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"The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the competitiveness issues on three manufacturing sub-sectors in Indonesia, namely the auto parts, garment and personal computer industries. Competitiveness is defined as the ability to compete in international markets. At the present stage of technology maturity, R & D has not been an important factor in affecting the competitiveness of these industries. In general the Indonesian business climate is not conductive to the development of full manufacturing industry and let alone R&D development by electronic industry. Beside the threat of smuggled goods, various tax policies by labor regulations have made it difficult for manufacturing firms to compete with imported goods. In term of conduct, becoming a member of a larger group is very important to penetrate export markets, and thus is very important to boost competitiveness. Another important variable affecting competitiveness is access to financial and capita markets which a major obstacle for firms after the crisis."

"This paper examines the time wasted or effective harassment due to red tape at the district Indonesia, The study of finds a positive relationship between effective harassment in the form of the time spent by firms with heal bureaucrats and bribe rates, even after controlling for firm and other characteristics (location, industry etc). The bureaucratic harassment and bribes are therefore not completely exogenous - so, the efficient grease hypothesis cannot be supported. After decentralization, retribution to extract rents has become the biggest nuisance for most firms. Besides the euphoria of decentralization, a weak local tax base also explains why the temptation to create nuisance taxes and retributions is great, One picture is that education seems tv have a moderating impact on the part of local officials' behavior in creating red tape to extract rents."

"Tulisan ini mencoba mengungkap lebih dalam mengenai faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi Asia Timur selama dekade terakhir. Studi-studi sebelumnya lebih banyak melihat dari sisi makraekonomi, sementara dalam tulisan ini, sisi mikroekonomi yang akan menjadi perhatian utama, terutama perilaku perusahaan (firm) dan rumah tangga (household). Temuan menarik berasal dari perusahaan manufaktitr di perkotaan, khususnya sektor yang berorientasi ekspor. Kebijakatj outward looking pemetintah turut memberikan kontribusi dalam keberhasiton jenis perusahaan tersebut. Temuan lain misalnya, bahwa sekitar 50% dari tabungan swasta disumbangkan oleh perusahaan. Rumah tangga juga turut berperan baik dari tabungan (saving) maupun penyediaan tenaga kerja (tabor) dengan tingkat pendidikan yang lebih baik. Tak Input pula peranan pemerintah yang tak terpisahkan dari kisah sukses perekonomum Asia Timur."

"Bermula dari penerbitan karya Keynes dalam suasana Depresi Besar tahun 1930-an, "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and and Money, ilmu ekonomi berangsur secara formal terbagi menjadi dua, Mikroekonomi dan Makroekonomj. Mikroekonomi mempelajari tingkah laku ekonomi manusia secara perorangan, sementara cabang Makroekonomi mempelajari besaran-besaran ekonomi agregat yang berkaitan dengan perekonomian nasional sebagai satu unit analisa tersendiri, seperti pendapatan nasional, konsumsi masyarakat, investasi, jumlah uang beredar dan lain?lain. Ihnu Makroekonomi diperlukan karena tampaknya ilmu ekonomi yang sudah ada pada waktu ifu, yang notabene merupakan Ilmu Mikroekonomi tidak dapat memberikan petunjuk ke arah pemulihan ekonomi. Ilmu Ekonomi pada waktu itu meramalkan bahwa perekonomian akan menyembuhkan dirinya sendiri melalui mekanisme pasar (invisible hand) karena kepentingan-kepentingan pribadi pelaku-pelaku ekonomi melalui naluri maksimisasi kepuasan dan keuntungan akan menggerakkan perekonomian ke kondisi keseimbangan semula."

"ABSTRACTFor a private firm the primary concern of stakeholders from management, employees and shareholders is sustainability. Not so much about ethics, particularly if survival is at stake. Business environment however is not always friendly. Uncertainty could come from government regulations. Many regulations are created to correct for negative externalities from private firm operation. Facing the possibility of business stoppage, many firms would have no choice but to pay grease money to speed up the process.One example of regulation that may have adverse impact on manufacturing is import restriction or import licensing on vital imported inputs. In order to produce high quality product firms often have import critical inputs simply because the domestic industry is unable to meet the quality or simply it does not exist. Particularly so is an export-oriented firm that has to compete in the global market.Interestingly, import bans, import restrictions and other types of quantitative restrictions may not be binding. The execution of prohibitive regulations is mainly in the hand of lower level bureaucrats. With weak supervision from the upper echelon, private firms with their survivability at stake may have to forego "ethics" by bribing lower level bureaucrats in order to obtain vital inputs.Using the annual survey of Indonesia manufacturing we examine the behaviour of manufacturing in the post-commodity boom era after 2012 when the country is becoming more protectionist. The initial hypothesis suggests that exporting firms use imported inputs proportionally higher than non-exporters. As a result, when the government restricted import in the post commodity boom era, the proportion of bribe and representation expense is higher than their non-exporting counterparts. This behaviour is also observed when instead, FDI versus non FDI firms are compared. Overall there is no increase on the firm export orientation."