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Abstrak :
Senyawa ester sukrosa asam lemak telah berhasil disintesis melalui reaksi esterfikasi antara dua variasi asam lemak yaitu asam lemak hasil hidrolisis minyak kelapa sawit dan asam palmitat dengan sukrosa secara enzimatis menggunakan enzim lipase Candida rugosa. Optimasi reaksi dilakukan pada rasio molar antara sukrosa dan asam lemak, yaitu 1:0,2 ; 1:0,4 ; 1:0,6 dan 1:0,8. Pelarut yang digunakan adalah n-heksana dengan rasio 1:1 v/v substrat. Berat enzim yang digunakan adalah 5 dari total berat substrat. Kondisi optimum pembentukan ester sukrosa palmitat dan ester sukrosa asam lemak hasil hidrolisat minyak kelapa sawit diperoleh pada rasio 1:0,8 berturut ndash; turut, yaitu sebesar 38,23 dan 24,15. Identifikasi menggunakan instrument FTIR menunjukan pita serapan yang khas untuk gugus ester sukrosa palmitat dan ester sukrosa asam lemak hasil hidrolisat berturut ndash; turut, yaitu 1735 cm-1 dan 1734 cm-1. Ester sukrosa palmitat dan ester sukrosa hidrolisat memiliki kemampuan untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus tetapi tidak untuk bakteri Eschericia coli. Aktivitas hambatan terbesar terhadap bakteri S.aureus ditemukan pada rasio molar 1:0,2. Diameter hambat terbesar untuk ester sukrosa palmitat sebesar 13 mm, sedangkan ester sukrosa hidrolisat sebesar 10 mm.

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The fatty acid sucrose ester compound has been successfully synthesized through an esterification reaction between the two variations of fatty acids is fatty acid hydrolysis of palm oil and palmitic acid with sucrose enzymatically using Candida rugosa lipase enzyme. Reaction optimization was performed on variations in the molar ratio between sucrose and fatty acid 1 0.2 1 0.4 1 0.6 and 1 0.8. The solvent used was n hexane with a ratio of 1 1 v v substrates. The weight of the enzyme used is 5 of the total weight of the substrate. The optimum conditions of sucrose palmitate ester formation and fatty acid sucrose hydrolyzate acid esters were obtained at a ratio of 1 0.8, 38.23 and 24.15, respectively. The identification using FTIR indicates a typical absorption band for the C O ester group at the 1735 cm 1 wave number for the sucrose palmitate ester and 1734 cm 1 for the sucrose fatty acid sucrose ester. The palmitate sucrose ester and sucrose hydrolyzate ester have the ability to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria but not Eschericia coli bacteria. The largest inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was found in a 1 0.2 molar ratio with the largest inhibitory diameter for a palmitate sucrose ester of 13 mm, while a sucrose hydrolyzate ester of 10 mm.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Akhir-akhir ini negara kita, Indonesia sering dilanda bencana gempa baik yang berskala kecil hingga besar, sehingga akibat dari gempa tersebut banyak rumah tinggal yang mengalami kerusakan bahkan hingga roboh. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperkirakan probabilitas risiko kerusakan akibat gempa pada rumah tinggal tipe 36 di salah satu perumahaan di Kota Depok. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode experts judgement untuk memperkirakan probabilitas kerusakan rumah tinggal tersebut. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kerusakan rumah tinggal tipe 36 dapat di presentasikan sebagai kurva fungsi kerapatan probabilitas tipe Gamma 1, dimana risiko kerusakan dominan pada rumah tinggal tipe 36 adalah slight damage.

Abstrak :
Contents : - What is E-learning? - Who can use E-learning? - Business benefits of E-learning - Building your business case - What next? - References & resources - Job aid

Abstrak :
From Shakespeares Hamlet to Burtons Anatomy to Hilliards miniatures, melancholy has long been associated with the emotional life of Renaissance England. But what other forms of sadness existed alongside, or even beyond, melancholy, and what kinds of selfhood did they help create? Beyond Melancholy explores the vital distinctions Renaissance writers made between grief, godly sorrow, despair, and melancholy, and the unique interactions these emotions were thought to produce in the mind, body, and soul. While most medical and philosophical writings emphasized the physiological and moral dangers of sadness, warning that in its most extreme form it could damage the body and even cause death, new Protestant teachings about the nature of salvation suggested that sadness could in fact be a positive, even transformative, experience, bringing believers closer to God. The result of such dramatically conflicting paradigms was a widespread ambiguity about the value of sadness and a need to clarify its significance through active and wilful interpretation-something this book calls emotive improvisation. Drawing on a wide range of Renaissance medical, philosophical, religious, and literary texts-including moral treatises on the passions, medical textbooks, mortality records, doctors case notes, sermons, theological tracts, devotional poetry, letters, life-writings, ballads, and stage-plays-Beyond Melancholy explores the emotional codes surrounding sadness and the way writers responded to and reinterpreted them. In doing so it demonstrates the value of working across forms of evidence too often divided along disciplinary lines, and the special importance of literary texts to the study of the emotional past.