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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis perkembangan konsumsi energi terbarukan (RE) di Asia Pasifik sesuai dengan komitmen program Lingkungan PBB, yaitu ketahanan energi dan perannya sebagai pengganti energi fosil dalam 20 tahun ke depan. Data tahunan dari RE, GDP, konsumsi listrik berbasis fosil (FBEC), government index(GI), kepadatan penduduk (PD), pangsa industri (IVA), pendidikan tersier (TE) dan tingkat energy depletion(ED) pada 17 negara dari tahun 1990-2014 digunakan sebagai data penelitian ini. Analisis pertama dilakukan dengan kausalitas granger, di mana digunakan untuk mengamati hubungan kausalitas antara RE dan PDB. Selanjutnya, analisis data panel terhadap tiga model persamaan dihitung dan dimodifikasi untuk menentukan model terbaik. Secara statistik, hubungan kausal terdeteksi pada RE dan GDP. Hubungan kausal dua arah ditemukan pada Australia, Bangladesh, Cina, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Selandia Baru dan Uzbekistan. Sementara hubungan satu arah GDP-RE ditemukan pada Filipina dan Thailand, sementara RE-GDP hanya ditemukan pada India. Analisis lebih lanjut, enam variabel kontrol dilibatkan untuk menganalisis pengaruh perkembangan RE. Sebagai hasilnya, di mana sejalan dengan konsep transisi RE, yaitu perlambatan GDP, pengurangan FBEC, perbaikan GI, PD yang sporadis, peningkatan IVA, peningkatan quantitas dan qualitas TE dan penipisan tingkat ED akan memacu peningkatan RE.

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ABSTRACT
This research objective is to analyze the development of renewable energy consumption (RE) in Asia Pacific in accordance with a commitment of UN Environment's program i.e. energy security and the role of fossil energy will be supplanted by RE in the next 20 years. Using annual data from RE, GDP, fossil-based electricity consumption (FBEC), government index (GI), population density (PD), Industry Share (IVA), Tertiary Education (TE) and Level of Energy Depletion (ED) for 17 countries from 1990 to 2014. In the beginning, granger causality was used to observe the causality between RE and GDP. Furthermore, analysis panel data on three equation models has been calculated and modified to determine the best model. Statistically, causal granger indicated the relationship between RE to GDP. Two-way relationship was found in Australia, Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, New Zealand and Uzbekistan. While one-way relations of GDP-RE was found in the Philippines and Thailand, whilst RE-GDP was found only in India. Further analysis, six control variables are stated to predispose the growth of RE. As result, it is in line with the concept of RE transition, where sluggish GDP, decrementing FBEC, improvement of GI, discourage PD, board up IVA, improving TE and increased of DE will encourage the escalation of RE.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Salah satu inovasi menciptakan sumber energi alternatif baru (unconventional gas) secara bersih dan mengurangi emisi CO2 dengan menginjeksi CO2 ke dalam coalbed. Keuntungan yang akan diperoleh yaitu mengurangi emisi CO2 dan meningkatkan produksi metana (CH4) ke dalam coalbed. Coalbed methane (CBM) merupakan unconventional gas yang dikembangkan di Indonesia khususnya pada kategori high prospective basins yaitu Sumatera Selatan (183 TCF), Barito (101,6 TCF), Kutei (89,4 TCF) dan Sumatera Tengah (52,5 TCF). Penelitian ini mengkaji potensi kelayakan ekonomi CO2 sequestration secara overall. Nilai probabilitas yang diperoleh berdasarkan potensi market, produksi, CO2 storage, supply CO2 dan biaya infrastruktur pada Sumatera Selatan 88,11%, Sumatera Tengah 78,66%, Kutei 78,2% dan Barito 73,94%. Dengan merancang model optimum untuk perhitungan CAPEX dan OPEX, perhitungan analisis ekonomi Sumatera Selatan basin menghasilkan nilai net present value (NPV) $ 523 juta, rate of return (IRR) 22,86% dan Payback period (PB) 8,38 tahun. Sedangkan Sumatera Tengah basin menghasilkan NPV $ 247 juta, IRR 18,08% dan PB 10,77 tahun. Barito basin menghasilkan NPV $ 318 juta, IRR 19,24 % dan PB 9,77 tahun dan Kutei basin menghasilkan NPV $ 2.012 juta, IRR 46,51 % dan PB 5,77 tahun. Model ini didisain dengan harga gas $ 2,57/MMBtu, regulasi Product Sharing Contract (PSC) pengembangan CBM yang berlaku di Indonesia dan life project 24 tahun.

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Abstract One of the innovations to create new alternative clean energy sources (unconventional gas) and to reduce CO2 emissions is injecting CO2 into coalbed. The advantage will be obtained by reducing CO2 emissions and by increasing the production of methane (CH4) into coalbed. Coalbed methane (CBM) is an unconventional gas and it is developed in Indonesia. Particularly high prospective basins are : South Sumatra (183 TCF), Barito (101.6 TCF), Kutei (89.4 TCF) and the Central Sumatra (52.5 TCF) . This study assesses the overall potential and the economic feasibility of CO2 sequestration. The probability to develop the basins is influenced by the following indicators: market potential, production potential, storage of CO2, CO2 supply and infrastructure costs, amounts to 88.11% in South Sumatra, to 78.66% in Central Sumatra, to 78.2% in Kutei and to 73.94% in Barito. By designing an optimum model to substantiate CAPEX and OPEX calculation, economic analysis demonstrates that an NPV of $ 523 million, which is equal to an IRR of 22.86% and a PB of 8.38 years, is obtained for the Sumatra Selatan basin. Whilst an analysis for Sumatra Tengah basin resulted in an NPV of $ 247 million, equal to an IRR of 18.08% and a PB 10.77 years. The Barito basin generates an NPV of $ 318 million, an IRR of 19.24 % and a PB of 9.77 years and for the Kutei basin an NPV $ 2.012 million, equal to an IRR 46.51 % and a PB 5.77 years is obtained. This model is designed based on a gas price of $ 2.57 /MMBtu, compliant with a regulation of the Product Sharing Contract (PSC) about CBM development policies in Indonesia. The project life considered in the model amounts to 24 years.