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"ABSTRAKIndonesia is grouped in a small country, as Indonesia's market share of milk commodity is less than 0.05 7 in the world market (1987), and Indonesia cannot influence the world price of milk. From 1978 until now, Indonesia has been conducting inward looking policy by controlling milk imported by the milk industry. The government regulates local content requirement for the industry's milk raw material. Every milk raw material imported by the industry must be guaranteed by local fresh milk, it is known by Ratio Policy. Restriction of raw material milk imported by the industry has a tendency more tight than 10-year ago, and it caused milk scarcity in the domestic market. Coefficient of income elasticity of milk demand in Indonesia is 2.3, it said that each increasing one percent of income, demand for milk must increases 2.3 percent. In fact GNP per head has a tendency increasingly, but it is contradiction that rate of milk consumption per head has a tendency decreasingly. It is as a description for milk consumption, an Indonesian consumes milk is about 4.23 kg/year in 1978 and compared to 1990 is about 4.08 kg/year. Government of Indonesia also protects the domestic milk industry through instrument of tariff and non-tariff barriers. Average of rate of nominal tariff for final goods between 30 until 40 percent, and intermediate input is about 22.84 percent. In other side, the government controls local content requirement (semi quota) through the Ratio Policy. By using the Ratio Policy, average of rate of real nominal tariff approach 270 percent. The fact, domestic milk price is higher than world milk price. The effective rate of protection (ERP) received by the milk industry is almost 345 %. The rill ERP is higher than nominal tariff, and it indicates protection of milk commodity in Indonesia is aimed to protect final goods and milk industry not farmers as suppliers? local fresh milk. 19 medium and large milk factories control a large number of final goods, and the market structure is oligopoly. Variable of dairy cows correlates and influences significantly the supply side of milk production, that means the rate of productivity a dairy cow from 1978 - 1990 increase sharply. But the productivity of dairy cow in Indonesia is still less than in the United Stated. Variables of GNP per head and Ratio Policy, and Price of milk influence significantly to the demand side. Study recommends 1) The Real Effective Rate of Protection for milk industries must be decreased by relaxing or Ratio Policy; 2) Productivity of dairy cows have to increase through improving management at farmers level and nutrient for the cows; 3) In conducting Ratio Policy needs considering national growth of population and rate of consumption of people; 4) The milk industries must keep to obligate to absorb all local fresh milk produced by the farmers. "

"Demokratisasi yang terjadi Indonesia dihadapkan pada persoalan tingkat partisipasi politik yang tinggi disatu sisi dan kelembagaan partai yang belum kuat dalam menampung dan menyalurkan aspirasi masyarakat disisi lain. Salah satu persoalan yang penting yang muncul adalah penilaian masyarakat yang negatif akan kinerja dan kualitas moral para pemimpin publik/ politik yang dihasilkan oleh partai politik, termasuk Partai Golkar, yang menjadi objek penelitian ini. Kualitas pemimpin yang dihasilkan oleh partai politik dianggap lemah, tidak pro ke persoalan rakyat dan cenderung berperilaku yang negatif. Persoalan rekruitmen politik kemudian menjadi salah satu isu yang menjadi perhatian luas dari masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan deskriptif analisis. Teori- teori yang dikedepankan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori partai politik dan teori rekruitmen politik. Teori tersebut dipakai sebagai kerangka berfikir yang membantu peneliti dalam melihat dan menganalis hasil-hasil penelitian yang ditemukan di lapangan. Dengan menggunakan kerangka teori tersebut, korelasi antara fakta di lapangan yang diperoleh selama proses penelitian dan teori dapat dilihat korelasi kesenjangannya. Dari hasil penelitian yang didapat, pola dan mekanisme rekruitmen pemimpin di Partai Golkar dilakukan melalui dua jalur rekruitmen utama yaitu jalur kaderisasi dan jalur rekruitmen individual. Untuk jalur kaderisasi, usulan siapa yang akan direkrut dilakukan secara bertahap, dan mulai dari tingkatan kepengurusan dibawah (bottom up). Dan untuk jalur individual, ketua umum Partai Golkar mempunyai hak untuk menentukan seseorang yang akan direkrut (hak diskresi). Calon- calon pemimpin yang akan direkrut kemudian akan disurvei untuk menentukan tingkat popularitasnya. Kriteria rekruitmen yang dipraktekan oleh Partai Golkar lebih pada berorientasi ke pasar politik (market oriented party) yang merupakan imbas dari terbukanya sistem politik Indonesia pasca reformasi. Kriteria rekruitmen politik tersebut kemudian membuat achievement (prestasi) dan kaderisasi belum menjadi pertimbangan utama dalam mekanisme rekruittmen pemimpin di Partai Golkar. Pertimbangan dari sisi askriptif lebih dikedepankan.

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Democratization within Indonesia are faced with the problem of high levels of political participation are faced with institutional parties that have not been strong in and share their aspirations are. In addition, one important issue that arises is that the negative assessment of performance and quality of leaders of public morals / politics generated by the political parties, including Golkar Party, which is the object of this study. Quality of leaders produced by the political parties considered weak, not pro people issues and tend to behave negatively. Political recruitment problem then became one of the issues of concern to the broad community.

This research uses descriptive qualitative method of analysis. The theories put forward in this study is the theory of the political parties and the theory of political recruitment. The theory is used as a framework of thinking that helps researchers to view and analyze the results of the study are found in the field. By using the theoretical framework, the correlation between the facts on the ground gained during the process of research and theory can be seen in the correlation gap.

From the research results obtained, and the pattern of elite recruitment mechanism Golkar Party recruitment is done through two main pathways pathways pathways of regeneration and individual recruitment. For regeneration pathway, the proposal will be recruited who performed in stages, starting from the level of management and under (bottom up). And for individual lines, the chairman of the Golkar Party has the right to define someone who will be recruited (discretion). Candidates will be recruited later be surveyed to determine the level of popularity.

Recruitment criteria practiced by the Golkar Party is more oriented to the political market (market oriented party) which is the impact of the opening of the Indonesian political system after the reform. Political recruitment criteria are then made achievement and regeneration has not been a major consideration in the mechanism rekruitrnen Golkar Party leader.Consideration of the more advanced ascriptive."