Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

Abstrak :
Acetonitrile is an organic, derivative of carboxylic acid, and toxic compound. This compound has been widely used in pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Nowadays, there are more interests in acetonitrile-degrading microbes for their potential in chemical syntheses and biological detoxification of nitrile-containing wastes. The aim of this study were to isolate, select, and characterise the isolate from industrial effluents which has the best degrading capability and its acetonitrile-degrading enzyme. Cultures were grown on mineral medium with microelements and acetonitrile was added as sole source of energy, carbon, and nitrogen. Analysis to characterise the acetonitrile-degrading enzyme had been conducted with whole cells of the selected isolate. Decreasing of acetonitrile concentration and formation of its degrading products were determined by gas chromatography and ammonia analysis was done by Nessler's method. Isolate D5, identified as Corynebacterium sp., was able to grow on high concentration acetonitrile (up to 5 % v/v) and exhibited the highest specific growth rate (p) among 29 isolates which could grow on acetonitrile. When Corynebacterium D5 grew on 2 % (vlv) acetonitrile, the doubling time was 6 hours 40 minutes, the specific growth rate (p.) was 0.1 h-1, and the acetonitrile decreasing rate was 3.99 mM/h. Increasing of acetonitrile concentration would extend the doubling time, decline the maximum growth and specific growth rate (M), and biomass production. The products of acetonitrile degradation by Corynebacterium D5 were acetamide, acetic acid, and ammonia. The highest maximum growth of Corynebacterium D5 showed when 13-aminopropionitrile was used as a substrate. Corynebacterium D5 degraded 5 % (v/v) acetonitrile with degrading rate of 0.906 µmol min-' (mg dry weight cells)-'. Corynebacterium D5 hydrolysed acetonitrile by two-step reaction catalysed by nitrile hydratase and amidase. The acetamide forming rate [0.399 pmol min' (mg dry weight cells)-' ] was higher than acetic acid forming rate [0.198 µcool min-' (mg dry weight cells)'' ] and the maximum acetamide concentration formed (about 239 mM) was also higher than maximum acetic acid concentration formed (about 145 mM). Nitrite hydratase activity of Corynebacterium D5 was found to be higher than amidase activity. Maximum nitrite hydratase activity was found out at pH 6 and at 30 °C, while maximum amidase activity was found out at pH 7 and up to 60 °C the activity still increase. Nitrite hydratase of Corynebacterium D5 was totally inhibited by 5 mM Hg2+, whereas amidase was slightly inhibited by 10 mM Co2+.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tesis ini mengangkat permasalahan mengenai menganalisis implikasi Agreement on Agriculture AoA terhadap kebijakan ketahanan pangan Indonesia khususnya dalam kebijakan impor kedelai Dalam bidang pertanian kerjasama multilateral diwujudkan oleh WTO dalam bentuk perjanjian pertanian Agreement on Agriculture AoA salah satu komoditas pangan strategis yang diatur dalam Agreement on Agriculture AoA adalah kedelai Jenis penelitian ini dengan metode pendekatan yuridis normatif yaitu penelitian hukum dalam arti meneliti kaidah kaidah atau norma dorma dimana penelitian yuridis normatif merupakan studi dokumentasi dengan menggunakan sumber sumber data data sekunder seperti peraturan perundang udangan yurisprudensi bahan hukum primer literatur atau kepustakaan bahan hukum sekunder Hasil pembahasannya diketahui bahwa adanya tiga komitmen dalam AoA yakni perluasan akses pasar pengurangan subsidi domestik dan pengurangan subsidi ekspor dan pengaturan khusus dan berbeda bagi negara berkembang Agreement on Agriculture tampak seperti akan menghapus penyimpangan distorsi perdagangan produk pertanian dan negara negara berkembang diuntungkan dengan adanya akses pasar tetapi ketika perundingan pengurangan subsidi Amerika Serikat dan Uni Eropa mengadakan perundingan terpisah yang menghasilkan Blue Box yaitu subsidi berupa pembayaran langsung ke petani tetapi berkaitan dengan rencana membatasi produksi Inilah salah satu ketimpangan yang terjadi dalam Agreement on Agriculture

---

ABSTRACT
This thesis analyzes the implications raised concerns about the Agreement on Agriculture AoA of the food security policy of Indonesia especially in soybean import policy In agriculture multilateral cooperation embodied by the WTO agricultural agreements Agreement on Agriculture AoA one of the strategic food commodities provided for in Agreement on Agriculture AoA is soy Type of the research with normative juridical approach the study of law in the sense of examining the rules or norms normative research dorma which is a documentary study using sources of secondary data such as crustaceans laws jurisprudence primary legal materials literature or literature secondary legal materials Discussion of the results is known that the three commitments in the AoA the market access domestic support reduction and the reduction of exportt subsidies and special and differential arrangements for developing countries Agreement on Agriculture looks like will remove irregularities distortion agricultural trade and developing countries benefit from the market access negotiations but when subsidies reduction the United States and the European Union entered into separate negotiations that produced the Blue Box subsidies in the form of direct payments to farmers but related to plans to limit production This is one of inequality in the Agreement on Agriculture Keywords AoA Indonesian Food Security Policy Policy Soybean Imports