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"Tesis ini membahas tentang bahaya, risiko serta mitigasi keselamatan dan kesehatan dalam pengembangan biogas skala kecil dari bahan baku kotoran sapi. Penilaian risiko dilakukan dengan cara mengukur komposisi biogas, identifikasi dan perhitungan jumlah bakteri, identifikasi dan perhitungan telur cacing dan observasi kegiatan pembuatan biogas. Data penelitian diolah secara semi kuantitatif sehingga diperoleh nilai risiko keselamatan dan kesehatan pada penggunaan reaktor biogas skala kecil. Risiko keselamatan tertinggi adalah terjadinya ledakan, sedangkan risiko kesehatan tertinggi adalah keracunan H2S. Mitigasi yang disarankan adalah: a) eliminasi dengan penghilangan blower, b) enjinering kontrol dengan modifikasi di bak pengaduk dan membuat pelindung digester serta c) tindakan administratif dengan melakukan edukasi terhadap peternak.

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This thesis discusses the hazards, risks and mitigation of safety and health in the small-scale biogas digester from cow manure feedstock. Risk assessment is done by measuring the biogas composition, identification and calculation of the amount of bacteria, identification and calculation of worm eggs and observation activities of the biogas production. Data were analyzed semi quantitatively in order to obtain the value of safety and health risks of the application of a small-scale biogas digester. The highest safety risk is the explosion, while the highest health risk is H2S poisoning. Suggested mitigation are a) elimination by removing blower from system, b) control engineering by considering modifications in the mixing basin, build digester protective and c) administrative action by educating farmers."

"This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of biogas project in Suntenjaya Village, Bandung and identify factors that affect revenues, environment and wider economic benefit of the project, using benefit cost analysis, multiple regression, and descriptive analysis. The results show that biogas project is feasible to be developed. Variables that significantly influence on the biogas project are total amount of poultry's waste, total amount of water, and labor. Economic impact of biogas from employment is 1.96%. Furthermore, fuel cost savings of biogas is IDR1,406,160. Environmental impact shows that mostly of cow farmer agree that biogas development project give positive impacts to environment.

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Studi ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kelayakan dari usaha biogas di Desa Suntenjaya, Bandung dan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi usaha pengembangan biogas, serta mengidentifikasi dampak ekonomi dan lingkungan dari keberadaan usaha biogas. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis keuangan, analisis biaya manfaat, model regresi berganda, dan analisis deskriptif. Evaluasi kelayakan proyek menunjukkan usaha peternakan sapi perah dengan pengembangan biogas adalah layak. Faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi usaha pengembangan biogas ialah jumlah kotoran sapi, jumlah air yang digunakan, dan jumlah tenaga kerja. Dampak ekonomi dari pengembangan biogas, yaitu penyerapan tenaga kerja sebesar 1,96% dan penghematan biaya bahan bakar yang dihemat sebesar Rp1.406.160 per tahun. Dampak lingkungan menunjukkan peternak setuju bahwa biogas memberikan dampak positif terhadap lingkungan."

"The recycling of residual agricultural biomass using anaerobic digestion allows for the recovery of biomass carbon andnutrients as sources of energy and fertilizer. The obstacles that are encountered in this process include thelignocellulosic structure of biomass tissue and its high carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio. This study evaluates the codigestionsystem of pretreated sorghum stalks and wastewater sludge. The stalks were pretreated by partial biooxidationto improve their bacterial accessibility. The digesters were fed a mixture of stalk and sludge at ratios of 100:0,80:20, 60:40, and 40:60 (total solids [TS] basis). The digesters were run in batches at 35-36 °C, with an initial TS of15%. The digesters? performance was evaluated in terms of biogas production rate and yield. The digesters that wererun with feed ratios of 80:20 and 60:40 showed shorter lag phase, higher biogas generation rates, and higher biogasyields compared to those run with feed ratios of 100:0 and 40:60. The highest specific biogas production (of 122 L/kgTS) was achieved by the digesters run at ratios of 80:20 and 60:40. The digesters run only with stalks (ratio 100:0)resulted in specific gas production of 67 L/kg TS, whereas those fed on a feed ratio of 40:60 generated only 13 L/kg TS.We conclude that the co-digestion of sorghum stalks and wastewater sludge at a proper ratio improves biogasproduction.Pencernaan Campuran Batang Sorgum dan Sludge untuk Produksi Biogas. Daur ulang residu biomassa pertanianmenggunakan pencernaan anaerobik memungkinkan untuk memanfaatkan karbon dan nutrisi dari biomassa tersebutsebagai sumber energi dan pupuk. Kendala yang dihadapi dalam proses ini meliputi struktur lignoselulosa biomassa dannisbah karbon terhadap nitrogen (C:N) yang tinggi. Studi ini mengevaluasi sistem pencernaan campuran batang sorgumdan sludge penanganan limbah cair industri. Sebelumnya dilakukan perlakuan awal terhadap batang sorgum denganbio-oksidasi parsial untuk meningkatkan aksesibilitas bakteri terhadap biomassa tersebut. Digester diberi umpancampuran batang sorgum dan lumpur pada nisbah 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, dan 40:60 (basis total padatan [TS]). Digesterdioperasikan secara curah pada 35-36 °C, dengan TS awal 15%. Kinerja digester dievaluasi berdasarkan laju produksidan volume biogas. Digester yang dioperasikan dengan rasio umpan 80:20 dan 60:40 menunjukkan fase adaptasi yanglebih pendek, laju generasi biogas yang lebih tinggi, dan volume produksi biogas yang lebih tinggi dibandingkandengan hasil yang diperoleh dari digester yang dioperasikan dengan rasio umpan 100:0 dan 40:60. Produksi biogasspesifik tertinggi (122 L/kg TS) dicapai pada digester yang dioperasikan pada nisbah 80:20 dan 60:40. Digester yangdioperasikan dengan umpan batang sorgum saja (nisbah 100:0) menghasilkan produksi biogas spesifik 67 L/kg TS,sedangkan yang diberi umpan dengan nisbah 40:60 hanya menghasilkan 13 L/kg TS. Disimpulkan bahwa pencernaancampuran batang sorgum dan sludge pada proporsi yang tepat meningkatkan produksi biogas."

"Fruit waste is a part of municipal solid waste which is typically disposed of directly to a landfill site. In order to utilize this valuable renewable resource, anaerobic biological processes can be employed to convert fruit waste to biogas. This usable gas is then used to generate electricity. This paper describes a comprehensive study to set up technology for converting fruit waste to electricity via biogas production. First, the fruit waste characteristics (type and composition) were systematically evaluated, and then laboratory experiments for biogas conversion to explore gas production from the waste were carried out. The biogas plant was then designed, based on the information obtained. Finally, a comparison of biogas plant with landfill was performed using life cycle assessment (LCA) to determine environmental impacts, and economic evaluation to assess daily processing costs. The results from waste characterization in one of the biggest fruit markets in Indonesia showed that the three main component fruit types were orange (64%), mango (25%), and apple (5%). Rotten fruit contributes up to 80% of the total waste in the fruit market. Based on the experimental work, the potential gas production in the biogas plant was calculated to be approximately 1075 Nm3/day, comprising 54% methane, based on 10 tons per day of fruit waste. The comparison demonstrates that it is a better option to utilize fruit waste in a biogas plant, in terms of LCA and daily operational costs, than to dispose of it in landfill."

"The main focus of this article was to investigate the potential of natural zeolite adsorbent for the removal of CO2 and H2S in biogas produced from palm oil mill effluent (POME) in fixed-bed column adsorption. The effects of the flowrates and dosage of the adsorbent on the CO2 adsorption were also studied. The surface area of the adsorbent was determined using the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) model, while the pore size distribution was calculated according to the Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) model. The morphology of the adsorbent was determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray (FESEM-EDX) analysis. Before and after purification, the biogas was analyzed by gas chromatography with a thermal conductivity detector and polydimethylsiloxane as a column. Biogas from the POME, via the anaerobic digestion process, produced 89% CH4 and 11% CO2. The surface and structure of the clinoptilolite zeolites was modified by a strong acid (1M HCl), strong base (1M NaOH), and calcination at 450°C, and the surface area of the natural zeolites was reduced up to 16%. The working capability of CO2 adsorption by the modified zeolites decreased with increasing flow rates (100, 200, and 300 mL/min) of the biogas, with levels of CO2 at 106,906, 112,237, and 115,256 mg/L. The removal of the CO2 in the biogas by using adsorbent dosages of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 g was 97,878, 97,404 and 93,855 mg/L, respectively. The optimum purification of the biogas occurred under the flow rate of 100 mL/min and adsorbent dosage of 2.5 g. The high working capability of the modified zeolites for the removal of CO2 in the biogas was a key factor, and the most important characteristic for the adsorbent. The results indicate that clinoptilolite zeolites are promising adsorbent materials for both the purification and upgrading of biogas."

"Pengolahan limbah bioarang menjadi briket sebagai pengganti biogas untuk mendukung proses roasting pengolahan kopi arabica adalah inovasi energi alternatif sebagai pengganti arang konvensional yang berasal dari kayu dan biogas dari LPG serta untuk mendukung ketahanan energi. Briket merupakan material yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh sifat dan jenis dari bahan yang menjadi penyusun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh komposisi briket dengan campuran limbah kulit kopi dan serbuk kayu terhadap nilai kalor, kadar air, kadar abu, dan uji kerapatan. Metode yang digunakan adalah eksperimen. Pada komposisi III nilai kerapatan paling tinggi karena jumlah serbuk kayu paling banyak. karena dengan adanya perlakuan gaya tekan secara manual maka partikel arang akan mengalami pemampatan sesuai dengan gaya tekan yang diberikan. Hasil penelitian komposisi I menghasilkan nilai kalor 6052 kal/gr, komposisi II menghasilkan nilai kalor 6122 kal/gr dan komposisi III menghasilkan nilai kalor 6333 kal/gr. Hasil uji kadar abu SNI 01-6235- 2000 tentang briket arang, kadar abu yang diperbolehkan tidak melebihi nilai 8%. Kadar abu yang dihasilkan pada komposisi III sesuai standar yang ditentukan"

"Penelitian ini mengkaji kelayakan teknis, lingkungan, ekonomi, dan sosial pemanfaatan biogas dari Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) PD PAL JAYA untuk memasak. Kajian kelayakan teknis melihat kecukupan potensi biogas untuk memenuhi kebutuhan biogas warga sekitar. Kajian lingkungan melihat signifikansi pengurangan konsumsi LPG dan minyak tanah. Kajian ekonomi melihat penghematan yang dapat dicapai warga pengguna LPG maupun minyak tanah apabila menggunakan biogas. Kajian sosial melihat persetujuan warga sekitar mengenai adanya pemanfaatan ini. Hasil dari keempat kajian mendapatkan hasil yang positif, sehingga pemanfaatan biogas dari IPAL PD PAL JAYA layak secara teknis, lingkungan, ekonomi, dan sosial.

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This study analyze the technical, environmental, economic, and social feasibility of biogas utilization from PD PAL Jaya Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) for cooking. The technical aspect analyze the adequacy of biogas potention from PD PAL Jaya STP with the local residents biogas needs. The environmental aspect analyze the significance of the LPG and kerosene consumption reduction. The economic aspect analyze the savings that can be achieved by LPG and kerosene users when using biogas instead of LPG or Kerosene. The social aspect of this research analyze the acceptance of the local residents regarding the biogas utilization. All of the results from these four aspects are positive. Therefore the biogas utilization from PD PAL Jaya STP is technically feasible, environmentally sustainable, economically profitable, and socially acceptable."