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"ABSTRACTSkabies merupakan penyakit kulit menular akibat infestasi dan sensitisasi terhadap tungau Sarcoptes scabiei varian hominis. Skabies biasanya menginfeksi lingkungan padat penduduktingkat sosial ekonomi dan hygiene rendah, contohnya pesantren. Prevalensi skabies di pesantren di Jakarta tergolong tinggi (78,7%). Gejala skabies dalam tahap lanjut dapat mengganggu kegiatan belajar santri. Tingkat pengetahuan yang baik mengenai pencegahan skabies diharapkan dapat mengubah pola, sikap, dan perilaku santri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan mengenai pencegahan skabies dan hubungannya dengan karakteristik demografi santri meliputi usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, jumlah sumber informasi, dan sumber informasi yang paling berkesan. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, peneliti menggunakan desain penelitian studi potong lintang. Santri diberikan kuesioner mengenai sebaran karakteristik demografi mereka dan pengetahuan mengenai pencegahan skabies. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa santri yang berpengetahuan baik sebanyak 9,29%, sedang sebanyak 8,57%, dan kurang mencapai 82,14%. Pada uji chi-square didapatkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05) antara tingkat pengetahuan mengenai pencegahan skabies dengan usia (p=0,181), jenis kelamin (p=0,605), tingkat pendidikan (p=0,186), dan sumber informasi yang paling berkesan (p=0,697). Uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov memberikan hasil bahwa tidak ada perbedaan bermakna (p>0,05) antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan jumlah sumber informasi (p=0,999).Santri tinggal dalam ligkungan yang sama dan belajar di tempat yang sama pula. Hal tersebut dapat menyebabkan tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara tingkat pengetahuan santri mengenai pencegahan skabies dengan karakteristik demografi santri yang meliputi usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, jumlah sumber informasi, dan sumber informasi yang paling berkesan.

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ABSTRACTScabies is a contagious skin disease which is caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mite. Scabies usually infects lower socio-economics group with dense population and people who live in environment with poor hygiene, such as boarding school. Scabies prevalence at boarding school in Jakarta remains high (78,7%). The symptoms occured bother students? learning activities. Good knowledge about scabies prevention may change the behavior of the students. This research aims to know knowledge level of scabies prevention among boarding students and its association to their demographic characteristics in order to be used as a reference for health promotion. Regarding the goals of this research, this research used cross-sectional study by giving a questionnaire consisting demographic characteristics and questions about scabies prevention to the students.This research shows that the percentage of students who have good knowledge about scabies prevention is 9,29%, while the fair is 8,57% and poor reaches 82,14%. Using chi-square analysis, it is known that there is no significant association (p>0,05) between knowledge level of scabies prevention with age (p=0,181), gender (p=0,605), educational level (p=0,186), and the most memorable information source (p=0,697). Kolmogorov-Smirnov analysis shows that there is no significant association (p>0,05) between knowledge level with number of information sources gotten (p=0,999). Students live in the same environment and learn in the same place. It may cause there is no significant association between knowledge level of scabies prevention among boarding school students with their demographic characteristics including age, gender, educational level, number of information sources, and the most memorable information source."

"Pendahuluan dan tujuan: Overactive bladder (OAB) terjadi pada sekitar 17-41% pada lansia di lingkungan tempat tinggal komunitas. Selama beberapa tahun, antimuskarinik telah divalidasi sebagai pilihan pertama untuk tata laksana OAB. Meskipun banyak data yang diperoleh dari uji klinis terkait penggunaan antimuskarinik. Penelitian terkait efek samping dari obat antimuskarinik terhadap fungsi kognitif pada lansia masih jarang dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek dari terapi antimuskarinik terhadap fungsi kognitif pada pasien lanjut usia dengan OAB. Metode: Desain penelitian ini adalah tinjauan sistematis dan meta-analisis. Studi dikumpulkan menggunakan beberapa mesin pencari; diantaranya adalah PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, and EBSCOhost menggunakan kata kunci MeSH yang sudah ditentukan sebelumnya dengan operator Boolean. Pemilihan studi dilakukan oleh 3 pengulas. Seluruh studi yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi selanjutnya melalui proses review full-text. Untuk setiap artikel full-text yang terpilih, ekstraksi data dilakukan pada data: demografis pasien, tipe antimuskarinik yang digunakan, placebo, dosis, follow-up, dan skor total Mini Mental State Examination(MMSE). Hasil: Total sebanyak 8 studi yang terpilih dari 146 publikasi yang ada sebelumnya. Terdapat 8 jenis antimuskarinik yang dievaluasi dari studi-studi yang ada, yaitu: Oksibutinin, Darifenacin, Tolterodin, Trospium, Imidafenacin, Propiverin hidroklorida, Fesoterodin, dan Solifenacin. Oksibutinin menunjukkan efek yang paling besar pada penurunan skor MMSE [Perbedaan rerata: -2,90; 95% CI: -4,07, -1,73]. Darifenacin dan Tolterodin juga menunjukkan penurunan yang signifikan pada skor total MMSE, namun lebih inferior daripada Oksibutinin Kesimpulan: Penggunaan obat-obatan antimuskarinik hanya memiliki efek yang minimal terhadap fungsi kognitif dalam penanganan OAB pada pasien usia lanjut. Akan tetapi, Oksibutinin, Darifenacin, dan Tolterodin menunjukkan penurunan yang signifikan terhadap fungsi kognitif, ditunjukkan dari penurunan total skor MMSE.

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Introduction: Overactive bladder (OAB) affects 17-41% older adults in community dwelled setting. For several years, antimuscarinics have been validated as the first-line medical treatment for OAB. Despite abundant data obtained from clinical trials provisions the use of antimuscarinics, investigation about the effect of this drug on cognitive function in elderly remains scarce. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of antimuscarinics therapy on cognitive functions in OAB geriatric patients.

Methods: This study design is a systematic review and meta-analysis. Studies were collected using several search engines; those were PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, and EBSCOhost using predetermined MeSH keywords with Boolean operators. Selection of studies was done by three reviewers. Studies which fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria underwent full-text review. For every selected full text, we extracted the following data if available: patients demographics, types of antimuscarinics used, placebo, dose, follow-up period, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) total score.

Results: A total of 8 studies from an initial 146 publications were selected. There were 8 antimuscarinic agents evaluated in the studies, including Oxybutynin, Darifenacin, Tolterodine, Trospium, Imidafenacin, Propiverine hydrochloride, Fesoterodine, and Solifenacin. Oxybutynin was shown to have largest effect towards the decline of MMSE score [Mean difference: -2.90; 95% CI: -4.07, -1.73]. Darifenacin and Tolterodine were also shown to be significant in the decline of total MMSE score, although still inferior to Oxybutynin.

Conclusion: The use of most antimuscarinics medication has little to no effect towards the cognitive function in the management of overactive bladder in elderly patients. However, Oxybutynin, Darifenacin, and Tolterodine was shown to have significant decrease in cognitive functions, as shown in the decline of total MMSE score."

"Background: overactive bladder (OAB) affects 17-41% older adults in community dwelled setting. For several years, antimuscarinics have been validated as the first-line medical treatment for OAB. Despite abundant data obtained from clinical trials provisions the use of antimuscarinics, investigation about the effect of this drug on cognitive function in elderly remains scarce. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of antimuscarinics therapy on cognitive functions in OAB geriatric patients. Methods: this study design is a systematic review and meta-analysis. Studies were collected using several search engines; those were PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, and EBSCOhost using predetermined MeSH keywords with Boolean operators. Selection of studies was done by three reviewers. Studies which fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria underwent full-text review. For every selected full text, we extracted the following data if available: patients demographics, types of antimuscarinics used, placebo, dose, follow-up period, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) total score. Results: a total of 8 studies from an initial 146 publications were selected. There were 8 antimuscarinic agents evaluated in the studies, including Oxybutynin, Darifenacin, Tolterodine, Trospium, Imidafenacin, Propiverine hydrochloride, Fesoterodine, and Solifenacin. Oxybutynin was shown to have largest effect towards the decline of MMSE score [Mean difference: -2.90; 95% CI: -4.07, -1.73]. Darifenacin and Tolterodine were also shown to be significant in the decline of total MMSE score, although still inferior to Oxybutynin. Conclusion: the use of most antimuscarinics medication has little to no effect towards the cognitive function in the management of overactive bladder in elderly patients. However, Oxybutynin, Darifenacin, and Tolterodine was shown to have significant decrease in cognitive functions, as shown in the decline of total MMSE score."