results: Enamel defects and haemoglobin levels were unable to predict stunting (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in enamel defects and haemoglobin levels between normal and stunted children (p>0.05). The frequency of enamel defects and haemoglobin levels has a statistically moderate negative (p<0.05; r=-0.403), there is no statistical correlation between stunting and the frequency of enamel defects and haemoglobin levels (p>0.05). Conclusion: Enamel defects and haemoglobin levels are not able to predict stunting, although there is a relationship between enamel abnormalities and haemoglobin levels."

"Latar Belakang: Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) merupakan tanaman herbal Indonesia yang telah diketahui memiliki efek antibakteri dan antijamur khususnya terhadap S. mutans dan C. albicans. Dalam rongga mulut, S. mutans dan C. albicans memiliki hubungan sinergis dalam pembentukan biofilm. Ikatan sinergis dual species dalam biofilm tersebut dapat meningkatkan resistensi terhadap agen antimikroba. Dalam pengembangan ekstrak etanol temulawak, diperlukan keamanan dan kualitas tanaman yang baik, yang dapat dilihat dari kemampuannya dalam mempertahankan stabilitas fisika, kimia, dan biologisnya dalam durasi dan temperatur penyimpanan yang berbeda. Tujuan: Menganalisis efek ekstrak etanol temulawak dalam mengeradikasi perkembangan biofilm single species dan dual species (S. mutans dan C. albicans), serta pengaruh durasi dan temperatur penyimpanan terhadap stabilitas biologis ekstrak etanol temulawak. Metode: Pemaparan ekstrak etanol temulawak pada biofilm single species dan dual species (S. mutans dan C. albicans) selama 6 jam untuk mencapai biofilm fase awal, dan dilakukan TPC dan MTT Assay. KEBM diuji dengan memaparkan ekstrak etanol temulawak pada biofilm usia 6 jam. Stabilitas biologis ekstrak dapat diamati melalui uji kontaminasi mikroba pada ekstrak etanol temulawak yang disimpan pada temperatur 4°C dan 28°C dan dilakukan pengujian setiap 2 minggu selama 4 minggu. Pengujian dilakukan dengan melakukan pengenceran ekstrak etanol temulawak yang ditumbuhkan pada medium Plate Count Agar (PCA) dan dilakukan perhitungan koloni atau Total Plate Count (TPC), yang kemudian dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Ekstrak etanol temulawak memiliki nilai KEBM50 pada biofilm single species (S. mutans maupun C. albicans) pada fase awal sebesar 15%. Sedangkan pada dual species (S. mutans dan C. albicans) fase awal sebesar 25%. Kontaminasi mikroba yang terjadi masih berada di bawah batas produk farmasi non steril (<107 CFU/gr). Kesimpulan: Ekstrak etanol temulawak mampu mengeradikasi biofilm single species dan dual species (S. mutans dan C. albicans) pada fase awal. Diperlukan konsentrasi ekstrak etanol temulawak yang lebih tinggi untuk menghambat dan mengeradikasi biofilm dual species dibandingkan single species. Ekstrak etanol temulawak yang disimpan pada temperatur 4°C dan 28°C masih dapat mempertahankan stabilitas biologisnya bahkan setelah durasi 4 minggu penyimpanan.

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Background: Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) is an Indonesian native herbal plant which is known to have antibacterial and antifungal effects, especially against S. mutans and C. albicans. In the oral cavity, S. mutans and C. albicans have a synergistic relationship in the formation of biofilm. The synergistic bond of dual species in the biofilm can increase resistance to antimicrobial agents. In the development of Javanese ethanol extract, good safety and quality of the plant is needed, which can be seen from its ability to maintain its physical, chemical, and biological characteristics in different storage duration and temperatures. Objective: To analyze the effect of Javanese turmeric ethanol extract in eradicating the development of single species and dual species (S. mutans and C. albicans) biofilm, and the effect of storage duration and temperature on the biological characteristic of Javanese turmeric ethanol extract. Methods: Exposure of Javanese turmeric ethanol extract to single species and dual species (S. mutans and C. albicans) biofilm for 6 hours to achieve early phase, and measured by TPC and MTT Assay. MBEC was tested by exposing Javanese turmeric ethanol extract to a 6 hour old biofilm. Biological characteristic can be observed through microbial contamination test on Javanese ethanol extract stored at 4°C and 28°C and tested every 2 weeks for 4 weeks long. The test was carried out by diluting the Javanese turmeric ethanol extract grown on Plate Count Agar (PCA) medium and total plate count (TPC), then were statistically analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. Results: MBEC50 of Javanese turmeric ethanol extract for single species (S. mutans as well as C. albicans) in early phase were 15%. And for dual species (S. mutans and C. albicans) in early phase were 25%. The microbial contamination that occurred was still below the limit for non-sterile pharmaceutical products (<107 CFU/gr) Conclusion: Javanese ethanol extract has the ability to eradicate single species and dual species (S. mutans and C. albicans) in the early phase. Higher concentrations of Javanese turmeric ethanol extract are required to eradicate dual species than single species biofilm. Javanese turmeric ethanol extract stored at 4°C and 28°C still maintained its biological characteristics even after 4 weeks of strorage."