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"Delapan belas tahun semenjak World Trade Organization/WTO berdiri, telah banyak kebijakan Perdagangan Internasional Negara-Negara anggota WTO yang dinilai Dispute Settlement Body WTO telah melanggar GATT dan perjanjian-perjanjian WTO lainnya. Salah satunya adalah sengketa rokok kretek Indonesia dengan Amerika Serikat. Pada tanggal 22 Juni 2009, Amerika Serikat mengeluarkan Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, dimana dalam Sec. 907(a)(1)(A) FSPTCA terdapat aturan mengenai larangan peredaran rokok beraroma (Characterized Flavours) di Amerika Serikat, namun mengecualikan rokok mentol dari larangan ini. Indonesia sebagai Negara pengekspor rokok kretek terbesar di Amerika Serikat mengalami kerugian yang sangat besar akibat pemberlakuan Sec.907(a)(1)(A) FSPTCA dan menilai bahwa pemberlakuan Sec. 907 (a)(1)(A) FSPTCA ini telah melanggar ketentuan dalam GATT dan Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.Didalam skripsi ini dibahas bagaimana pengaturan-pengaturan mengenai hambatan teknis (hambatan non tariff) yang terdapat dalam Agreement Technical Barriers to Trade dan kedudukannya didalam WTO. Dan kemudian secara khusus meninjau apakah keberlakuan Sec. 907 (a)(1)(A) FSPTCA ini telah sejalan dengan ketentuan-ketentuan WTO yang terdapat dalam Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.

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For eighteen year since it is established, the WTO has issued a lot of policies that are deemed by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body to violate GATT and other WTO agreements. One of the said policies are the dispute on kretek / clove cigarettes between Indonesia and the United States of America. In 22nd of June 2009, America has issued an act called Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, where in Section 907 (a)(1)(A) of the act there are rulings about the restriction againts selling characterized flavors cigarrate but excluding methol cigarette from the restriction. As the biggest kretek/clove cigarette exporter in the United States, Indonesia is suffering from a huge loss due to the implementation of the said act specifically Section 907 and assess that this act is a violation towards provision in GATT and Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.

This thesis focuses on how the International Trade Law are implemented in general in GATT/WTO and rules regarding technical barrier (non tariffs barrier) that is in the Agreement Technical Barriers to Trade. And this thesis specifically observe whether or not the validity of Section 907 FSPTCA is in line with the WTO provisions that is in Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade."

"Studi pemanfaatan limbah untuk adsorpsi logam berat banyak menarik perhatian. Pada penelitian ini, selulosa yang berasal dari serat kardus bekas (WCF) dimodifikasi dengan nanokitosan (WCF/NCH) untuk meningkatkan kemampuan adsorpsi ion logam berat. WCF disiapkan dengan penambahan NaOH untuk memisahkan serat dengan material non selulosa. Hasil karakterisasi spektrofotometer FTIR menunjukkan modifikasi WCF dengan nanokitosan berhasil dilakukan dengan kondisi optimum pada 1 kali pencelupan nanokitosan. Hasil modifikasi WCF/NCH mampu mengadsorpsi larutan ion logam Pb(II) dan Cd(II). Kondisi optimum adsorpsi ion logam Pb(II) didapatkan pada pH awal 6,5, dosis adsorben 0,025 g, waktu kontak selama 10 menit, temperatur reaksi 30 ºC serta kapasitas adsorpsi maksimum sebesar 167,19 mg/g. Hasil optimasi ion logam Cd(II) menunjukkan proses adsorpsi berlangsung optimum pada pH awal 7,0, dosis adsorben 0,025 g, waktu kontak 15 menit, temperatur reaksi 30 ºC serta kapasitas adsorpsi maksimum sebesar 15,86 mg/g. Proses adsorpsi pada WCF/NCH untuk ion logam Pb(II) dan Cd(II) mengikuti model isoterm adsorpsi Langmuir. Studi termodinamika pada adsorpsi ion logam Pb(II) menunjukkan nilai energi bebas Gibbs (ΔGo) negatif pada semua temperatur yang diamati mengindikasikan proses adsorpsi berlangsung secara spontan, sedangkan pada adsorpsi ion logam Cd(II) menunjukkan nilai positif yang mengindikasikan proses adsorpsi berlangsung tidak spontan.

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Recent Study of the utilization of wastes as low-cost adsorbent have become attention. In this work, cellulose from waste corrugated board fiber (WCF) was modified with nanochitosan (WCF/NCH) to enhance its ability to adsorb heavy metal ion. WCF was prepared by the addition of NaOH to separate the cellulose fiber with non-cellulose material. Modification of WCF/NCH was characterized by FTIR. Optimum modification process was obtained at 1 layer of nanochitosan. WCF / NCH can be used for adsorption Pb (II) and Cd (II) ion. Optimum condition for adsorption of Pb(II) ion takes place at the initial pH 6.5, 0.025 g adsorbent dose, 10 minutes of contact time, temperature 30 ºC, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 167.19 mg/g. Optimum condition for adsorption of Cd(II) ion occur at initial pH 7, 0.025 g of adsorbent dose, 15 minutes of contact time, temperature 30 oC, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 15.86 mg/g. The process of adsorption for Pb(II) and Cd(II) ion on WCF/NCH follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. Thermodynamics studies for adsorption of Pb(II) shows that the adsorption have negative value at any temperatures indicating adsorption process takes place spontaneously, whereas adsorption of Cd(II) ion have positive value indicating adsorption process takes place non-spontaneously."