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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Dilihat dari sejarahnya, kesusastraan senantiasa mengalami perputaran. Aliran atau gaya penulisan yang telah mapan akan ditinggalkan dan digantikan dengan gaya penulisan yang baru. Proses pergantian ini dapat berlangsung dengan lancar atau, yang lebih sering terjadi, didahuhui dengan perdebatan dan pertentangan. Di samping itu perubahan arah atau gaya penulisan juga tidak dapat dilepaskan begitu saja dari perubahan sosial dan cara Pandang masyarakatnya.

Demikianlah yang terjadi dalam kesusastraan Australia pada tahun 1970-an. Periode ini ditandai dengan perubahan yang mendasar dalam kesusastraan Australia yang menghantarkarmya pada perkembangan yang begitu pesat dewasa ini. Pada peniode ini kesusastraan Australia mulai melepaskan diri dari usaha pencarian jati dirinya dan mulai terbuka terhadap berbagai pengaruh dari luar.

Pencarian jati diri telah menjadi semacam obsesi bagi bangsa Australia karena sejarah kolonialisme dan kondisi geografis benua Australia. Rumpun bangsa Eropa yang menetap di wilayah Asia Pasifik dengan iklim dan alam yang bertolak belakang dengan iklim dan alam yang dikenalnya membuat bangsa ini mengalami krisis identitas. Mereka tidak dapat mengidentifikasikan diri sebagai bangsa Eropa karena mereka tidak tinggal di Benua Eropa.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Ketika Hillary Rodham Clinton memutuskan untuk menjadi presiden, salah satu tantangan terbesarnya adalah mengatasi representasi-representasi negatif tentang dirinya yang beredar di berbagai media di Amerika. Salah satu cara yang ditempuhnya adalah dengan membangun representasi yang baru sebagai seorang tokoh politik perempuan yang berpotensi menjadi pemimpin politik melalui penulisan autobiografinya, Living History (2003). Namun setahun menjelang pemilu 2008, dua biografi tentang Hillary diterbitkan, A Woman in Charge dan Her Way. Kedua teks ini banyak mengacu dan melakukan reinterpretasi terhadap Living History. Dengan memakai analisis framing berperspektif retorika, penelitian ini membandingkan bagaimana Hillary merepresentasikan dirinya dan bagaimana ia direpresentasikan untuk menyingkapkan bagaimana posisi kandidat presiden perempuan dalam tatanan politik Amerika yang bias gender. Analisis framing dilakukan dengan menganalisis diksi, mitos, stereotip gender dan ikatan ganda yang dipergunakan dalam teks. Dari pembingkaian-pembingkaian yang terkumpul ditentukan pola pembingkaian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketika membangun representasi dirinya dalam autobiografi, kandidat presiden perempuan harus memperhitungkan dan bernegosiasi dengan beberapa aspek, yaitu konvensi penulisan autobiografi yang bergender karena pola-pola repesentasi dalam autobiografi bersifat maskulin dan jebakan-jebakan ikatan ganda (double binds). Penelitian terhadap representasi Hillary dalam kedua biografi memperlihatkan bahwa bingkai stereotip gender, bingkai standar ganda, bingkai pencitraan dan bingkai karakter negatif dipakai dalam mengisahkan kehidupan Hillary. Dengan pembingkian ini keduanya membangun representasi yang negatif tentang subyek dan menyimpulkannya belum layak dipilih sebagai presiden karena memiliki karakter dan kepribadian negatif. Terlepas dari persoalan-persoalan yang memberatkan Hillary (seperti keinginannya untuk menjadi First Lady non-konvensional, kecurigaan dan ketertutupannya pada media, dan skandal-skandal seks suaminya, serta keputusannya mendukung resolusi Irak Bush dan kejenuhan publik akan pemerintahan suaminya yang penuh intrik), penggunaan stereotip gender, standar ganda, ikatan ganda dalam strategi resistensi terhadap pencalonannya sebagai presiden memperlihatkan bahwa ketidaksetaraan gender masih kuat beroperasi dan masih harus disiasati oleh kandidat presiden perempuan. ;

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ABSTRACT
When Hillary Rodham Clinton decided to enter the presidential election in 2008, the biggest challenge she had to face was the negative representations circulating in the media. Writing a campaign autobiography, Living History (2003) was one of the ways she chose to portray herself as a potential presidential candidate. A year prior to the election, two biographies on Hillary was published, A Woman in Charge and Her Way. The two texts reread and reinterpreted Living History. By using framing analysis method with rhetorical perspective, the research compares how Hillary represents herself and how she is represented in order to reveal the position of female presidential candidate within American political order. Framing analysis is conducted by analyzing the diction, myths, gender stereotypes, and double binds to identify the patterns of framing used in the texts. The result of the research indicates that female presidential candidates should consider and negotiate the gendered conventions of autobiographical narratives as well the double binds in gender inequality. The representation of Hillary Clinton in the two biographies indicates the use of particular framings perpetuating gender stereotypes, sexual double standard and double binds. With these framings, the two texts construct negative representations of the subject that lead to a conclusion that the subject has not met the criteria to hold the position as president due to her lack of integrity and capabilities. Despite the fact that Hillary has her own baggage (from her insistence of performing a non-conventional role as first lady, the Whitewater and Travel Office cases, her husband’s sex scandals up to her decision to support Iraq Resolution that lead to Iraq war and Clinton fatigue syndrome), the use of gender stereotypes, sexual double standars and double binds in resisting Hillary’s candidacy as president in 2008 shows that female presidential candidate still have to face gender inequality and discrimination which are entrenched in American politics. , When Hillary Rodham Clinton decided to enter the presidential election in 2008, the biggest challenge she had to face was the negative representations circulating in the media. Writing a campaign autobiography, Living History (2003) was one of the ways she chose to portray herself as a potential presidential candidate. A year prior to the election, two biographies on Hillary was published, A Woman in Charge and Her Way. The two texts reread and reinterpreted Living History. By using framing analysis method with rhetorical perspective, the research compares how Hillary represents herself and how she is represented in order to reveal the position of female presidential candidate within American political order. Framing analysis is conducted by analyzing the diction, myths, gender stereotypes, and double binds to identify the patterns of framing used in the texts. The result of the research indicates that female presidential candidates should consider and negotiate the gendered conventions of autobiographical narratives as well the double binds in gender inequality. The representation of Hillary Clinton in the two biographies indicates the use of particular framings perpetuating gender stereotypes, sexual double standard and double binds. With these framings, the two texts construct negative representations of the subject that lead to a conclusion that the subject has not met the criteria to hold the position as president due to her lack of integrity and capabilities. Despite the fact that Hillary has her own baggage (from her insistence of performing a non-conventional role as first lady, the Whitewater and Travel Office cases, her husband’s sex scandals up to her decision to support Iraq Resolution that lead to Iraq war and Clinton fatigue syndrome), the use of gender stereotypes, sexual double standars and double binds in resisting Hillary’s candidacy as president in 2008 shows that female presidential candidate still have to face gender inequality and discrimination which are entrenched in American politics. ]

Abstrak :
Martin Boyd is a writer whose works have recently received a good deal of critical attention after a period of critical neglect. Most of the critics admitted that he is a novelist who is difficult to characterized and to evaluate. That is the reason why there are various comments and opinions written about his novels. But generally there are two kinds of comment; those who praise him as a genius, intelligent and witty writer, and those who claim him as an untalented and poor writer. Due to the above mentioned contradicting comments, I am interested in Martin Boyd's novels, especially his most important novel Lucinda Brayford. The aim of the thesis is to show and to prove that Lucinda Brayford is a valuable novel which shows implicitly the greatness of its writer. To achieve this purpose Lucinda Brayford will be analyzed intrinsically by using the structuralism theory. Structuralism pay close attention to the structure of a novel. It deals with the elements of a novel and their relations in creating and supporting its theme. The most important elements in Lucinda Brayford are plot, characterization and setting. These three elements and their relations to the theme are discussed thoroughly in this thesis. The result of the analysis shows that despite of Lucinda Brayford's easy and lucid style, it has a complex design in it's structure and a serious theme. The simplicity of the style covering the complexity of the structure and the seriousness of the theme actually gives a richer value to the novel.