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"Pendahuluan: Konstipasi kronik merupakan masalah kesehatan yang memiliki dampak signifikan dari segi kualitas hidup dan sosioekonomi. Studi konstipasi kronik menggunakan kriteria baku belum pernah dilakukan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai kejadian konstipasi di populasi dewasa Indonesia serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan disain potong lintang yang dilakukan di komunitas sebagai bagian dari Global Epidemiology Study on Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Subjek diminta menjawab pertanyaan kuesioner dengan bantuan pewawancara yang telah mendapat pelatihan. Sejumlah 2000 orang subjek dikumpulkan dari kawasan urban dan rural di Indonesia. Konstipasi kronik ditegakkan menurut kriteria Rome IV yang telah divalidasi. Analisis multivariat dilakukan terhadap faktor yang berhubungan dengan konstipasi kronik.Hasil: Penelitian ini mengevaluasi 1935 subjek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Prevalensi konstipasi kronik di populasi dewasa di Indonesia adalah 12,3%. Kawasan urban (OR 0,472, p<0,001) dan jenis kelamin wanita (OR 2,67, p<0,001) berhubungan dengan konstipasi kronik di populasi dewasa di Indonesia. Usia, indeks massa tubuh, dan tingkat Pendidikan ditemukan tidak berhubungan dengan konstipasi kronik. Analisis lebih lanjut terhadap tingkat pendidikan di kawasan rural mendapatkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik (OR 0,519, p<0,05) antara tingkat pendidikan rendah dan konstipasi kronik.Kesimpulan: Prevalensi konstipasi kronik pada populasi dewasa di Indonesia adalah 12,3%. Kawasan urban dan jenis kelamin wanita merupakan faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian konstipasi kronik.

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Introduction: Chronic constipation is a medical problem with significant quality of life reduction and socioeconomic impact. Chronic constipation study with validated criteria never been conducted in Indonesia. This study aim to find prevalence rate of chronic constipation and its associated factors in Indonesian adult population.

Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study and a part of Global Epidemiology Study on Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Subject answered questions from a questionnaire with the help of traineed-interviewers. A total of 2000 subjects were recruited from urban and rural area in Indonesia. Diagnosis of chronic constipation based on validated Rome IV criteria. Multivariat analysis was performed for associated factors with chronic constipation.

Results: There were 1935 subjects that enrolled in this study. The prevalence of chronic constipation in Indonesian adult population was 12.3%. Urban area (OR 0.472, p<0,001) and female (OR 2.67, p<0.05). Age, body mass index, and education level were not statistically significant factors associated with chronic constipation. Lower education level was associated with chronic constipation only in rural area (OR 0.519, p<0.05).

Conclusion: The prevalence of chronic constipation in Indonesian adult population was 12.3%. Urban area and female were factors associated with chronic constipation.

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"ABSTRAKBackgrounds : There was a two-fold increase in cardiovascular-related mortality in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Postprandial triglyceride (PPTG) related to increased risk of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, mortality and elevated level of adhesion molecules. Increased endothelial adhesion molecules was a sign of endothelial activation, an early process in the development of atherosclerotic lesion. There was no study evaluating the role of NTG in cardiovascular risk assessment in RA patients. Aim : This study observed the relationship between PPTG and sICAM-1 and sE-selectin, as markers of endothelial activation. Methods : This was a cross-sectional study of fifty consecutively-recruited RA patients. Lipid profiles, sICAM-1, and sE-selectin were measured postprandially. Further analysis using multiple regression was performed. Results : There was no correlation found between PPTG and sICAM-1, nor NTG and sE-selectin. Level of sICAM-1 was influenced by HDL (R2=0,087) while sE-selectin was influenced by DAS-28 (R2=0,174), body mass index (R2=0,125), and postprandial glucose (R2=0,138). Conclusion : PPTG did not correlated with sICAM-1 and sE-selectin in RA patients.

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ABSTRACTBackgrounds : There was a two-fold increase in cardiovascular-related mortality in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Postprandial triglyceride (PPTG) related to increased risk of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, mortality and elevated level of adhesion molecules. Increased endothelial adhesion molecules was a sign of endothelial activation, an early process in the development of atherosclerotic lesion. There was no study evaluating the role of NTG in cardiovascular risk assessment in RA patients. Aim : This study observed the relationship between PPTG and sICAM-1 and sE-selectin, as markers of endothelial activation. Methods : This was a cross-sectional study of fifty consecutively-recruited RA patients. Lipid profiles, sICAM-1, and sE-selectin were measured postprandially. Further analysis using multiple regression was performed. Results : There was no correlation found between PPTG and sICAM-1, nor NTG and sE-selectin. Level of sICAM-1 was influenced by HDL (R2=0,087) while sE-selectin was influenced by DAS-28 (R2=0,174), body mass index (R2=0,125), and postprandial glucose (R2=0,138). Conclusion : PPTG did not correlated with sICAM-1 and sE-selectin in RA patients."